Data Collection:

Qualitative Observation:

✓ Eriochromo black T indicator will result in a Navy-Blue solution. However, after titration

with ZnSO4, EDTA and ZnSO4 react, causing the solution to turn Claret-Red.

Quantitative Data:
Equilibrium:
Effect of pH:

Table 1: The effect of solution pH on Pb(II) biosorption by peanut shell (initial concentration 0.01 M;

contact time 240 min; peanut shell concentration 2 g/L; temperature 20 C).

pH Initial Final Concentration (mg·L−1) Ion Removal %

Concentration

(mg·L−1)

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Avg

1.5 0.01 0.0096 0.0095 0.0103 0.0098 2

2 0.01 0.0083 0.0089 0.0089 0.0087 13

2.5 0.01 0.0085 0.0081 0.0083 0.0083 17

3 0.01 0.0065 0.0069 0.0067 0.0067 33

3.5 0.01 0.0051 0.0055 0.0053 0.0053 47

4 0.01 0.0043 0.0047 0.0045 0.0045 55

5 0.01 0.004 0.0044 0.0042 0.0042 58

5.5 0.01 0.0038 0.0034 0.0036 0.0036 64

6 0.01 0.0044 0.0047 0.0053 0.0048 52

Effect of contact time

Table 2: Effect of contact time on the biosorption of Pb(II) by peanut shell (initial concentration:0.01M;

pH: 5.5 ± 0.02; peanut shell concentration: 2 g/L; temperature:20 ◦C

Contact Initial Final Concentration (mg·L−1) Ion Removal %

Time (min) Concentration

(mg·L−1)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg

30 0.01 0.0043 0.0049 0.0052 0.0048 52

60 0.01 0.0041 0.0048 0.0046 0.0045 55

90 0.01 0.004 0.0048 0.0038 0.0042 58

120 0.01 0.0035 0.0039 0.0034 0.0036 64

150 0.01 0.0034 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 64

180 0.01 0.0033 0.0038 0.0038 0.0036 64

210 0.01 0.0032 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 64

240 0.01 0.0031 0.0032 0.0032 0.0036 64

Effect of Bio-sorbent Concentration

Table 3: Effect of bio sorbent concentration on the biosorption of Pb(II) by peanut shell (initial

concentration:0.01 M; pH: 5.5 ± 0.02; temperature: 20 ◦C; contact time 180 min).

Bio-sorbent Initial Final Concentration (mg·L−1) Ion Removal %

Concentration Concentration

(g) (mg·L−1)

Trial1 Trial2 Trial3 Avg

0.1 0.01 0.00242 0.00246 0.00244 0.00244 75.6

0.2 0.01 0.00225 0.0023 0.00228 0.00228 77.2

0.3 0.01 0.00215 0.00217 0.00207 0.00213 78.7

0.4 0.01 0.00213 0.00215 0.00211 0.00213 78.7

0.5 0.01 0.002 0.00212 0.00227 0.00213 78.7

Graphs:

Graph 1: The effect of solution pH on Pb(II) biosorption by peanut shell (initial concentration 0.01M; contact time 240 min; peanut shell

concentration 2 g/L; temperature 20 C).

Graph 2: Effect of contact time on the biosorption of Pb(II) by peanut shell (initial concentration: 100 ppm;

pH: 5.5 ± 0.02; peanut shell concentration: 2 g/L; temperature:20 ◦C).

Graph 3: Effect of bio sorbent concentration on the biosorption of Pb(II) by peanut shell (initial

concentration:0.01 M; pH: 5.5 ± 0.02; temperature: 20 ◦C; contact time 180 min).
Analysis Of Equilibrium:

One of the most important parameters in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution is

the pH of the solution. The pH of the solution can influence the surface charges of the

biosorbent, the concentration of counterions on the functional groups of the biosorbent, the

degree of ionisation of the biosorbent during biosorption, and the forms of metal ions in aqueous

solutions.

The effect of pH on the biosorption of Pb(II)ions on the peanut shell was investigated in this

study. The initial pH of the solutions was varied from 1.5 to 6.0 in these experiments, while the

other operational parameters remained constant. To avoid the precipitation of lead ions as

hydroxide, the pH dependent experiments were not carried out at pH values higher than 6.0.

At pH 1.5–2, it is clear that the percentages of Pb(II) ions removed by biosorption are very low.

The electrostatic repulsion forces between positively charged H3O + and Pb2 + ions can be used

to explain this situation. By increasing the pH of the solution to a maximum, the biosorption

yield of Pb(II) ions increased, but the removal yield decreased. The percentage of Pb(II) ions

removed by biosorption has reached a plateau, and there are no significant differences in the

percentage of Pb(II) ions removed at pH values ranging from 3.5 to 5.5. When the pH of the

peanut shell increased, the covered H3O + left the surface, making the sites available to Pb (II).

This condition implies that an ion-exchange mechanism may be involved in Pb biosorption (II).

The hydrolysis and precipitation of Pb(II) ions affects biosorption by changing the concentration

and form of soluble metal species available for biosorption. Depending on the pH of the aqueous

solution, different species of Pb(II) ions are formed. As a result, above pH 6, there was a

decrease in biosorption.
The optimal pH for the removal of Pb(II)ions from peanut shell was determined to be 5.5 ±0.2,

which results in no precipitation of Pb(II) ions. Further experiments were only carried out at that

pH level.

Pb(II) ion biosorption efficiency was measured as a function of contact time. Pb(II) ions were

initially present in concentrations of 100 ppm. The percentage of Pb(II) ions removed by peanut

shells is shown as a function of contact time in the graph Above.

Because the biosorption sites were vacant and Pb(II) could easily interact with them, biosorption

was relatively rapid in the first 45 minutes, with 60 percent of the Pb(II) ions being biosorbed by

that time.

Furthermore, the biosorption efficiency increased with contacttime and peaked at 65.73 percent

after about 120 minutes. After 120 minutes, the biosorption efficiency was nearly constant,

indicating that the Pb(II) biosorption equilibrium had been reached. Further biosorption

experiments were carried out for 180 minutes to ensure that sufficient contact time was obtained.

By increasing the dose from 0.1 to 0.5 g/L-1, the impact of dosage on the removal of Pb (II) from

aqueous solution was examined. The percentage removal of 98.52 percent increases as the

biosorbent dose is increased, as shown in Graph 3.

With increased biosorbent dosage, greater surface area and adsorption sites are predicted.

Beyond the dosage of 2 g/l, there was no discernible increase in % removal. This is due to

particle agglomeration, which results in a constant adsorption rate. Based on these findings, a

dosage of 2 g/l was determined to be enough for the removal of Lead metal ions.
Isotherms:

The Langmuir Adsorption Model:

The Langmuir equation can be written in the following linear form:

𝑪𝒆 𝟏 𝑪𝒆
= +
𝒒𝒆 𝒒𝒎 𝑲𝒆 𝒒𝒎

Where:
➢ Ce is concentration of adsorbate at equilibrium (mg g−1);
➢ Ke is Langmuir Constant;
➢ qe is adsorption capacity (mg g−1);
➢ qm is Maximum Adsorption Capacity of the Adsorbent (mg g-1).

The equation of a straight line (y = mx+c) was used to linearize the model.

Table 4: Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Model Linearization

The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Model's
The Equation of a Straight Line's Variables
Associated Variables
y Ct/qt
m (slope) 1/qm
x Ct
c (y-intercept) b×qm
 Table 5: Langmuir Model for Magnetic Peanut Hull of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5 of particular contact time of
180 min

Ce/qe
Magnetized peanut Qe
hull (g)

X – variable Y axis variable

0.1
0.00775 -0.763
0.2
0.00635 -0.761
0.3
0.0048 -0.759
0.4
0.0034 -0.756
0.5
0.00205 -0.754

Graph 4: Langmuir Model for Magnetic Peanut Hull of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5 of particular contact time of

180 min
The essential characteristics of the Langmuir isotherm can be expressed by a dimensionless constant

called the separation factor RL :

𝟏
𝑹𝑳 =
𝟏 + 𝑲𝑳 𝑪𝑶

Where,

➢ KL is Langmuir Constant (mg g-1)

➢ Co is initial concentration of adsorbate (mg g−1).

Table 6: Derivation of Constants from the Langmuir Isotherm Plots & RL readings for Pb2+ Ion
Adsorption by Magnetised Peanut hull (0.1g , 0.2g , 0.3g , 0.4g , 0.5g)

Magnetised
Peanut hull qm (mg g-1) KL (mg L-1)
(0.1g , 0.2g , RL R2
0.3g , 0.4g
,0.5g)
43.34 0.154 0.989 0.993

Interpretation of Langmuir Adsorption Isotherms:

The Langmuir isotherm explained the adsorption of Pb (II) ion onto groundnut shell from

aqueous solution, as demonstrated by the strong correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.993 in the study

of the two-parameter adsorption isotherm models. The RL value was between 0 and 1, indicating

that the adsorption process was favourable at the conditions studied. The groundnut shell's

Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity (qm) was determined to be 43.34 mg/g, showing that it

has a high adsorption capacity. KL (0.154 L/mg) was quite high, showing that the procedure had

a high surface energy and, as a result, a high bonding between the metal ion and the groundnut

shell.
Freundlich:

The linear form of the Freundlich isotherm is as follows:

𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒒𝒆 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑲𝑭 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑪𝒆
𝒏

Where,

➢ KF is adsorption capacity (L/mg);

➢ 1/n is absorption intensity;

➢ Ce is concentration of adsorbate at equilibrium (mg g−1);

➢ qe is adsorption capacity (mg g−1);

The equation of a straight line (y = mx+c) was used to linearize the model.

Table 7: Adsorption Isotherm Model Linearization

The Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Model's
The Equation of a Straight Line's Variables
Associated Variables
y Log Ce
m (slope) 1/n
x Log qe
c (y-intercept) Log KF
 Table 8: Freundlich Model for Magnetic Peanut Hull of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5 of particular contact time
of 180 min

Magnetized peanut log qe log Ce

hull (g)

X – variable Y axis variable

0.1
-2.11 -0.419
0.2
-2.19 -0.453
0.3
-2.31 -0.501
0.4
-2.46 -0.559
0.5
-2.68 -0.645

Graph 5: Freundlich Model for Magnetic Peanut Hull of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5 of particular contact time

of 180 min
Table 6: Derivation of Constants from the Freundlich Isotherm Plots for Pb2+ Ion Adsorption by
Magnetised Peanut hull (0.1g , 0.2g , 0.3g , 0.4g , 0.5g)

Magnetised KF n 1/n
R2
Peanut hull (mg/g)
(0.1g , 0.2g ,
0.3g , 0.4g
,0.5g)
0.253 3.2 0.39 1

The Freundlich isotherm was found to be in agreement with the experimental results, having a

correlation coefficient of 1. The value of n was discovered to be 3.2, indicating that the

groundnut shell had a heterogeneous surface since it met the heterogeneity criteria, 1<n<10.

While the value of 1 /n was less than unity, suggesting chemisorption, the value of KF was found

to be 0.253 mg/g, showing that metal ion absorption onto the adsorbent c surface was minimal.

Tempkin:

The linear form of the Freundlich isotherm is as follows:

𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝑻
𝒒𝒆 = 𝒍𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒍𝒏 𝑪𝒆
𝒃 𝒃

Where,

Qe is adsorption capacity (mg g−1);

R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J K−1 mol−1 )

T is the temperature (K)

b is Temkin constant which is related to the heat of sorption (J mol-1)

A is is Temkin isotherm constant ( Lg-1)

ce is concentration of adsorbate at equilibrium (mg g−1);

The equation of a straight line (y = mx+c) was used to linearize the model.

Table 7: Adsorption Isotherm Model Linearization

The Temkin Adsorption Isotherm Model's
The Equation of a Straight Line's Variables
Associated Variables
y
m (slope) RT/b
x
c (y-intercept) (RT ln A)/b

Table 8: Temkin Model for Magnetic Peanut Hull of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5 of particular contact time of
180 min

In(Ce)
qe
Magnetized peanut
hull (g)

X – variable Y axis variable

0.1
-4.86 -3.88
0.2
-5.05 -4.07
0.3
-5.33 -4.35
0.4
-5.68 -4.69
0.5
-6.18 -5.19

`
Graph 6: Temkin Model for Magnetic Peanut Hull of 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5 of particular contact time of

180 min

Table 9: Derivation of Constants from the Temkin Isotherm Plots for Pb2+ Ion Adsorption by
Magnetised Peanut hull (0.1g , 0.2g , 0.3g , 0.4g , 0.5g)

Magnetised A b B
R2
Peanut hull
(0.1g , 0.2g ,
0.3g , 0.4g
,0.5g)
1.000427 5926.38 0.39 1

Because the heat of adsorption of all molecules in the layer reduces linearly due to increased

surface coverage, the experimental results fit well to the Tempkin isotherm with a good

correlation coefficient(R 2 ) of 1, showing that Pb (II) ion adsorption happened. The high

sorption intensity, A, and sorption heat, b, further suggested that the data best suited the Tempkin

isotherm, implying chemisorption.