Challenges and Opportunities of Integrating Internet
of Things (IoT) and Light Fidelity (LiFi)
Mithileysh Sathiyanarayanan Vignesh Govindraj
Count on Us - R&D Phanini Academy of Education
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India
Email: S.Mithileysh@gmail.com Email: Vignesh.Govindraj01@gmail.com
Abstract—The search for faster internet connection is ceaseless
and the need for new technologies and techniques is always on
rise. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) is an inconceivable asset, but it is
still limited, and as connectivity spreads, both across the world
and throughout the Internet of Things (IoT), issues will emerge
if WiFi is our exclusive alternative. So, in 2011, a Light Fidelity
(LiFi) was introduced such that the speed is over 1 Giga bytes
per second (Gbps), that is 100 times faster than the speed of
WiFi we are utilizing as of now. The speed of LiFi is additionally
anticipated that would achieve 3 to 5 Gbps making it perfect for
IoT and to wipe out the constraints and limitations with WiFi
technology. In this paper, we discuss the idea of integrating IoT
and LiFi, as well as identified the challenges and opportunities
of the integrated system to build novel and smart solutions.
Index Terms—Internet of Things; IoT; Wireless Fidelity; WiFi;
Light Fidelity; LiFi
I. I NTRODUCTION
Internet of Things (IoT) was discussed and developed by
many researchers and scientists but Kevin Ashton coined the
term to describe the inter-networking of physical devices (such
as Device-to-Device (D2D) or Machine-to-Machine (M2M))
to the Internet, for interacting with the devices/machines and
for collecting and exchanging data. So far the connection has
been either through Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)1 or Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). Since the
search for faster internet connection is ceaseless and with
various limitations, a Light Fidelity (LiFi)2 was introduced
such that the speed is over 1 Gbps, that is 100 times faster
than the speed of WiFi we are utilizing as of now. The speed
of LiFi is additionally anticipated that would achieve 3-5 Gbps
making it perfect for IoT and to wipe out the constraints and
limitations with WiFi technology.
Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) was invented by the Australian
radio-astronomer Dr John O’Sullivan along with his col-
leagues. Wifi can be defined as any “wireless local area net-
Nandakishor Jahagirdar
Curio System Pvt Ltd
Bangalore, India
Email: Njkishor6@gmail.com
IEEE Standard 802.16a. WiMAX is a technology for long-
range wireless communication, for both mobile and fixed
connections.
Light Fidelity (LiFi) was invented by Pr Suat Topsu from
Paris-Saclay University but the term was coined by Harald
Haas from the University of Edinburgh in the UK, introduced
the idea of “Wireless data from every light” [1]. LiFi is a
bidirectional, high-speed wireless communication technology
similar to WiFi but transmits data by using Light Emitting
Diode (LED) lightbulbs [2]. LiFi is based on the IEEE Stan-
dard 802.15.7 which is a form of Visible Light Communication
(VLC) and a subset of Optical Wireless Communications
(OWC) and could be a complement to Wireless Communi-
cation (WC) [3],[4]. The following sections will explain the
concepts of using IoT and LiFi in detail.
Our contributions in this paper are:
• Demonstrated the idea of integrating IoT and LiFi.
• Designed and implemented a smart home automation
using the concepts of IoT and Wireless communication.
• Identified the challenges and opportunities of integrating
IoT and LiFi which includes strengths, limitations, appli-
cations and future directions.
II. C ONCEPTS OF I OT AND L I F I
This section will explain the concepts of using IoT and Lifi,
individually and in combination.
A. The Concept of LiFi






 


 





 

work (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Elec-  


trical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.11 standards”.

In simple words, WiFi uses radio waves to provide wireless
Fig. 1. Block Diagram of a simple LiFi technology.
internet connections using radio frequency (RF) technology
to connect many devices/machines and applications. Another
LiFi is a light based WiFi that basically uses visible light
form of wireless communication is Worldwide Interoperability
communication (light waves) instead of radio waves, where
for Microwave Access (WiMAX) which is based on the
transmission of data is through illumination [2]. As light
1 can be used as WiFi, Wi-Fi or Wifi travels faster than the radio waves, it can be utilized to
2 can be used as LiFi, Li-Fi or Lifi exchange the data around 250 times more than the rapid

978-1-5386-1144-9$31.00 2017
c IEEE 137
 broadband. This innovation utilizes just LED lightbulbs with
a specific end goal to transmit data by emitting visible light,
as shown in the Fig. 1.
The Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) technology
also uses light from LEDs as a medium to deliver high-speed
communication in a similar manner to WiFi [3]. By and large
every one of the lights can be utilized for transmission of data
that can prompt dissipative way of switching ON and OFF
of the lights on the grounds that most lights utilizes filaments
which makes a little delay while illuminating. Consequently
LED lights are the most favourable for data transmission
that can be effortlessly switched ON and OFF immediately,
as these lights utilize electrodes inside them. The principle
objective is to transmit data at high speeds that provides
illumination and communication at low cost.
Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is made up of gamma,
X, Ultra Violet (UV), Visible light, Infra Red (IR), Micro
Waves (MW), and Radio Waves (RW), as shown in the Fig. 2.
Gamma radiations (rays) are not generally used. X-rays are
used in hospitals. UV-rays are harmful for human body. IR-
rays are not used due to eye safety regulations. Microwaves
suffer from attenuation due to atmospheric conditions and
are expensive. Radio waves are also expensive, limited and
less secure. Visible light, similarly as radio-waves that are
utilized to transmit data. visible light is not harmful for human
beings and are available easily every where and any where.
Radio waves have longer wavelength and lower frequency,
where as gamma rays have shorter wavelength and higher
frequency. However, visible light has a better wavelength and
frequency that will be helpful in data transmissions. VLC is a
data communication medium, which uses visible light between
400 and 800 THz as optical carrier for data transmission and
illumination. Visible light spectrum is around 10,000 times
greater than that of radio-waves, which implies that we have
an innovation in our grasp, that we could use to transmit data
and do it at higher speeds and in larger amounts. So, whenever
there is an LED light bulb, there is an internet signal, and if
light is blocked or turned off, the signal is lost.


Fig. 3. Visible Light: the concept of line-of-sight (LOS).
The major components of this technology are LED light
bulbs and a photo detector. The basic idea behind this wire-
less communication system is transmission of ‘Data through
illumination’. The operational system is exceptionally straight-
forward, LED lightbulbs are used to transmit data and the
photo detector is used to detect the flash light from the LEDs
with the signal processing technology. If the LED lightbulb
is ON, you transmit a binary 1, if it’s OFF you transmit a
0. The LEDs can be turned on and off rapidly, which open
doors for transmitting data. Consequently all that is needed
is LED lightbulbs and a controller that code data into those
LEDs. By varying the rate based on the LED’s flickering, data
can be encoded (binary 0’s and 1’s). These flashes are then
detected by the photo detector. The photo detector transfers
the binary data for further amplification in order to decode
the binary digits. Heart of Li-Fi technology is high brightness
LED’s. So, the on-off activity of LEDs enables a kind of data
transmission using binary codes mode however human eyes
cannot perceive this constant changes. A receiver dongle than
converts the tiny changes in amplitude into an electrical signal,
which is then converted back into a data stream, where the
decoded data is transmitted to any specific device/machine.
From this process, in future we can understand, whenever there
is an LED lightbulb,there is an internet signal, and if light is

 

 blocked or turned off, the signal is lost.






 
  







B. The Concept of IoT


Fig. 2. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Line-of-sight (LOS) propagation is one of the electro-
magnetic radiation characteristic where EM waves travel in
a direct path from the source to the receiver. In the case
of LiFi technology, visible light transmission includes light
emissions travelling in a straight line. The rays or waves
may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or absorbed by the
atmosphere and sometimes obstructions can cause disturbance
in the transmission. In LiFi systems, the position of the source
and detectors will be the key in achieving maximum output
(shown in the Figure. 3 and LiFi always require direct line-
of-sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver.
138 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology
Any IoT application involves hardware, software and con-
nectivity components. Since IoT involves several components,
it’s difficult to know where to begin and how to begin. In
any case, to connect any device, we need two main functions:
application and connectivity. The application will be integrated
on an embedded CPU and a connectivity module will be
utilized to interface with either a local user or send information
to the Cloud solution. Raspberry Pi and Arduino are the two
open source CPU platforms that enable various connections,
based on the sensors, in the IoT development. The connectivity
type depends on the application or use.
A simple example of the smart home automation is repre-
sented in the Fig. 4. This model has the following important
features:

Fig. 4. The concept of IoT. Example: Smart Home Automation
1) The Cloud solution - a Cloud solution can be simple
storage of data moving from a connected device
2) Internet - Currently WiFi and 3/4/5G technologies are
being used.
3) The router - this part connects the device to the Internet.
In some cases, there is no router or we may need to
provide a router of our own.
4) The local user - users can interact directly with the
device to either control/monitor it, or receive information
regarding its operation.
5) The remote user - user who is not in the proximity of
the device, but wants to control or receive information
regarding the device from different location.
6) The connected device - the actual physical device we
want to control and manage. It needs to be connected
by the current technology (WiFi).
This concept of IoT is connected using the latest WiFi
technology. In our work, we propose to connect the de-
vices/appliances/machines using the cutting-edge LiFi tech-
nology.
C. The concept of Integrating IoT and LiFi
LiFi is a new paradigm for Optical Wireless Communica-
tions (OWC) technology to provide high-speed connectivity.
The expanding interest for higher bandwidths, faster transfer
speeds and more secure data transmission for internet of things
(IoT).
Eventually, the greatest effect of LiFi and its options won’t
be from its present arrangement of components/features. Inside
a couple of years, we hope to see it integrating with other
integral technologies to make a new ubiquitous computing
platform. Under this combination, each device/machine suf-
ficiently extensive to mount a LED and a light sensor can
be associated and even controlled by LiFi. Any light could
incorporate LiFi, a camera, amplifier and speaker to work
like an Amazon Echo a subtle, general interface to the
internet of everything. Given the ease and low cost of the
technology and low hindrances to entry, the technology could
International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology
Fig. 5. The concept of integrating IoT and Lifi. Example: Smart Home
Automation
deploy rapidly. In this concept, the WiFi technology is directly
replaced with the LED lightbulbs and the LiFi system (mod-
ulator+demodulator+photodetector), as shown in the Fig. 5.
III. D ESIGN AND I MPLEMENTATION
To understand the scheme of things in the IoT using the ex-
isting WiFi technology [5][6], the proposed system for remote-
based home controlling and monitoring system is composed
of a Base Station and Satellite Stations. The Base Station is
an Arduino Mega microcontroller board connected to a WiFi
module and is therefore capable of accessing the internet. It
has an RF transceiver module through which it communicates
with the Satellite stations (or also known as remote nodes).
The Satellite stations are Arduino Uno microcontroller boards
with sensors: Light Detector, Temperature Sensor, Motion
Detection Sensor, Capacitive Touch Sensor and a Gas Sensor.
The satellite stations communicate with the Base Station
through an RF transceiver module. These stations have relays
which can be connected to electrical appliances; in this case
they are exclusively a light and a fan.
System Functions: The proposed home automation system
has the capabilities to monitor various electrical appliances
in the home. The satellite station (Fig.2 (b)) senses the room
temperature, motion detection, gas leakage detection and touch
sense by means of appropriate sensors and can switch the
appliances (such as lights, fan etc.) ON/OFF by relays. In this
system the Base station and the Satellite station operate in
a Master-Slave configuration where the base station provides
the necessary commands to satellite stations to perform actions
based on either Manual or Automatic Mode selected by the
user as shown in the Fig. 6. The system is controlled by
an Android Smartphone which acts as a Client and data are
sent via Socket programming. The App provides an interface
for each of the three stations using which user has access of
controlling and monitoring them remotely. The flow charts are
provided in the Appendix.
A. Working of the System
On turning on the system, the Base station through the
WiFi module gets connected to the specified WiFi access
point and establishes a TCP connection with “thingspeak.com”
139

Fig. 6. Basic block diagrams: the two blocks are (a) the Base Station and
(b) the Satellite Station. Many Satellite Stations are controlled by the Base
Station
and the Android Application. It receives the commands from
the application running on Android Smartphone which is
connected to the same access point or to a different point by
Port Forwarding. It also establishes an RF connection with the
satellite stations through the RF modules using their respective
addresses. The Base station fetches the sensor data and room
conditions from the satellite stations one by one through the
RF link whenever a command is sent by user and this data
is sent to the ThingSpeak Cloud Platform at a frequency of
15 seconds by the WiFi module using the given ‘API’ key.
The readings of all these sensors can be retrieved from the
ThingSpeak account and seen on the app and as well as
website.
There are two modes through which we can control the
electrical appliances, by Manual Mode and also by Automatic
Mode/ Sensor Based Mode. At the Satellite station, on receiv-
ing a Manual control command from the base station it turns
ON or OFF the appropriate appliance manually. On receiving
an AUTO control command for light, it turns on the light if the
light detector indicates absence of light in the room otherwise,
the light is turned OFF. On receiving an AUTO command for
fan, it turns ON the fan if the temperature sensor detects a
temperature of more than the threshold set; otherwise the fan
is turned OFF. Satellite station continuously reads the analog
or digital value that is output from the sensors and data such
as temperature is converted from raw analog output to degree
Celsius. This sensor data is sent to the Base Station upon
request.
Security and Monitoring System: At the Satellite station,
the PIR Motion sensor, Gas sensor and Capacitive Touch
Sensor provide a monitoring and security feature to the system.
140 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology
The room is continuously monitored for movement and LPG
leakage using PIR and Gas sensor. The capacitive touch sensor
is able to detect even the slightest touch and can be used for
intrusion detection. The present status of these sensors is sent
to the base station through which it reaches the cloud and an
indication (for example, a tweet) is sent to the user in case
of an IoT in Home Automation emergency or an alarm is
triggered at the satellite station. The indication of these alarms
is seen on the android app as either 1 or 0, where 1 indicates
that an alarm is triggered and 0 otherwise. The sensor data
from PIR, LPG Sensor and Touch sensor is pushed onto the
cloud via base station.
The Smart Home Android App
• The Home screen in the App shows an option to open the
interfaces for each of the satellite stations and the base
station and a text box to enter the IP address of the WiFi
module or the External IP address of the home router if
port forwarding is done.
• The base station interface has ON/OFF buttons for the
appliances connected to it, but it does not support Auto
mode due to the absence of sensors (shown in the Fig. 7.
• The satellite station interfaces also have ON/OFF buttons
to work the station in manual mode and it also has AUTO
buttons to work the station in automatic mode, where the
appliance control is based on the sensor readings. In the
proposed system, pressing the auto button for light turns
on the light if the light detector indicates absence of light
in the room otherwise, the light is off. Pressing the auto
button for fan turns on the fan if the temperature sensor
detects a temperature of more than 320 C, otherwise the
fan is off.
• On pressing a control button in any of the interfaces, a 3
byte code (3 digits) between two ‘$’ symbols is sent to the
Base station. The first digit indicates one of the stations,
the second digit indicates the appliance in that station and
the third digit indicates the action (ON/OFF/AUTO). This
data from the app reaches the Wi-Fi module on the Base
station through the internet where it is decoded by the
microcontroller and the appropriate action is determined
and sent to the satellite station through the RF transceiver
module.
• On pressing the STATUS button for any of the pa-
rameters, the appropriate readings from the sensors that
have been stored on the ThingSpeak Cloud Platform is
retrieved and displayed.
• The App displays the status of Movement, LPG Leakage
and Touch Sensed whenever requested.
IV. C HALLENGES AND O PPORTUNITIES OF I OT AND L IFI
The challenges and opportunities are collected from various
papers [7],[8],[4],[3].
A. Advantages of using LiFi in the IoT systems
• Light sources (specifically LED lightbulbs) are present
everywhere, this will help in constant data transmission
(light is the medium of data transfer)

B. Limitations of using LiFi in the IoT systems
Fig. 7. Screenshot of the App where manual and automatic modes are used
to control appliances and as well as read sensor data.
• LED lights consume less energy and are highly efficient.
• High data transmission rates of up to 10 Gbps can be
easily achieved. Laser-based LEDs would be able to reach
upto 100 Gbps.
• Visible Light in the electromagnetic spectrum is a free
band (available free of cost) that does not need license.
• LiFi uses light frequency signals so they don’t cause
any disturbance to other Electromagnetic signals (less
interference between devices).
• LiFi signals are secure as light cannot penetrate through
walls. Interference is less, can pass through salty sea
water and can work in high dense areas/regions.
• LiFi can be implemented and used in any and all locations
• It is safe for humans since light cannot penetrate human
body.
• Li-Fi has low implementation, operational and mainte-
International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology
nance costs
• Light has extremely wider bandwidth, so there is better
capacity and the equipment are already available.
• Using this technology worldwide every street lamp would
be a free data access point.
• The shortage of radio frequency bandwidth can be sorted
out by visible light (Li-Fi).
• Less power consumption and less complex system.
• Low Environmental impact
• LiFi is not commercially ready to be de-
ployed/implemented. One of the biggest challenges
that LIFi is facing right now is crudity.
• LiFi can only work on those devices that have a LiFi
receptor.
• LiFi always require direct line-of-sight (LOS) between
the transmitter and receiver.
• Signal-to-Noise (SNR) ratio is very high due to less
distance between transmitter and receiver.
• Data transmission can be easily obstructed by opaque ob-
stacles. There must be no obstruction between transmitter
and receiver because light can be easily blocked by any
obstructions.
• The use of very high frequencies (400-800 THz) limits
data transmission to very short distances
• Network Topology: point to point communications only.
• Coverage is restricted to around 10 meters.
• Increasing data rate with parallelism/arrays of LEDs,
where each LED transmits a different data stream while
other groups are mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to
alter the light’s frequency, with each frequency encoding
a data channel.
• One needs light source constantly to access internet.
• Difficult to provide uninterrupted internet access outdoor,
as LiFi will be prone to interception of signals outdoors
(different light sources). Also, sunlight will interfere with
data transmission, resulting in interrupted Internet.
• Equipment set-up outdoors need to deal with different
weather conditions.
• The problem of how the receiver will transmit back to
the transmitter still persists.
• A whole new infrastructure for LiFi needs to be con-
structed and installed, which will take some time.
• Installing VLC system is expensive.
• Sensors are devices that collect data from the real world,
their accuracy must be improved for improving efficiency
of the Internet of Things.
• IPv6 makes the management of networks easier due
to auto configuration capabilities and offers improved
security.
• The areas of security, privacy, architecture, and commu-
nications needs to be improved.
• Develop solutions to seamlessly switch between WiFi and
LiFi (co-existence of WiFi and LiFi).
141
 • Network coverage and reliability and are the major issues
to be considered while developing IoT solutions.
• Novel ideas and solutions must be developed for re-
mote access, since light cannot penetrate through build-
ings/walls.
C. Applications of using LiFi in the IoT systems
• Content Consumption: LiFi will be highly suitable for
many popular internet applications such as video and
audio downloads, live streaming, etc.
• Merging Technologies: WiFi and LiFi can seamlessly
switch between them for better co-existence and support
wide range of applications.
• Smart Toys: also called as ‘internet of toys’. Lifi can
be used for smart toys that are based on voice and/or
image recognition (e.g. Hello Barbie), app-enabled robots
(e.g. Dash and Dot), toys-to-life (e.g. Skylanders or
Lego Dimensions), puzzle and building games (e.g. Lego
Fusion) etc.
• Smart Homes: controlling of various gad-
gets/machines/equipments at home can be done using
LiFi.
• Smart Cities: street lamps (with LEDs) can serve as
free access points to transmit data, such that public can
access internet through street lamps (which can serve as
hotspots). Also traffic lights can serve in many appli-
cations related to smart cities development (eg: smart
lighting, road safety, traffic management, vehicles and
transportation).
• Smart Hospitals: many medical equipments can be moni-
tored and controlled using LiFi in the healthcare systems
(for medical applications).
• Aircraft and Aviation: internet will become cheap in
aircrafts.
• Underwater Communications: Wi-Fi does not work un-
derwater due to high sound waves where as Li-Fi will
work.
• Hazardous/Sensitive Environments: Nuclear power
plants, mines and petrochemical plants which are
susceptible to electromagnetic interferences.
• Disaster management: Earthquake/hurricane, floods.
• Education Systems
• Green information technology: there will no side effects
on birds.
• Radio broadcasting:
V. C ONCLUSION AND F UTURE W ORK
WiFi is as of now the superior network access that the vast
majority of the general population are utilizing. In any case,
it has a few constraints that confine the potential outcomes
of the Internet of Things. The way that it works utilizing
radio waves that being a restricted source turns out to be its
greatest constraint. The more gadgets that will be associated
with the internet utilizing WiFi, the data transfer capacity
get partitioned among the clients and the outcome will be
slower network connectivity. Subsequently, there is a dire
142 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology
need of a quicker and a reliable internet service keeping in
mind the end goal to the Internet of Things to be completely
operational [9][10][11].
According to the Li-Fi Consortium, “it is possible to achieve
more than 10 Gbps of speed, theoretically which would allow a
high-definition film to be downloaded in just 30 seconds” [12].
A professor at the Shanghai’s Fudan University mentioned
“four computers can be connected to internet through one-watt
LED bulb using light as a carrier instead of traditional radio
frequencies, as in WiFi”. Meanwhile, in laboratory conditions,
it’s been established that LiFi could theoretically reach speeds
of up to 224 Gbps [13].
In the future we will not only have 14 billion lightbulbs, we
may have 14 billion LiFis deployed worldwide for a greener
and even brighter future for high-speed data transmission. Now
both light and radio waves can be used simultaneously to
transfer data and signals. Many enhancements can be made
to the existing technology, by using fast-switching LEDs,
data transmission rates can be further enhanced. The driving
speed of the circuit can be improved by using fast-switching
transistors.
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