1. Discuss the events of the world that might have influenced Dr. Jose Rizal?

Answer: Jose Mercado "Rizal" grew up in an era with a colorful history. Slaves were
being released all across the world, and powers were rising and falling. Locally, it was
more about tyranny and religious brainwashing than it was about growth. What impact
may these events have on Rizal? Of course, being a highly intelligent man, how could
he not? Imagine what Rizal might observe and learn in his surroundings at the time. He
was one of the few who came from a wealthy family.

This meant he could go to school and get an education. He read books whenever he
wanted, learnt history and philosophy, and many other subjects that, when combined
with a smart intellect, allowed him to perceive things more objectively and without bias.
If someone can take an objective stance on problems while being enthusiastic about
them, as seen by his efforts, then his enthusiasm is supported by something objective.
The entire globe was approaching a period in which human rights were recognized.

Slaves were being emancipated, and as a result, several human rights legislation were
enacted. At the same time, the world's powers were increasing and contracting. News of
persecution circulated locally. These facts help to explain why Rizal took such a strong
stance against the insurrection. The persecution surrounding him was clearly not
acceptable in Rizal's perspective because human rights were being promoted over the
world by North American thinkers and backed up by Russian activities.

But Rizal recognized that the Philippines could not yet be considered a country. He's a
brilliant person, so he presumably researched the history of war and what was required
for a country to be strong. If you were to look at the country's conditions with only the
country in mind, you would have adopted the path of a Katipunero and resolved to wage
war against the oppressors. Rizal, however, did not. Why?

This is because he had the entire world's conditions to back up his principles. He was
inspired by global events as well as local ones. He was an intellectual who was affected
by literature from his period and earlier. He considered the long-term wellbeing of the
country rather than the quickest route out. It's a shame he had to die the way he did. He
would undoubtedly have devised a revolution that would have left the Philippines in a
better shape than it is now.

2. Discuss the Challenges in the that might have influenced Dr. Jose Rizal?

Answer: Rizal's life goal was predetermined by fate, and it came early in his life.
Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomes, and Jacinto Zamora were hanged in 1872 for
instigating the Cavite Mutiny. That execution became Rizal's political awakening, the
beginning of his coming of age as a Filipino cognizant of belonging to a single nation.
By then, his life's labor had shaped a generation of his fellow natives into Filipinos with a
sense of nation. Rizal's primary goal was to improve Philippine society, first by exposing
its flaws, and then by waking the Filipino young.

His adversaries included not only the colonial authority, but also corrupt elements
among the friars. For him, championing the cause of the nation meant becoming the
greatest person he could be. He used the mental and physical disciplines he learnt from
his elders to his advocacy. He ran his campaign among progressive Cortes members
and intellectuals in Spain, writing letters and articles for La Solidaridad, the Propaganda
mouthpiece, as well as other periodicals. His most famous works are the books Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which led to his tragic death but also cemented his
position in the hearts and thoughts of his countrymen.

3. Discuss the economic, political and cultural development in the 19th

century Philippines according to John Schumacher

Answer: Economic Development - During the 1900s, Schumacher saw that upper and
middle-class Filipinos might profit. These possibilities arose when British and American
merchants coordinated commerce. Meanwhile, disputes arose as a result of the mix of
ancient ways and modernizing efficiency. There was a power battle about who should
benefit the most from the economic boom.

Political Development - In Spain, Liberals replaced Conservatives at irregular intervals

when one or the other proved unable of dealing with the demands of national
governance. It was hard to have a consistent policy for the Spaniards' foreign colonies
due to the volatility of the rulers.

Furthermore, the Guardia Civil became a tyrannical force that hounded farmers.
Furthermore, the government's corruption rendered it incapable of meeting fundamental
requirements like as education, public works, and peace and order.

Cultural Development - For the first time in history, the formation of a small but
significant number of Filipinos in all regions of the Philippines who could speak in
Spanish was conceivable, resulting in a movement that was both regional and national
in scope.

The interest in the Filipino past, which was primarily influenced by the European,
particularly German, fascination with history and ethnology, was a last cultural aspect in
the growth of nationalism.

4. Why is Rizal often called the first filipino according to Reynaldo Ileto?

Answer: He considers Rizal to be the first Filipino because of the principalia class's
ascent to supremacy, whose Europeanized scions created the core around which a
modern country might crystallize.
5. Identify and discuss important ideas about Rizal and the 19th century
Philippines in Reynaldo Ileto's Rizal and the Underside of Philippine
history.

Answer: Jose Rizal intellectually legitimized a seventeenth-century Spanish work

with his comments. Rizal spent a year in the British Museum documenting the image
of a thriving pre-colonial culture. Rizal's fabrication of an useable past emphasized
the standing of the ilustrados, the liberal-educated elite who saw themselves as
liberated from the thinking world of the history-less, superstitious, manipulated
masses, the so-called probres y ignorantes, among other things.

6. Discuss the important ideas of Benedict Anderson on nationalism in

Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism.

Answer: Nationalism is the sickness of contemporary developmental history, as

unavoidable as neurosis in the person, with much the same inherent ambiguity
attached, a comparable built-in propensity for adolescent dementia, founded in the
problems of helplessness foisted upon much of the world.
A theorist of nationalism has often been confused, not to say irritated, by these three
paradoxes:
a.) The objective modernity of nations to the historian's eye vs their subjective
antiquity in the eyes of nationalists.
b.) The formal universality of nationality as a socio-cultural concept in the modern
world everyone can, should, will have a nationality, as he or she has a gender vs the
irremediable particularly of its concrete manifestations, such that, by definition,
Greek nationality is sui generis.
c.) The political power of nationalism vs their philosophical poverty and even
incoherence.

7. Is 19th-century Filipino nationalism the same with the Filipino nationalism

today? Why? Explain your opinion with relevant facts.

Answer: Yes, there are parallels between previous and current nationalisms.
Although the circumstances of each generations change, the essential goals of the
broad battle for political, social, and economic independence in the Philippines
remain the same.