PROGRAM,

DIPLOMA IN HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT

INDIVIDUAL TASK

SUBJECT;

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

TITLE;

RESPIRATORY MECHANISM

PROVIDED FOR;

PUAN ROSILAWATI

PREPARED BY;

NAME NO. MATRIK

NUR SYUHADA BINTI GHAZALI DHCM_002309

APPRECIATION

Bismillahirahmanirahim

Assalamualaikum wbt

Alhamdulillah, thanks to the divine with the overflow of blessings

and the blessings of time, the life of energy bestowed on me can also help
me complete this task successfully.

First of all, I would like to dedicate this speech of appreciation to

my lecturer, Puan Rosilawati because with the guidance and guidance from
her it opens the space for me to complete this task successfully.

I would also like to thank my parents for giving me the facility to

complete this course work.

Thank You, I am a new student, if wrong please show me. The

advantage is from Allah SWT, the weakness is from myself.
Bil Things Pages
.
Appreciation
Table of contents

1. Respiratory Mechanism Human

1.1 Function
1.2 The Mechanics Of Breathing
1.3 Image

2. External Respiration

2.1 Passive Diffusion

2.2 Partial Pressure Gradients
2.3 Image

3. Internal Respiration Definition

3.1 Process Internal Respiration

3.2 Passive Diffusion
3.3 Image

1) RESPIRATORY MECHANISM HUMAN

The human respiratory system consists of several important structures and
organs. Starting from the empty mouth and cavity, then moving to the
trachea respiratory tract and then moving to the lungs. In the lungs, there
will be oxygen gas which will be used by the body with carbon dioxide gas
which has been used by the body in a structure called the alveoli. In
addition, the respiratory system, the system in living organisms that takes
in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide to meet energy needs. In living
organisms, energy is released, along with carbon dioxide, through the
oxidation of carbon-containing molecules. The term respiration refers to the
exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the
organism and the medium in which it lives and between the body cells and
the tissue fluids that bathe it.

1.1) FUNCTION RESPIRATORY MECHANISM HUMAN

One, Inhalation and Respiration Is Breathing Pulmonary Ventilation. Two,
External respiration exchanges gases between the lungs and the
bloodstream. Three, Internal Respiration Exchanges Air Vibrating the Vocal
Cords Creates Sound. Four, Gases Between the Bloodstream and Body
Tissues. Five, Olfaction, or Smelling, Is a Chemical Sensation.

1.2) THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING

1.3) IMAGE

2) EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
External respiration is the formal term for gas exchange. It describes both
the bulk flow of air into and out of the lungs and the transfer of oxygen and
carbon dioxide into the bloodstream through diffusion. While the bulk flow
of air from the external environment happens due to pressure changes in
the lungs, the mechanisms of alveolar gas exchange are more
complicated. The primary three components of external respiration are the
surface area of the alveolar membrane, the partial pressure gradients of
the gasses, and the matching of perfusion and ventilation. External
respiration describes the exchange of gasses between the external
environment and the bloodstream. The components of external respiration
include alveolar surface area, ventilation and perfusion matching, and
partial pressure gradients. Partial pressure gradients allow gasses to flow
from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. Ventilation and
perfusion in the alveoli must be balanced to maintain efficient gas
exchange.

2.1) PASSIVE DIFFUSION

The net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an
area of lower concentration without any energy input. Perfusion is the blood
supply to the alveolar capillaries that must be balanced with ventilation.
Equilibrium is the rate of change of the gasses in the alveoli and capillary
become equal to eachother at the end of gas exchange. Surface Area
The alveoli have a very high surface area to volume ratio that allows for
efficient gas exchange. The alveoli are covered with a high density of
capillaries that provide many sites for gas exchange. The walls of the
alveolar membrane are thin and covered with a fluid, extra-cellular matrix
that provides a surface for gas molecules in the air of the lungs to diffuse
into, from which they can then diffuse into the capillaries.

2.2) PARTIAL PRESSURE GRADIENTS

Partial pressure gradients (differences in partial pressure) allow the loading
of oxygen into the bloodstream and the unloading of carbon dioxide out of
the bloodstream. These two processes occur at the same time.

2.3) IMAGE

Gas exchange in the alveolus:

External respiration is a result of partial pressure gradients, alveolar

surface area, and ventilation and perfusion matching.

3) INTERNAL RESPIRATION DEFINITION

Internal respiration is the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into
the interstitial fluid and into the cells. Waste and carbon dioxide are also
diffused the other direction, from the cells to the blood. Oxygen is released
from blood cells in response to the oxygen concentration in the capillaries
of blood vessels, which is usually really low. This enables the exchange of
gases and other solutes during internal respiration between the plasma and
the interstitial fluid. Cellular respiration refers to the process of converting
that oxygen along with glucose into ATP, a molecule that cells use to store
usable energy, but creates carbon dioxide. External respiration refers to the
process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, gills, or
other tissues exposed to the external environment. Breathing is the
mechanical process of pulling lungs into or out of the lungs, or moving
water over the gills. Cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which
an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water,
carbon dioxide, and adenosine triphosphate (energy). The 3 steps of
cellular respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration
that comes from the carbon in glucose and the oxygen used in cellular
respiration. Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the
bloodstream and tissues, and cellular respiration. Gas exchange in tissues
is a result of tissue surface area, gas partial pressure gradients, and the
blood perfusion of those tissues.

3.1) PROCESS INTERNAL RESPIRATION

Fist, Oxygen transported in the form of oxyhemoglobin by the blood will be
released from the compound and absorbed in the tissues. Two, Carbon
dioxide permeates into the blood to form carbonic acid and releases
bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma transported by the blood system to
the excretion. Three, Blood in the veins is richer in carbon dioxide by
leaving the lungs to the heart.

3.2) PASSIVE DIFFUSION

The net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an

area of lower concentration without any energy input. Perfusion is the blood
supply to the alveolar capillaries that must be balanced with ventilation.
Equilibrium is the rate of change of the gasses in the alveoli and capillary
become equal to eachother at the end of gas exchange.
Cellular respiration: The cellular process of producing adenosine
triphosphate, water, and carbon dioxide from glucose and oxygen.
Oxidative Phosphorylation: The final step of cellular phosphorylation in
which oxygen is used to a create an electron transport chain that produces
a large amount of ATP from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

3.3) IMAGE