Algebra 2.

Equality, Inequality, Index Law, Logarithm, Polynomials, Binomial

Expansion, Proportion, Quadratic, Roots, Partial Fraction, Variation,
3. 
Progression, Verbal Problems, Permutation,Combination, Probability,
Matrix, Determinants, Complex Numbers, Venn Diagram.
4. 

Laws of Exponents and Radicals 5. 

Laws of Exponents (Index Law)
1.  6. 

2.  7.     →   Common logarithm

3.  8.     →   Naperian or natural logarithm

4. 
9.     →   Change base rule

5.  10. If    ,   then    .

11. If    ,   then    .
6.   

Other Important Properties in Algebra

7.     and    1. 

2. If    ,   then either     or       or both      

8.  ,   provided    .
and       are zero.

9. 
3.  ,   provided    .
10. 

11. If    ,   then       provided    . 5. 

 

Properties of Radicals 6. 

1. 

2.  7. 

3. 
8. 

9. 
4. 
10. 
5. 
11. 

12. 
6. 
13. 
7. 

14. 
Logarithm and Other Important Properties in Algebra
Properties of Logarithm 15. 
1. If    ,   then    .   → Definition of logarithm
16. 
17.  Quadratic Formula
For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
18. 

Where
a, n, x, and y = any number not equal to zero (unless it is
specified) See the derivation of quadratic formula here.
w = any number greater than zero but less than 1
The quantity b2 - 4ac inside the radical is called discriminat.
z = any number greater than 1
•   If b2 - 4ac = 0, the roots are real and equal.
∞ = infinity
•   If b2 - 4ac > 0, the roots are real and unequal.
•   If b2 - 4ac < 0, the roots are imaginary.
Quadratic Equations in One Variable
Quadratic Equation Sum and Product of Roots
Quadratic equation is in the form If the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are x1 and
x2, then 

Sum of roots
Where
a, b, & c = real-number constants
a & b = numerical coefficient or simply coefficients
a = coefficient of x2
b = coefficient of x Product of roots
c = constant term or simply constant
a cannot be equal to zero while either b or c can be zero 

Examples of Quadratic Equation You may see the derivation of formulas for sum and product of
Some quadratic equation may not look like the one above. The roots here.
general appearance of quadratic equation is a second
degree curve so that the degree power of one variable is twice
of another variable. Below are examples of equations that can
Example 01 - Quadratic equation
be considered as quadratic. problem
1.  Problem
In a quadratic equation problem, one student made a
2.  mistake in copying the coefficient of x and got roots of 3
and -2. Another student made a mistake in copying the
3.  constant term and got the roots of 3 and 2. What are the
correct roots?
4. 
Solution
5. 
Let the correct equation be:
6.   
For the first student, b is wrong but a and c are correct.
7.    Thus, the product of roots is the same as that of the
correct equation.
For us to see that the above examples can be treated as
quadratic equation, we take example no. 6 above, 10x1/3 + x1/6 -
2 = 0. Let x1/6 = z, thus, x1/3 = z2. The equation can now be
written in the form 10z2 + z - 2 = 0, which shows clearly to be
quadratic equation.
 

Roots of a Quadratic Equation
The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be factored into the form
For the second student, c is wrong but a and b are
 
correct. Thus, the sum of roots is the same as that of the
correct equation.

Where x1 and x2 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0.

From the correct equation
   →   roots of the given equation
 

Thus, the roots of the required equation are

   →   the correct equation   

Solving for the correct roots The required equation is

   →   the correct roots           answer

           answer
 Another Solution
First student: roots are 3 and -2 Example 03 - Sum and product
of roots of quadratic equation
Problem
Find the sum and product of roots of the quadratic
a = 1 and c = -6 are correct, b = -1 is wrong
equation x2 - 2x + 5 = 0.
 Second student: roots are 3 and 2
 

Solution
 
From the given equation: a = 1, b = -2, and c = 5
a = 1 and b = -5 are correct, c = 6 is wrong  

Thus, a = 1, b = -5, and c = -6. The correct equation is Sum of roots

           answer
   →   the correct roots           answer
 
Problem Product of roots
Determine the equation whose roots are the reciprocals
of the roots of the equation 3x2 - 13x - 10 = 0.
 

Solution

From the given equation            answer

 
a = 3, b = -13, and c = -10
Another Solution
 
From the given equation: a = 1, b = -2, and c = 5
Using the quadratic formula  
Using the quadratic formula 3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 
 
   →   roots of the given
equation Problem 10 | Special Products
  and Factoring
Problem 10
Given that  , where   and   are nonzero

  real numbers,find the value of  .

 
Sum of roots
Solution

           answer
 

Product of roots
    

    

           answer
    
Special Products and Factoring
Special Products
1.      

2. 
    
3. 

4.      

5. 
    
6. 

7.      
   
Factoring Polynomials From the given:
1.   and

2. 
 Formulas for Arithmetic Progression
 
Common difference, d
Thus, The common difference can be found by subtracting any
two adjacent terms.

   or

    
 

     Value of each term

Each term after the first can be found by adding
recursively the common difference d to the preceding
     term.

                answer
 

nth term of AP
Arithmetic, geometric, and The nth term of arithmetic progression is given by
harmonic progressions
Elements
a1 = value of the first term  
am = value of any term after the first term but before the
last term or in more general term, it can be written as
an = value of the last term
n = total number of terms
m = mth term after the first but before nth
d = common difference of arithmetic progression  
r = common ratio of geometric progression
S = sum Sum of n terms of AP
  The sum of the first n terms of arithmetic progression is
n times the average of the first term and the last term.
Arithmetic Progression, AP
Arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in
which the difference of any two adjacent terms is  
constant. The constant difference is commonly known
as common difference and is denoted by d. Examples of If the last term an is not given, the following may be
arithmetic progression are as follows: useful
 

Example 1: 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28 33, 38, 43, 48

The above sequence of numbers is composed
of n = 10 terms (or elements). The first term a1 =  
3, and the last term an = a10 = 48. The common
difference of the above AP is d = 8 - 3 = 13 - 8 If required for the partial sum from mth to nth terms, the
= ... = 5. following formula can be used
 

Example 2: 5, 2, -1, ...    or

This AP has a common difference of -3 and is
composed of infinite number of terms as
indicated by the three ellipses at the end.
 
 
Geometric Progression, GP
Geometric progression is a sequence of numbers in
which any two adjacent terms has a common ratio
denoted by r. Example of geometric progression is
1, 3, 9, 27, ...
 
which is composed of infinite number of terms and with
common ratio equal to 3.
Formulas for Geometric Progression
Common ratio
The common ratio can be found by taking the quotient of
any two adjacent terms.
nth term of GP
The nth term of the geometric progression is given by
   or    You may be interested in the following
 
Sum of n terms of GP
The sum of the first n terms of geometric progression is
Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression
A finite sum can be obtained from GP with infinite terms
if and only if -1.0 ≤ r ≤ 1.0 and r ≠ 0.
 
Harmonic Progression, HP
Harmonic progression is a sequence of numbers in
which the reciprocals of the elements are in geometric
progression. Example of harmonic progression is
1/3, 1/6, 1/9, ...
If you take the reciprocal of each term from the above
HP, the sequence will become
 
3, 6, 9, ...
 which is an AP with a common difference of 3.
 
Another example of HP is 6, 3, 2. The reciprocals of
each term are 1/6, 1/3, 1/2 which is an AP with a
common difference of 1/6.
 
To find the term of HP, convert the sequence into AP
then do the calculations using the AP formulas. Then
take the reciprocal of the answer in AP to get the correct
term in HP.
Relationship between arithmetic, geometric,
and harmonic means
 
Suggested Readings
Derivation of formulas of arithmetic progression
Derivation of formulas for finite and infinite geometric
progression
Derivation of the relationship between arithmetic,
geometric, and harmonic means
Three-digit numbers not divisible by 3
Problem
How many three-digit numbers are not divisible by 3?
 Solution
There are 900 three-digit numbers, namely from 100 to
999. The first three-digit number that is exactly divisible
by 3 is 102 and the last is obviously 999. The numbers
102, 105, 108, ..., 999 forms an arithmetic progression
with common difference, d = 3.
 
By Arithmetic progression:
There are 300 three-digit numbers that are divisible by 3 (a + b)0   :   1
and there are 900 three-digit numbers. Thus, the three- (a + b)1   :   1   1
digit numbers that are not divisible by 3 is: (a + b)2   :   1   2   1
(a + b)3   :   1   3   3     1
(a + b)4   :   1   4   6     4     1
           answer (a + b)5   :   1   5   10   10   5     1
(a + b)6   :   1   6   15   20   15   6     1
(a + b)7   :   1   7   21   35   35   21   7   1
Binomial Theorem  
The Expansion of (a + b)n
If       is any positive integer, then rth term of (a + b)n

Where  
 = combination of n objects taken r at a time.
  For n = even, the middle term is at

Some Example of Binomial Expansion

System of Equations
System of Linear Equations
The number of equations should be at least
the number of unknowns in order to solve the variables.
System of linear equations can be solved by several
methods, the most common are the following,

1. Method of substitution
2. Elimination method
3. Cramer's rule
 
 
Many of the scientific calculators allowed in board
The coefficient of terms can also be found by
examinations and class room exams are capable of
 
solving system of linear equations of up to three
unknowns.
 
 
Two equations, two unknowns
This system of equations is in the form
Properties of Binomial Expansion
   →   equation (1)
1. The first term and last term of the expansion are
   and    ,   respectively.    →   equation (2)
 
2. There are       terms in the expansion.
3. The sum of the exponents of       and       in any Three equations, three unknowns
term is    . Below is the format of system of equations in three
4. The exponent of       decreases by       from      variables.
  to    .
   →   equation (1)
5. The exponent of       increases by       from      
to    .
   →   equation (2)
6. The coefficient of the second term and the
second from the last term is    .
   →   equation (3)
 
Pascal's Triangle
Pascal's triangle can be used to find the coefficient of Diophantine Equations
binomial expansion. Diophantine equations arises in problems where
the number of equations that can be created is less than
the number of unknowns, making the system
indeterminate. However, unknowns involving this type of
system are integers only, and most of the time, excludes
zero as a solution. Solving Diophantine system is by trial
and error until integers that satisfies all the equations in
the system are found.
 
Other forms of system of equations
There are many forms of system of equations. They may
contain quadratic equations, in exponential form, in
logarithmic form, and so on. The solution however can
be unified into one, that is, by solving their equations
simultaneously.

Example
A man bought 20 pieces of assorted calculators for Example 01 - Exponent and simultaneous equations
$2000. Programmable calculators cost $300 per unit, the Problem
scientific calculators $150 per unit, and the household Solve for x, y, and z from the following simultaneous
type at $50 per unit. How many household type did he equations.
buy?  
 
   →   equation (1)
Solution
   →   equation (2)
Let
x = number of programmable calculators
y = number of scientific calculators
   →   equation (3)
z = number of household type calculators
   

Total cost is $2000 Solution

Multiply equation (1) and equation (3)

   →   Equation (1)
 

Total number of units is 20

   →   Equation (2)
 
 
Note:
No other equation can be made from the problem. Substitute zx = 1000 to equation (2)
Although the number of equations is less than the
number of unknowns (indeterminate), variables x, y, and
z can only hold positive whole numbers, thus, we can
solve the problem.  

Subtract Equation (2) from Equation (1) Thus,

 
 By trial and error:
Try x = 1, y = 7.5   →   not applicable Another way to solve for y   †
Try x = 2, y = 5   →   okay!
Try x = 3, y = 2.5   →   not applicable Solving for y using logarithm
Try x = 4, y = 0   →   not acceptable  
 
Divide equation (1) by equation (3)
Substitute x = 2 and y = 5 to Equation (2)

           answer
 

Thus, the man bought 2 units of programmable

calculators, 5 units of scientific calculators, and 13 units
 
of household type calculators.
Substitute y = 5/3 to zy = 100 from above Equation (4) divided by Equation (3)

             answer
 
Substitute y = 5/3 and z = 1003/5 to equation (2)
Equation (4) divided by Equation (1)

   ‡            answer

Example 03 - Simultaneous equations

 
Problem
Thus, Find the value of x, y, and z from the given system of
equations.
   →   Equation (1)
   →   you can also use logarithm to solve for x
from ‡ similar to solution for y in †.    →   Equation (2)
 
   →   Equation (3)
Answer  
x = 5/2
y = 5/3 Solution
z = 1003/5
Add the three equations

Example 02 - Simultaneous equations  

Problem Factor (x + y + z) in the left side and do the operation in
Find the value of x, y, and z from the following the right side
equations.
   →   Equation (1)

   →   Equation (2)
   →   Equation (4)
   →   Equation (3)  
 
Divide Equation (4) from Equation (1)
Solution

Multiply the three equations

           answer
 

Divide Equation (4) from Equation (2)

   →   Equation (4)
 
           answer
Equation (4) divided by Equation (2)  

Divide Equation (4) from Equation (1)

           answer
 
           answer
            answer
Example 04- Simultaneous equations
 Divide Equation (5) from Equation (8)
Problem
Solve for x, y, and z from the following system of
equations.
   →   Equation (1)            answer

   →   Equation (2)
Smallest number for given
   →   Equation (3) remainders
 
Problem
Solution Find the smallest number which when divided by 2 the
remainder is 1, when divided by 3 the remainder is 2,
Add the three equations when divided by 4 the remainder is 3, when divided by 5
the remainder is 4, and when divided by 6 the remainder
is 5.
 

Solution

   →   Equation (4)
 Equation (4) - Equation (3) Let x = the number
 
When divided by 2 the remainder is 1

   →   equation (1)
   →   Equation (5)  
 Equation (4) - Equation (1)
When divided by 3 the remainder is 2

   →   equation (2)
 
   →   Equation (6)
 Equation (4) - Equation (2) When divided by 4 the remainder is 3

   →   equation (3)
 

   →   Equation (7) When divided by 5 the remainder is 4

 Multiply equations (5), (6), and (7)
   →   equation (4)
 

When divided by 6 the remainder is 5

   →   equation (5)
   →   Equation (8)
 Divide Equation (6) from Equation (8)
 From the above equations, x, A, B, C, D, and E
must be whole numbers.
 From equation (1), x must be odd.
           answer  From equation (5), x must be divisible by 5 + the
 Divide Equation (7) from Equation (8) remainder 4.
o If it ends with 0 + 4 = 4 (even).
o If it ends with 5 + 4 = 9 (odd)
Thus, x must end with 9.    →   (whole number - okay)
 Try x = 9
 Thus, x = 59           answer

Variation / Proportional
   Direct Variation / Directly Proportional

y is directly proportional to x, y ∝ x:
→   (not a whole number - not okay)  

 Try x = 19
k = constant of proportionality
y varies directly as x is another statement
equivalent to the above statement.

 
   →   (not a whole number - not okay)
Inverse Variation / Directly Proportional
 Try x = 29
y is inversely proportional to x, y ∝ 1/x:
 

   →   (whole number - okay) 

k = constant of proportionality
y varies inversely with x holds the same
meaning as the sentence above.

 
   →   (not a whole number - not okay)
Joint Variation / Jointly Proportional
 Try x = 39
y is directly proportional to x and z:

 
   →   (not a whole number - not okay) y is directly proportional to x and inversely
proportional to z:
Try x = 49

   →   (not a whole number - not okay) k = constant of proportionality

 Try x = 59  

Variation to nth power of x and mth power of z

   →   (whole number - okay) y is directly proportional to the square of x and

varies inversely to the cube of z:
 
 

k = constant of proportionality
   →   (whole number - okay)
 
Verbal Problems in Algebra
The following is an attempt to classify the verbal
problems.
 Number-related problems
Number-related problems are considered as the most Age-related Problems
basic type of verbal problems. It is taken as the base If x = present age of a person
point of analysis for more complex type of problems. x – 3 = age of the person 3 years ago
 Digit-related problems x + 5 = age of the person 5 years from now or 5 years
This type of problems focuses on how the digits of a hence
number are related. In many problems, digits are treated  Note:
as individual number and will make the problem similar The difference of the ages of two persons is constant at
to number-related problems only that the integers any time.
involved are 0 to 9.  If
 Money-related problems A = present age of Albert and
Money-related verbal problems in Algebra involves B = present age of Bryan
primarily in determining the number of denomination
(coin or bill) in a collection of different denominations. Sum of their ages 4 years ago = (A - 4) + (B - 4)
 Lever-related problems Sum of their ages 2 years hence = (A + 2) + (B + 2)
Also called balance-related problems, lever word Difference of their ages = A - B
problems are concerned on balancing a lever at its  
fulcrum. This topic introduces the computation of
moment of a force about a point in Engineering Example
Mechanics. Six years ago, Romel was five times as old as Lejon. In
 Geometry-related problems five years, Romel will be three times as old as Lejon.
Geometry verbal problems put together Algebra and What is the present age of Lejon?
Geometry in a single problem. Basic knowledge and  
familiarity with the formulas in Geometry is necessary.
Problems may involve line segments, angles, triangles, Solution
rectangles, squares, circles, and some solid shapes like
cube and rectangular parallelepiped. Let
 Clock-related problems  = present age of Romel
Most clock-related problems involved in determining the  = present age of Lejon
time from a given start-off position after which the hands  
of the clock moves to the desired position. Common
Six years ago
problems are when the hands are together, form a right
angle, and being opposite each other.
 Age-related problems
In age-related problems, the relationship of the ages of
two persons is indicated. The comparison of the ages
may be in the past, present, or future. Some problems
also involve the relationship of the sum of the ages of  
several persons.
Five years from now (in five years)
 Mixture-related problems
Mixture-related problems are involved with some pure
substance or some prepared mixture to be added or
withdrawn as such to obtain a desired mixture. It also
involves in unit price and quantity of two or more items
being combined as such in relation to costing and
selling.  
 Work-related problems
Work-related problems may involved in determining the Substitute R = 5L - 24
time to finish the job, the rate of doing the job, and the
amount of job done by a worker at a given period of
time. Workers may be have the same rate and working
as a team or may work individually at different rates.
             answer

Motion-related problems Example 01 | Age-related

Motion-related problems considered the relationship
between speed, distance traveled, and the time the problem
object is moving. The situations may involve overtaking,
Problem
departing, stalling, moving in the air or water, or motions
Alfred is four times as old as his nephew Franco. 5 years ago, the sum
in a closed loop.
of their ages is equal to the present age of Alfred. How old is each?        → equation (2)
   

Solution In fifteen years, the sum of the parent’s ages will be equal to the sum
of their children’s ages
Let
 = present age of Alfred
 = present age of Franco

 = age of Alfred 5 years ago  

 = age of Franco 5 years ago

Substitute y = 2z
 

Sum of their ages 5 years ago

           answer Substitute z = 10x – 5

 

Alfred is four times as old as Franco

           answer
           answer

Example 02 | Age-related Clock-related Problems

There are 12 dial units in the clock. Every time
problem the minute hand completes 12 dials, the hour hand
moves 1 dial. Thus, if the minute hand moves by x the
Problem hour hand moves by x/12.
The sum of the parent’s ages is twice the sum of their children’s ages.  
Five years ago, the sum of the parent’s ages is four times the sum of
their children’s ages. In fifteen years, the sum of the parent’s ages will
be equal to the sum of their children’s ages. How many children were
in the family?
 

Solution

Let
 = number of children in the family
 = sum of parent’s ages
 = sum of children’s ages

The sum of the parent’s ages is twice the sum of their children’s ages  
       → equation (1)
Key equations:
 

 = distance traveled by the minute hand (in minutes)

Five years ago, the sum of the parent’s ages is four times the sum of
their children’s ages
 = distance traveled by the hour hand (in minutes)

 
 
There are three common questions in clock problems;
Substitute y = 2z (1) time when the hands of the clock are together, (2)
time when the hands of the clock are perpendicular to
each other, and (3) time when the hands of the clock
form a straight line.
 
The following are the distances between the hands of
the clock:
(1) Together = 0
(2) Perpendicular (90° to each other) = 15 minutes
(3) Straight line (opposite each other) = 30 minutes
 

The table below is provided for the sake of

completeness of this post.
 
Dial position No. of minutes            answer - A
12:00 0 minute
1:00 5 minutes Digit-related Problems
2:00 10 minutes For any three digit number.
3:00 15 minutes  
4:00 20 minutes Let
5:00 25 minutes x = the hundreds digit
y = the tens digit and
6:00 30 minutes
z = the units digit
7:00 35 minutes  
8:00 40 minutes
The number = 100x + 10y + z
9:00 45 minutes The number with digits reversed = 100z + 10y + x
10:00 50 minutes The sum of digits = x + y + z
The product of digits = xyz
11:00 55 minutes  
12:00 60 minutes
Example
  In a three digit number, the hundreds digit is twice the
units digit. If 396 be subtracted from thenumber, the
Example 01 | Clock-related order of the digits will be reversed. Find the number if
the sum of the digits is 17.
problem  
Problem
Solution
What time between 2 and 3 o’clock will the
angle between the hands of the clock be bisected by the
Let
line connecting the center of the clock and the 3 o’clock  = hundreds digit
mark?
 = tens digit
A. 2:18:27.6  = units digit
B. 2:16:00.0  = the number
C. 2:17:56.3  
D. 2:19:03.1
The hundreds digit is twice the units digit
 
       → equation (1)
Solution  The sum of the digits is 17
       → equation (2)
 396 be subtracted from the number

 
       → equation (3)
 Substitute x = 2z to equation (3)
        → Equation (3)
 From equation (1)  Substitute y = x + 2 to Equation (2)

 
 Substitute y = x + 2 and z = x - 1 to Equation (1)
From equation (2)

 The number is
           answer
From Equation (3)
Example 01 | Digit-related
problem
Problem From Equation (2)
The sum of the digits of a three-place number is 19. If
the tens and units digits are interchanged the number is
diminished by 27, and if the hundreds and tens digits are
interchanged the number is increased by 180. What is
 The number is
the number?
           answer
 Solution:

Let Mixture-related Problems

 = the hundreds digit
 = the tens digit There are four common types of mixture in
verbal problems of Algebra.
 = the units digit
 
 
       → the original number Solutions
Solution is a homogeneous mixture formed by dissolving
       → the tens and units digits are a substance (solute) in another substance (solvent).
A common example is the salt as solute and water as
interchanged
solvent forming into one phase called brine or saline
       → the hundreds and tens digits are water.
 
interchanged
 The sum of the digits of a three-place number is 19
Alloys
       → Equation (1) An alloy is a solid solution formed by fusing two or more
 If the tens and units digits are interchanged the number metallic elements. A common alloy is bronze which is
is diminished by 27 the product of fusing iron and copper.
 

Blends
Blended product is a result of mixing two or more grades
of items of the same class. Example is a coffee of grade
A mixed to coffee of grade B which will result to a
       → Equation (2) blended coffee.
 If the hundreds and tens digits are interchanged the  
number is increased by 180
Assortments
Assorted mixture is a combination of distinct items which
can be resorted easily back to its original components.
Example is assorted candies in a pack.
 
Solving mixture-related problems Let
The following example will illustrate how to  = number of quarters (25 ¢ coins)
solve mixture problems.  = number of dimes (10 ¢ coins)
 
Problem
How many liters of 10% salt solution must be added to
20% salt solution in order to obtain 10 liters of 12%
salt solution?
 
       → no. of 25 ¢ coins   answer
Solution

  Motion-related Problems
Motion with constant velocity
The distance traveled is the product of velocity and time.

  were,
s = distance
v = velocity
t = time
 
           answer It follows that

Money-related Problems    and   

Coin denominations in the US  

Name Coin value Dollar Equivalent Motion in a current of water or air

Penny 1¢ $0.01 Let
x = velocity of the (boat/airplane) in still (water/air) and
Nickel 5¢ $0.05 y = velocity of the (water/air), then
Dime 10 ¢ $0.10  
Quarter 25 ¢ $0.25 x + y = velocity when going (downstream/with the wind)
Half-dollar 50 ¢ $0.50 x – y = velocity when going (upstream/against the wind)
 

Motion in a circle or any closed circuit

Coin denominations in the Philippines as of 2012 Consider two objects, one is a faster and the other is
slower, moves from the same point and starting at the
Coin Coin value same time.
5¢ P0.05
 When going in the same the direction, the
10 ¢ P0.10
difference of the distances traveled every time
25 ¢ P0.25 the faster overtakes the slower is one circuit.
One-peso P1.00  

Five-peso P5.00
Ten-peso P10.00
Bohol.ph has more information about Philippine coins.  
See http://www.bohol.ph/article34.html 
 When going in opposite directions, the
Example total distance traveled every time the two meet
A collection of 32 coins amounted to $5.15. If it consists each other is one circuit.
of dimes and quarters, how many quarters are there?  

Solution
   a number are also worth noting: double, twice, triple,
thrice, quadruple, four times, etcetera.
Number-related Problems
Addition Algebraic
Verbal expression
Expressions that can be translated to addition, ( + ): equivalent
sum, plus, added to, in addition, increased by, and more
than. the product of x and
xy
y
Algebraic
Verbal expression x times y xy
equivalent
x of y xy
the sum of x and
x + y or y + x
y double a number x 2x
x plus y x+y twice a number y 2y
x increased by y x+y  
x added to y y+x Division
Expressions that can be translated to division, ( ÷ ):
x in addition to y y+x quotient of, divided by, and over.
x more than y y+x
Algebraic
Verbal expression
  equivalent
Subtraction the quotient of x
Expressions that can be translated to subtraction, ( - ): x/y
and y
difference, minus, subtract, subtract from, less, less
than, decreased by, diminished by, lowered by, and x divided by y x/y
exceed.
x over y x/y
Algebraic
Verbal expression  
equivalent
Equality
the difference
x-y The words ‘is’ and ‘by’ denotes equality, ( = ).
between x and y
x minus y x-y Algebraic
Verbal expression
equivalent
x decreased by y x-y
the sum of x and y
x diminished by y x-y x+y=z
is z
x lowered by y x-y x exceeds y by z x-y=z
x exceeds y x-y  
x less y x-y Other expressions
x less than y y-x
 The reciprocal of x is 1/x and the reciprocal of
subtract x from y y-x x/y is y/x.
 Divide 100 into two parts, if x is one part, the
  other part is (100 - x)
 For two consecutive numbers, if one is x then
Multiplication the other number is (x + 1)
Expressions that can be translated to multiplication,  For two consecutive even or odd numbers, if
( × ): product, times, and of. Expressions in multiple of one is x then the other number is (x + 2)
  The square of a number x is x2
 The cube of a number x is x3
 The ratio of x to y is x/y
If you want to add more expressions, please use the
"Add new comment" link below.
Work-related Problems
Case 1: Workers has different rates
Work rate × Time to finish the job = 1 job done
Work rate = (1 job done) / (Time to finish the job)
Time of doing the job = (1 job done) / (Work rate)
For example
Albert can finish a job in A days
Bryan can finish the same job in B days
Carlo can undo the job in C days
To finish the job
Work done = Work load
If a job can be done by 10 workers in 5 hours, the
work load is 10(5) = 50 man-hours. If 4 workers is
doing the job for 6 hours, the work done is 4(6) = 24
man-hours. A remaining of 50 - 24 = 26 man-hours of
work still needs to be done.
Problem
Eleven men could finish the job in 15 days. Five men
started the job and four men were added at the
beginning of the sixth day. How many days will it take
them to finish the job?
Solution
Work load = 11(15) = 165 man-days
Work done in 5 days = 5(5) = 25 man-days
Let   = no. of days for them to finish the job

1/A = rate of Albert

1/B = rate of Bryan
1/C = rate of Carlo
 

Albert and Bryan work together until the job is done: (1/A            answer
+ 1/B)t = 1
Albert is doing the job while Carlo is undoing it until the
job is done: (1/A - 1/C)t = 1

Problem
Lejon can finish a job in 6 hours while Romel can do the
same job in 3 hours. Working together, how many hours
can they finish the job?

Solution

Rate of Lejon = 1/6

Rate of Romel = 1/3
 

           answer

Case 2: Workers has equal rates

Work load = no. of workers × time to finish the job

Work done = no. of workers × time of doing the job