COMPLEJO EDUCATIVO GURRUCHAGA 5º AÑO A

PRACTICE
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:
We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what
they are. We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people, pronouns ending in -thing for
things, and pronouns ending in –where for places. These are compound words made up of:
SOME / ANY / NO / EVERY + one of the elements listed before.

Examples:

everybod somebod
anybody nobody
y y

anyone everyone no one someone

anywher everywhe nowher somewhe

e re e re

somethin
 We use anythin everythin nothin g
a singul g g g ar
verb aft er an

indefinite pronoun:

Everybody loves Sally.
Everything was ready for the party.

 When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun, we normally use a plural pronoun:

Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.

I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time

 We do not use another negative in a clause with nobody, no one or nothing:

Nobody came. (NOT Nobody didn't come.)
Nothing happened. (NOT Nothing didn't happen.)

PRACTICE: Complete the following sentences with an appropriate indefinite pronoun.

1. There’s ………………………….
somebody waiting for you at the door.

2. He didn’t eat ………………………

anything before the blood test; he was fasting, as I told him.
everything
3. We prepared ……………………. for the CT scan (=computer tomography scan).

4. The man said ……………………….

something about the symptoms; we didn’t know about them!

5. Where’s my book? I’m sure I left it …………………….

somewhere here in this room.

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 COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES:
 We use comparative adjectives to show change or make comparisons between two
elements:

This car is certainly better, but it's much more expensive.

I'm feeling happier now.
We need a bigger garden.

We use than when we want to compare one thing with another:

She is two years older than me.

New York is much bigger than Boston.
He is a better player than Ronaldo.

 We use superlative adjectives to mark the element that stands out. We use the article

THE.

London is the most expensive city in Europe.

This is the happiest day of my life.
Messi is the best soccer player around the world.

How to form comparative and superlative adjectives.

We usually add –er and –est to one-syllable words to make comparatives and

superlatives:

OLD – OLDER THAN – THE OLDEST

LONG – LONGER THAN – THE LONGEST

If an adjective ends in –e, we add –r or –st:

NICE – NICER THAN – THE NICEST

If an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant:

BIG – BIGGER THAN – THE BIGGEST

FAT – FATTER THAN – THE FATTEST

If an adjective ends in a consonant and –y, we change –y to –i and add –er or –est:

HAPPY – HAPPIER THAN – THE HAPPIEST

SILLY – SILLIER THAN – THE SILLIEST

We use more and most to make comparatives and superlatives for most two syllable

adjectives and for all adjectives with three or more syllables:

INTERESTING – MORE INTERESTING THAN – THE MOST INTERESTING

BEAUTIFUL – MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN – THE MOST BEAUTIFUL

CROWDED – MORE CROWDED THAN – THE MOST CROWDED

However, with these common two-syllable adjectives, you can either add –er/–r and –

est/–st or use more and most:

COMMON – CRUEL – GENTLE – LIKELY – NARROW – PLEASANT – SIMPLE -

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The adjectives good, bad and far have irregular comparatives and superlatives:

GOOD – BETTER THAN – THE BEST

BAD – WORSE THAN – THE WORST

FAR – FARTHER/FURTHER THAN – THE FARTHEST/FURTHEST

PRACTICE: Complete using comparative or superlative adjectives as suitable.

1. Bone is ……………………
the hardest tissue of the body.
2. This book is ……………………….
better than the previous edition; it contains updated information and
details.

3. Trust me! This is …………………….

the best treatment you can have for this disease.

4. The Sputnik V is supposed to be ………………………

better than the Sinopharm vaccine.ç

5. This antibiotic is …………………………..

common in the market, but it is surely ………………………..
expensive .

6. The Covid pandemic is taking ……………………

longer as expected! We thought it was not going to last
this

much!

COMPARISONS: Equality and Inequality.

 We can use the as...as structure in a positive form to show that things are the same.
AS + Adjective + AS

My cooking is as good as yours.

(The quality of my cooking is the same as yours.)

 We can show that two things are not equal using not + as + adjective + as
When we use this structure, the first thing mentioned is 'less' than the second thing.

This one isn't as big as the old one.

(The old one is bigger than this one.)

PRACTICE: Complete using the appropriate AS … AS structure.

1. The new treatment is …………………………

the same as the old one; there’s no difference at all.
different
2. This exercise is ……………………… as the ones in the test! This one is obviously easier!

3. Our classrooms are now …………………………..

emptier as they usually are. We are half the people
now!

ADVERBS “TOO” and “ENOUGH”

 Too is used to mean more than sufficient or more/less than
necessary.
It’s too late to stop him.
Jerry was too young to watch the movie.
There are too many people on this train, there’s nowhere to sit.

 Enough is used to mean sufficient.

Your clothes are big enough to fit me.

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 You’ve done enough work. You can stop now.
Have you got enough money to buy me a drink?
 Form
too + adjective: I was too tired to go on running, so I stopped.
adjective + enough: I wasn’t strong enough to finish the race.

PRACTICE: Complete the sentences below with suitable phrases usuing TOO and ENOUGH.

1. The patient was ……………………….

too bad to go back home.

2. You are not ……………………………

enough old to drive a car or a motorcycle.

3. Were you ………………………..

too young to vote in the 1995 elections?

4. A Porsche is ………………………..
too expensive for my limited budget! I can’t buy it!

PASSIVE VOICE
Active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb. Passive
voice means that a subject is a recipient of a verb’s action. 

What’s the difference between active and passive voice?

Active voice
When the subject of a sentence performs the verb’s action, we say that the sentence is in
the active voice. Sentences in the active voice have a strong, direct, and clear tone.
Examples: Monkeys eat bananas.
The doctor examined the patient.

Passive voice
A sentence is in the passive voice, on the other hand, when the subject is acted on by the
verb. The passive voice is always constructed with a conjugated form of to be plus the
verb’s past participle. Doing this usually generates a preposition as well.
Examples: Bananas are eaten by monkeys.
The patient was examined by the doctor.

The basic structure of a passive clause is very simple:

subjec + auxiliary verb + main verb + by + agent

t be past participle

  optional

Examples:
The book was written by a famous scientist.
The patient is being treated for Covid symptoms.
Kids are going to be vaccinated soon.
The Sputnik V vaccine is produced in Russia.

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PRACTICE: Complete the following sentences using a verb in PASSIVE VOICE.
1. This drug …………………….
was tested on animals first, and now it …………………..
is safe for humans.
2. That research ………………….
was made last year and it was very successful.
3. The old lady …………………..
took some antibiotics and now she’s responding quite well.
4. In radiation therapy, targeted X-rays ………………….
the body to destroy localized cancer
cells.
5. The equipment ……………………………
is broken right now; the repair man is still working on
it.
6. That condition ………………………..
is due to a birth defect.