BORANG PENYERAHAN TUGASAN

Dengan ini, saya mengesahkan penghantaran tugasan dengan butiran di

bawah:

KOD KURSUS DAN TAJUK/ COURSE CODE AND TITLE: PQB 7008
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
TAJUK TUGASAN/ TITLE OF ASSIGNMENT: ASSIGNMENT 2 LR ASSIGNMENT
REPORT – CONCEPT PAPER ENDING WITH RQ AND RO
NAMA PENSYARAH/NAME OF LECTURER: DR KENNY CHEAH SOON LEE
TARIKH PENGHANTARAN: 20/06/2022
NO MATRIK/ MATRIC NUMBER: S2020874
NAME PELAJAR: VINOSHNI A/P S BHASKER NAIR
NAMA AHLI KUMPULAN/ NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS : JIKA BERKAITAN/IF
RELEVANT
NO TELEFON: 0149873050
EMAIL: vinoshninair1907@Gmail.com

TANDATANGAN:
Running Head: CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN
ONLINE LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF

PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING DURING THE

COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
2

Table of Contents

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3

2. Background of Study...................................................................................................................3

3. Theory..........................................................................................................................................4

4. Methodology................................................................................................................................6

5. Empirical Findings.......................................................................................................................8

6. Problem Statements.....................................................................................................................9

7. Rationale for Future Studies......................................................................................................10

8. Purpose of Study........................................................................................................................11

9. Significance of Study.................................................................................................................12

10. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................13

References......................................................................................................................................15
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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1. Introduction

Education has the power to enlighten the world with knowledge and sensitivity and that is

the reason for spreading education all over the World. No situation is supposed to be considered

the prohibition for the spread of education and in this regard, the study has been considered to

identify the gap in education during the Pandemic situation for the outbreak of COVID-19 in

Malaysia. This literature review contains the background of the study that conveys a detailed

structure regarding the issues faced by the teachers and students during the pandemic situation

and the pros and cons that have been furnished. The Cognitivism Theory of Pedagogy has been

aligned with this study to clarify the viewpoint regarding the methodology and the empirical

findings of this study that is based in Malaysia. The problem statements of this aspect have been

described and relevant recommendations have been suggested followed by the rationale and

purpose of this study with the significance of this study in the future.

2. Background of Study

The study encircles the problems faced by Malaysian students and teachers during the

pandemic situation of the outbreak of COVID-19. No individual was allowed to go out of his

home for the safety purpose of his own and the others as well. In this regard, the education

system has become seized as the conventional method of education that encircles the institutional

study of the students, and the conventional method of teaching by teachers has become disturbed.

This situation has been replaced by the Virtual method of taking classes such as the Online

teaching method has become the only way the continuance of study. As per an article authored

by Aliyyah et al. (2020), it has been considered that collaboration is supposed to be maintained

among the teachers and the students to maintain the educational curriculum without any

hesitance. This study has considered several outcomes and problem statements regarding the
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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continuance of online study and the learning gaps that remained among the students of primary

schools in Malaysia.

The major problem that has been identified is the lack of discipline from the end of the

students regarding attending the online classes. As the students of Primary Schools have attended

the online classes from their comfort zone they did not concentrate on their study and their basic

knowledge regarding the subjects and topics has not been cleared. On the other hand, the

education has been continued virtually and around 94% parents of in Malaysia were against

paying the full fees of schools (forbes.com, 2021). The teachers were unable to punish the

students properly so that they maintain discipline during the class as it was running online. In

this regard, online classes have become a barrier to continuing study in a disciplined manner. As

opined by Dhawan (2020), it has been noted that online education has distracted the students

from being focussed on the conventional method of study and the online examination has played

the worst role in conducting these interdisciplinary activities.

3. Theory

Cognitivism Theory of Pedagogy

Education has been considered the basic right of every individual and it enables the

sensitivity of the individuals for gathering and spreading knowledge that helps to enhance the

socio-economic structure of the surroundings. As per the words of Simamora (2020), it has been

observed that the lack of basic knowledge of education has created dullness among the students,

and with the pandemic situation, the ratio has increased. Pedagogy is the branch of child

education and it focuses on the growth and development of mental health and educational

knowledge of the students, especially the students who are in primary schools. Scientifically, this

age group is the growing one and is ready to consume knowledge as per the efficiency of the
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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teachers. The Cognitivism Theory of Pedagogy conveys the practical approach of the knowledge

that has been developed among the students so that they approach practically the outer world and

respond as per the situation. It enables the knowledge as well as helps to grow the IQ level of the

students.

Figure 1: Cognitivism Theory of Pedagogy

(Source: Adnan & Anwar, 2020)

The Cognitivism Theory emphasizes the collection of knowledge, organizing and storing

the same in an authorized manner. It also considers the utilization of the presence of mind while

receiving the approach of knowledge. As stated by Adnan & Anwar (2020), it has been revealed

that the proper approach of this theory has immense importance for converting the mind of an

individual into an “information processor” and in this regard, it has been expected that the

conventional method has the potential to run such a process actively so that the entire perspective

of the students is enhanced through the internal and external perspective. It enables to enlarge the

vision regarding the observable behavior regarding thinking, memorizing, and solving problems
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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as per the development of mindset. The processing of knowledge is an internal procedure rather

than a product and that is the reason for enabling an important role in the betterment of the

future.

This theory has been aligned with the principle of this study as it is important to gather

and approach knowledge in the practical world it also holds imperativeness regarding

maintaining a proper approach. As narrated by Mahyoob (2020), it has been observed that

Cognitive learning helps to spread knowledge from the end of the teachers as well. Cognitivism

theory incorporates the bonding between the students and the teachers so that education becomes

easier to spread. The learners of Malaysia especially the students of primary schools have faced

several problems regarding receiving knowledge and the teachers also faced problems as the

virtual method of learning has not had the potential equal to the conventional method.

4. Methodology

The learning procedure becomes smooth when both ends provide their best for the

conduction of a proper education system. The methodology of this study follows a collection of

information from secondary resources such as online articles, journals, contemporary

newspapers, and online websites. As per an article authored by Nambiar (2020), it has been

considered that the proper strategy for conducting online education is to enable videos of the

students and the teachers are expected to maintain proper discipline regarding asking quotations

of the lessons taught. The students have to meet the disciplines so that they gather the knowledge

provided by teachers and enable potential among them. Along with the online classes, the

maintenance of proper examination is also important. It has been observed that regarding the

pandemic situation as it was impossible to conduct an online examination in the conventional

method and that is the reason for introducing online examinations in the schools of Malaysia.
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
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In this aspect, it has been considered that the students have given the tests from their

comfort zone and the “Open book examination” has ruined the education system drastically. As

per the view of Heng & Sol (2021), it has been observed that the considerations regarding the

online examination that has been provided by the school authority have ruined the conventional

approach toward examination. It has been considered that the education system has to be

maintained by the proper spreading of knowledge and the teachers are supposed to provide the

best try from their end. It has also been noted that in some of the cases the teachers were also not

collaborative with the education system. Sometimes, the teachers have quitted to taking classes

and have not taken classes seriously that tend to possess unnecessary avoidance toward the

education system. The pandemic situation has caused several problems regarding the

conventional approach of the education system and has damaged for gathering knowledge of the

students.

These problems have been highlighted as these students have been promoted to higher

education and they are not eligible for that degree. They have not possessed the potential for the

job requirements. These batches of the students have not maintained a proper educational

strategy referring to inheriting knowledge and, in this regard, they have been recognized as they

are not eligible for the jobs in Malaysia. As influenced by Adedoyin & Soykan (2020), it has

been noted that the online education system of Malaysia of the primary schools was unable to

provide proper knowledge, especially regarding the practical experiments of chemicals and

instruments in the Science-based subjects. That is the reason for not considering the students

eligible for the next steps. In this situation, the major step must be taken is the recap of the

students as per the conventional method and this is the only method of continuing the flow of

study in the right direction for the betterment of the education system.
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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5. Empirical Findings

The findings have been ensured as per the situation in Malaysia and the education system

has to become better so that the students become eligible as per the requirements of the Jobs of

Malaysia. As per an article authored by Subedi et al. (2020), it has been considered that the

social dimension has a major role in out bursting the pandemic situation and that has become a

reason for loosening of the educational system all over the World. The study considers the

problems faced by the teachers and the students regarding the online classes due to the outbreak

of COVID-19 epidemically and focuses on the negative approaches to the online classes. The

findings of this study have been associated with the indiscipline structure of the education system

and have negative approaches. These have also created a "sense of isolation" among the students

and this behavior has replaced the conventional method of sharing and caring among the

students.

The fact that has been encircled due to the lack of educational knowledge and lack of

clearance about the basics of the topics the students face problems to cope up with the

educational structure of the present classes. As the pandemic situation has been overcome by

Malaysia for the range of vaccination the conventional method of learning has become the new

normal in the learning process of the schools in Malaysia. In this regard, the students and

teachers both face the problem as there has been a lack of the students as per the previous

educational knowledge. As per the words of Soni (2020), it has been observed that the online

educational process needs self-disciplinary activities that have been noted are not present among

the most students of the primary students of Malaysia and that is the reason for incompetence

regarding knowledge. The major aspect that has to be focused on by the teachers is the

requirement of additional training as per the convenience of the situation.

CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
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The online method of learning is a positive approach for preventing outbursts of

Pandemic situations and for decreasing environmental pollution. However, the negative aspects

of this educational system are not appreciable for the students of primary students as they do not

possess proper knowledge regarding the importance of education and the disciplinary factors of

being able to gather knowledge. As influenced by Hamid, Sentryo & Hasan (2020), it has been

revealed that the educational system is approachable through online mode only for the adult

students or for those individuals who are aware of maintaining the proper disciplinary activities

and taking serious notes on the classes. The online mode of education has created a disturbance

in the conventional approach to providing knowledge to the students. In this regard, it has been

considered, that the students of primary schools are supposed to attend school after the

mitigation of the pandemic situation as early as possible.

6. Problem Statements

The problematic situation that has been caused by the online classes in Malaysia has

resulted in irregular activities and a lack of training and knowledge among both students and

teachers both. As the students did not possess the knowledge of the previous class it has become

a hazardous situation for the teachers to cope with the students with the knowledge of the

previous class and to provide the proper knowledge regarding the present class. As opined by

Fauzi & Khusuma (2020), it has been depicted those online classes also possess several technical

issues that cause problematic phase for the teachers to take a class in a well-organized manner

and the students also do not consider the classes as per the conventional approach. These

problems are associated with the online classes that cause a hazardous situation for the teachers

and students of the primary schools in Malaysia and it has been considered that this practice has

created a gap in the educational system globally.

CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
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The online learning system has become the reason for the onset of several health-related

hazards such as eye problems, eye sores, head ache, back pain, and other similar disorders. These

health problems have taken place due to attending and taking classes in front of the screen of

mobiles, laptops, and computers. The rays that come from these electronic gadgets are not good

for the function of the eye and the long online classes have caused these problems as it is

necessary to attend the class and for that the individuals are needed to look toward the screen for

a long time. As stated by Hermanto & Srimulyani (2021), it has been considered that the

appropriate method for considering the classes has been to make the process of audio-video in a

recorded system and the ratio of audio and video must be maintained in such a process so that the

audio consumes more place than the video parts as this is supposed to learn the students from the

auditory perspective more than the visionary perspective. This has been considered an effective

recommendation for the betterment of the hazards regarding eye damage from a long time of

attachment to the screens.

7. Rationale for Future Studies

The study incorporates several problematic situations caused by the online method of

learning for both the students and the teachers as well. The study also conveys certain relevant

recommendations for mitigating such hazardous situations to solve the problematic phase for the

betterment of the educational system. The future perspectives have been associated with this

study in such as the future generation is supposed to inherit such suggestions for the betterment

of the online classes. It has been considered that a large part of education has been transferred to

the online education system and the smart approach regarding making the educational system

modern has been noted that the online mode of education is more convenient for the students and

teachers. As narrated by Sari & Nayır (2020), it has been observed that the provision of
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
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conducting the online mode of education has several negative perspectives and these are

expected to be replaced by the relevant suggestive perspectives so that the online education

become the new trend of the future generation.

The study has been aligned with the problems and the solutions of online learning

methods of the primary school students of Malaysia and has been considered an imperative

perspective for the betterment of the education system in the future. As per an article authored by

Lestiyanawati (2020), it has been considered that the problems regarding the online education are

a distraction to the mind of the student and in this regard, it has been suggested that the teachers

are supposed to possess such a personality so that the students maintain attention toward the

classes and tend to attend the online classes regularly. All of these aspects are dependent on the

training process of the teachers and this aspect has not been maintained by any gap. As per the

words of Agustina & Cheng (2020), it has been depicted that the method of learning has to be

incorporated with the online mode as it possesses certain positive approaches toward the

betterment of the socio-economic context. The online mode of learning does not contain any

liquidity loss regarding the transport expenditure for both the students and the teachers as well.

This is the reason for maintaining the mode of online learning seriously for the continuance of

the method in the future.

8. Purpose of Study

The study incorporates the problems faced by the teachers and students of Malaysia while

conducting and attending online classes during the pandemic situation. The problematic

structures have been discussed followed by the strategic improvements for the alignment of

relevant recommendations in the online education system. In this regard, the study holds

immense importance as ir has been aligned with the solutions for conducting online classes. As
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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opined by Agung, Surtikanti & Quinones (2020), it has been considered that the major

perspective for discussing this approach has been the conductance of online classes with certain

positive approaches for the betterment of the external factors such as the environmental factors,

the economic approaches and for the betterment of the social contexts as well.

The study has also depicted certain positive approaches of online mode of education as it

possesses several optimistic perspectives. The major purpose of this study has been considered

the establishment of the online approach for the betterment of the educational platform by

mitigating several negative approaches of the online mode of learning. As influenced by Tamah,

Triwidayati & Utami (2020), it has been revealed that the study signifies several negative

approaches regarding conducting an undisciplined life, lack of possession regarding sharing, and

sustaining underdevelopment of the mental health. These perspectives have been replaced by the

positive activities suggested in this study.

9. Significance of Study

Figure 2: Significance of Online Learning

(Source: Self-Developed)

The significance of this literature review encircles the knowledge of the development of
CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
13

several positive perspectives such as advancement of the career opportunities, maintaining

flexible schedules as per the convenience of the students and the teachers as well, maintaining

self-disciplinary activities, lowering the cost regarding the transportation for attending classes

and several choices of course as per the convenience of the students. These aspects are beneficial

for the students and the teachers of Malaysia and have been associated with the benefits of every

student globally. As stated by Efriana (2021), it has been considered that every approach has

both positive and negative sides, and the major perspective is to modify the positive approaches

and eliminate the negative approaches, which has been maintained throughout this study. The

modifications in the online method of learning open up several opportunities for the students so

that they attend knowledge of several aspects and besides gathering the knowledge they are

supposed to conduct income-related activities as well.

The future generation has been expected to become experienced as per the relevant

recommendations for becoming associated with the significant approaches of online education.

The online mode of education provides certain diversifications regarding the betterment of the

educational approaches of the future generation. As per an article authored by Sujarwo et al.

(2020), it has been considered that the online mode of learning is supposed to facilitate both the

students and the teachers regarding the convenience of providing and achieving knowledge. It

also provides beneficial approaches for individuals who do not possess an efficient amount for

attending online classes. As the advantageous factors are supposed to cause online education

easier to be accessed it has been expected that pursuing an online education is supposed to be

cheaper than the conventional method of learning.

CHALLENGES FACED BY LEARNERS AND TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ONLINE LEARNING
DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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10. Conclusion

The study conveys the associative approaches of the online mode of learning for the

problematic phase of the students and the teachers of the primary schools in Malaysia. Several

perspectives have been aligned with this study to aware the future and present generation

regarding the positive and negative approaches of the online method of learning. The relevant

suggestions regarding the problematic phase faced by the students and teachers have also been

recommended in this study. This literature review has clarified the background of this study and

has incorporated the knowledge of Cognitivism Theory of Pedagogy for describing the analytical

perception of the theory inherited in this study. The methodology of this study has been aligned

in this review as per the secondary resources available for the conducting of this study and the

knowledge of empirical findings has been associated. Major attention has been provided on the

problem statements of this study that conveys several problems faced by the students and

teachers during the online classes and the statements have been justified as per the relevant

recommendations. The rationale for future studies has been considered in this study followed by

the purpose and importance of this study. The significance of this study considers the beneficial

approaches of this study and its relevance to future researchers regarding this topic has been

furnished throughout this study.

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DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
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