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T;ksfr’k “kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk uked nwljs [k.M dk vki v/;;u djus tk jgs gSaA
bl [k.M esa dqy ikWp bdkbZ;kWa gSa&
1- f”k{kk ds {ks= esa T;ksfr’k dh mi;ksfxrk
2- lekt esa T;ksfr’k dh mi;ksfxrk
3- Ik;kZoj.k vksj T;ksfr’k
4- LokLF; vkSj T;ksfr’k
5- fofHkUu leL;k;sa vkSj T;ksfr’k
T;ksfr’k “kkL= ewy :Ik ls xf.kr vkSj fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr rks gS gh] blds
lkFk&lkFk euq’; ds thou ij blds izHkko dh fLFkfr dk v/;;u djus ds fy,
bl [k.M esa dqy ikWp bdkbZ;ksa ds vUrxZr bu fo’k;ksa dk izfriknu fo”ks’kK
ys[kdksa }kjk fd;k x;k gSA euq’; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA ykHk&gkfu] lq[k&nq[k]
lHkh ds thou esa vkrs gSaA bu lc ckrksa ds vkyksd esa ekuo thou ds lHkh i{kksa
ij T;ksfr’k “kkL= ds izHkko vkSj mldh mi;ksfxrk dks tkuus ds fy, mi;qZDr ikWp
bdkbZ;ksa dk v/;;u vki djsaxsA xzgksa ds vk/kkj ij euq’; dh f”k{kk ds {ks= dk
fopkj djus ds fy, izFke bdkbZ esa fo’k; izLrqr fd;k x;kA f}rh; bdkbZ esa
lekt esa T;ksfr’k fdl :Ik esa mi;ksxh gS bldk o.kZu lekfgr gSA Ik;kZoj.k ls
vf/kd ykHkdkjh rFkk gkfudj euq’; ds fy, dqN Hkh ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd euq’;
dk iwjk thou Ik;kZoj.k esa gh O;ofLFkr gSa rhljh bdkbZ esa bUgha lc RkF;ksa dh
tkudkjh ds fy, fo’k; izLrqr fd, x, gSaA pkSFkh bdkbZ esa LokLF; lEcU/kh
leL;kvksa dk fopkj fd, tkus ds fy, T;ksfr’k “kkL= esa ekU; fl)kUrksa dk o.kZu
izLrqr gSA blds vfrfjDr ekuo thou esa fofHkUu izdkj dh mRiUu gksus okyh vU;
leL;kvksa ds lkFk T;ksfr’k dk D;k lEcU/k gS\ bu RkF;ksa dh tkudkjh ds fy,
vkids v/;;u gsrq fo’k; o.kZu izLrqr gSA izR;sd bdkbZ ds vUr esa dfBu “kCnksa dk
vFkZ tkuus ds fy, “kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vUr esa lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
rFkk lgk;d mi;ksxh lkefxz;ksa ds :Ik esa fofHkUu iqLrdksa ds uke fn, x, gSaA
fo’k; dh foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy, vki mudk v/;;u dj ldrs gSaA
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1-1 mís';
1-2 çLrkouk
1-3 f'k{kk ds {ks= esa T;ksfr"k dh mi;ksfxrk
1-3-1 T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk ifjp; ,oa egRo
1-3-2 f'k{kk dk vFkZ ,oa egRo
1-3-3 f'k{kk ,oa T;ksfr"k dk vUr% lEcU/k
1-4 f'k{kk ds {ks= esa T;ksfr"k dh Hkwfedk
1-4-1 T;ksfr"k dk 'kS{kf.kd egRo ,oa mi;ksx
1-5 lkjka'k
1-6 'kCnkoyh
1-7 cks/k ç'u
1-8 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
lalkj ds vfojy çokg dks çokfgr djus okys fu%'ks"k Kku ds vkfn Lrks=#ih
osniq#"k ds fo'kkydk; 'kjhj esa
¼fl)kUrf'kjksef.k] dkyå ƒƒ½ bR;kfn okD;ksa ds }kjk us=#i esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL=
ifjyf{kr gSAlkekU; ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj T;ksfr"k'kkL= dks xzg&u{k=ksa dh xfr]
fLFkfr ,oa Qyls lEcfU/kr 'kkL= dgk tkrk gS] tSlk fd u`flagnSoK us Hkh dgk
gS&
xzg&u{k=ksa ds }kjk gesa dky dk Kku gksrk gS ,oa bl pjkpj txr~ esa lcls
vf/kd 'kk'or~ ,oa xfr'khy oLrq dky gh gSAblh ds varxZr lalkjds lHkh
fØ;kdyki dk;kZfUor gksrs gSA dky ds vuqlkj gh çkf.kek= dk tUe ,oa
dkykuqjks/ksu gh vUr gksrk gS] tSlk fd o.kZu Hkh çkIr gS&
% gekjh Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa osnfofgr ;Kkfn 'kqHk dk;ksaZ dh
lexz O;oLFkk osnkax 'kkL=ksa ds ek/;e ls lEikfnr gksrh gS] ftlesa ;Kkfn dk;ksaZ dh
lQyrk 'kqHk dkyk/khu rFkk 'kqHk dkyKku dh O;oLFkk T;ksfr"k'kkL=k/khu gksus ls gh
bls osniq#"k ds us=#i esa çfrf"Br fd;k x;k gS &
¼dk';i lafgrk½
& T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds fl)kar&lafgrk&gksjk#ih rhu foHkkx
çkphudky ls vkpk;ksaZ us miLFkkfir fd;s gSA ojkgfefgj us
* dgrs gq, LdUn=;kRed
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dks vusd Hksnksa ls ;qä ekuk gSA dqN vkpk;ksaZ us dsjfy ,oa 'kdqu
dk i`Fkd xzg.k djrs gq, bl 'kkL= dks iapLda/kkRed ekuk gS A
ijUrq dsjfy ,oa 'kdqu dk Hkh gksjk ,oa lafgrk LdU/k ds varxZr gh lfUuos'k gksus
ds dkj.k eq[;r;k mlds rhu gh foHkkx ijaijk esa çkIr gksrs gS A blds vfrfjä
fo"k;&foHkktu dh –f"V ls dqN vkpk;ksaZ us blds N% vaxks dh Hkh ppkZ dh gS]
ijUrq oLrqr% fl)kar]lafgrk] gksjk LdUn ds varxZr gh T;ksfr"k ds lHkh fo"k;
lekfgr gksrs gS vr% çkphu dky ls ysdj vokZphu dky rd ds vkpk;ksaZ us
T;ksfr"k ds rhu LdU/kksa dks gh ifjxf.kr fd;k gS A
Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa ^deZokn^ dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ftlds vuqlkj lalkj esa çk.kh
vuojr deZ esa gh fujr jgrk gSA og pkg dj Hkh blls vyx ugha gks ldrk gSA
deZ djus ij mldk Qy vo'; gh Hkksxuk iM+rk gSA vkRek vtj ,oa vej gS
ijUrq deZcU/ku ds QyLo:i mls iqutZUe ysuk iM+rk gSA deZcU/ku ls eqfä dsoy
rHkh fey ldrh gS tc euq"; dks vkReKku ;k czãKku gks tkrk gSA çk.kh ds
'kqHkk'kqHk deksaZ dk Qy mls orZeku thou esa dc] dgk¡ vkSj fdl :i esa çkIr gksxk]
bR;kfn leLr ftKklkvksa dk mÙkj tkuus dk ,dek= midj.k T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gSA
bldk eq[; dk;Z xzg u{k=ksa dh xfrfLFkR;uqlkj dq.Myh fuekZ.k dj tkrd ds
thou esa vkus okys lq[k nq%[kkfn dk vuqeku dj mls vius drZO;ksa }kjk vius
vuqdwy cukus ds fy, çsfjr djuk gSA ;gh çsj.kk ekuo ds fy, nq%[kksa dks nwj
djus dk dk;Z djrh gS ,oa iq#"kkFkZ lk/kd gksrh gSA
f'k{kk 'kCn dk fuekZ.k laL—r Hkk"kk ds /kkrq ls gqvk gSA ^f'k{k* 'kCn dk
'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gS lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkuk A vFkkZr~ lh[kus&fl[kkus dh fØ;k dks
^f'k{kk* dgk tkrk gSA f'k{kk fdlh Hkh ekuo dks ,d vPNk ekuo cukus esa lgk;d
gksrh gSA f'k{kk esa ] f'k{k.k Kku] mfpr vkpj.k vkSj rduhdh n{krk] vkSj fo|k
çkfIr vkfn lfEefyr gSaA bl çdkj f'k{kk dkS'kyksa] O;kikjksa ;k O;olk;ksa ,oa
ekufld] uSfrd vkSj lkSUn;Zfo"k;d ds mRd"kZ ij dsafær gSA f'k{kk] bl lekt dks
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,d ih<+h }kjk vius ls fupyh ih<+h dks vius }kjk vftZr Kku ds gLrkarj.k dk
ç;kl gSA bl fopkj ls ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd f'k{kk ,d laLFkk ds :i esa dke
djrh gS] tks O;fä fo'ks"k dks lekt ls tksM+us esa vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh
gS lkFk gh lkFk lekt dh laL—fr dks fujarj cuk, j[krh gSA f'k{kk dks vkSj
vf/kd Li"V :i ls le>s rks ;g O;fä dh varfuZfgr {kerk rFkk mlds O;fäÙo
dk fodflr djus okyh çfØ;k gSA ;gh çfØ;k mls lekt esa ,d ftEesnkj
ukxfjd cuus ds fy, O;fä dks vko';d Kku rFkk dkS'ky çnku djrh gSA
blh Øe esa O;kid vFkZ esa f'k{kk ds Lo:i dks ;fn ge le>us dk ç;kl djsa rks
f'k{kk lekt esa fujarj pyus okyh ,d mís';iw.kZ lkekftd çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk
euq"; dh tUetkr 'kfä;ksa dk fodkl] mlds Kku ,oa dkS'ky esa o`f) rFkk
O;ogkj esa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mls lH;] lqlaL—r ,oa ;ksX; ukxfjd
cuk;k tkrk gSA euq"; çfriy u,&u, vuqHko çkIr djrk gS o djokrk gS] ftlls
mldk fnu&çfrnu dk O;ogkj çHkkfor gksrk gSA mldk ;g lh[kuk&fl[kkuk
fofHkUu mRloksa] i=&if=dkvksa] lewgksa] jsfM;ks] Vh oh vkfn ls vukSipkfjd :i ls
gksrk gSA ;gh lh[kuk&fl[kkuk f'k{kk ds O;kid rFkk foLr`r :i ds varxZr vkrs
gSaA blh Øe esa ladqfpr vFkZ esa f'k{kk dks ;fn le>k tk;s rks f'k{kk fdlh lekt
esa ,d fuf'pr le; ;k dky[k.M esa rFkk fuf'pr LFkkuksa tSls fo|ky; ;k
egkfo|ky; esa fu;ksftr :i ls pyus okyh ,d mís'; iw.kZ lkekftd çfØ;k gS
ftlds }kjk fo|kFkhZ ,d fuf'pr ikBîØe ;k fo"k; dks i<+dj lacaf/kr ijh{kkvksa
dks mÙkh.kZ djuk lh[krk gSA
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vFkkZn~ Kku fouezrk çnku djrk gS] fouezrk ls ;ksX;rk vkrh gS vkSj ;ksX;rk ls
/ku çkIr gksrk gS] ftlls O;fä /keZ ds dk;Z djrk gS vkSj lq[kh jgrk gSA blh
çdkj &
euq"; bUlku dk fof'k"V #i gS] xqIr /ku gS A og Hkksx nsusokyh] ;'knk=h] vkSj
lq[kdkjd gSA fo|k xq#vksa dh xq# gS] fons'k esa og ca/kq gSA fo|k nsork gS jktkvksa
esa fo|k dh iwtk gksrh gS] /ku dh ughaA fo|kfoghu euq"; i'kq gS A blfy, O;fä
dks ekuo thou esa fo|k ,oa f'k{kk nksuksa dh vR;ar vko';drk gksrh gSA
f'k{kk dk çeq[; mís'; fdlh Hkh 'kkL= ds lE;d~ v/;;u esa lgk;rk çnku djuk
gSA f'k{kk vf/kxe çfØ;k dks ljy cukdj v/;kid ,oa Nk= ds dkS'ky o`f) esa
lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk v/;;u ,oa v/;kiu vU;
ykSfdd 'kkL=ksa ls dqN fHkUu gSA T;ksfr"k ds ekud xzUFkksa esa f'k{kk esa ç;qä gksus
okyh fof/k;ka ,oa çfof/k;ka yk{kf.kd :i esa of.kZr gSA blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa f'k{kk Lo;a gh lfUufgr gSA vk/kqfud f'k{kk'kkL=h v/;kiu esa ftu
çfof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx uohu Lo:i esa djrs gSa] ;fn lw{e –f"V ls ns[kk tk; rks Li"V
gh ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd mu çfof/k;ksa dk ewy Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa esa gh fNik gqvk gSA
gekjh Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa osn:ih iq:"k ds "kMvaxks es¡ ls f'k{kk dks osn :ih iq#"k
dh ukfldk ekuk x;k gSA osn :ih iq#"k ds u;u ds :i esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL=
lqçfrf"Br gSA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ew/kZU; vkpk;ksa dk f'k{k.k çfof/k ds çfriknu esa egRoiw.kZ vonku
gSA ;|fi ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i)fr ds vuqlkj mudh f'k{kk i)fr Hkh
eq[;:i ls O;k[;ku 'kSyh ij gh vkfJr Fkh] ijUrq muds xzUFkksa dk lw{e v/;;u
djus ls dqN uwru fopkj Hkh vo'; gh çkIr gksrs gSaA ftlesa fo"k;oLrq dh Li"Vrk
gksuk] mís'; dFku] vO;kogkfjd] fookfnr ,oa O;FkZ ckrksa dks ikBîØe esa LFkku u
nsuk] vkn'kZ f'k{kd ds xq.k] f'k"; ijh{k.k] fo"k; f'k{k.k esa Hkk"kk ç;ksx vkfn
egRoiw.kZ gSaA bl çdkj fu%lUnsg T;ksfr"k ,oa f'k{kk ijLij ?kfu"B lEcU/k j[krs gSaA
;fn T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa funsZf'kr f'k{kk dk ç;ksx vk/kqfud 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkukfn esa
fd;k tk; rks fuf'pr :i ls ldkjkRed ifj.kke çkIr gks ldrs gSa
bl ;qx esa f'k{kk dk {ks= vR;Ur foLr`r gks x;k gSa vkSj cnyrs gq, thou&ewY;ksa
ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk ds m)s'; Hkh cny x;s gSaA f'k{kk O;olk; ls tqM+ xbZ gSa vkSj
Nk=&Nk=k,a O;olk; dh rS;kjh ds :i esa gh bls xzg.k djrs gSA muds fy,
O;kolkf;d Hkfo"; dks mTToy cukus dh –f"V ls fo"k; dk p;u djuk vR;Ur
leL;kiw.kZ gks x;k gSaA blds vykok f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa ços'k vFkok vPNk O;olk;
çkIr djus ds fy, mUgsa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSaA vr% bl
lanHkZ esa vU; rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kus ds lkFk&lkFk vlQyrk ,oa le; ij
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T;ksfr"k fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij fy;k x;k fu"d"kZ gh fo"k; ,oa O;olk; ds p;u esa
mi;ksxh ;k ykHkdkjh fl) gks ldrk gSaA
çkphu dky ls gh f'k{kk dk çeq[; m)s'; KkuktZu jgk gSA fo|kFkhZ fdlh ;ksX;
fo}ku ds ekxZn'kZu esa dbZ çdkj dh f'k{kk xzg.k fd;k djrs Fks A blds lkFk lkFk
mUgsa 'kL= lapkyu dk Kku ,oa fofHkUu dykvksa dk Kku çnku fd;k tkrk Fkk A
fdUrq vkt ds le; esa ;g lHkh çf'k{k.k yxHkx xkS.k gks x;s A f'k{kk dh egÙkk
c<+us o çfrLi/kkZRed ;qx esa ltx jgrs gq, ckyd ds cksyus o le>us yxrs gh
ekrk&firk f'k{kk ds ckjs esa fpafrr gks tkrs gSa A dqN o"kksZ ckn lcls cM+h leL;k
;gh gksrh gSa fd dkSu lk fo"k; i<+sa ftlls Hkfo"; lq[ke; gksA
& gekjh lukru ijaijk esa ckyd dks mldh #fp ds
vuqlkj viuk dk;Z{ks= pquus dh çkFkfedrk ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A "kksM'k
laLdkjksa ds Øe esa ikapos laLdkj vFkkZr~ Hkwfe mios'ku laLdkj ds le; ckyd dks
Hkwfe ij cSBk dj mlds vkxs oL=]'kL=]iqLrd] ys[kuh] lksuk]pkanh vkfn vusd oLrq
j[k nh tkrh gS mu oLrqvksa esa ls ftl oLrq dks ckyd viuh bPNk ls igys mBk
ysrk gS mlh oLrq ds }kjk ml ckyd dh thfodk dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS
vFkkZr~ mlh {ks= esa mldh #fp gksxh ,slk ekuk tkrk gSA ge lHkh tkurs gSa O;fä
dh #fp ds vuqlkj ;fn O;olk; fd;k tk;s rks og fuf'pr gh lQy gksxkA
1- f}rh; Hkko dk vf/kifr ;k c`gLifr ;fn dsUæ ;k f=dks.k esa fLFkr gks rks
tkrd vPNh f'k{kk çkIr djrk gS A
2- iape Hkko¼fo|k Hkko ½ esa ;fn cq/k fojkteku gks vFkok mldh –f"V ;k xq#
vkSj 'kqØ dh ,d lkFk ;qfr gksus ij Hkh tkrd vPNh f'k{kk xzg.k djrk gSA
3- iape Hkko ds Lokeh dh iape Hkko esa xq# ;k 'kqØ ds lkFk ;qfr ;fn gks rks
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh tkrd vPNh f'k{kk çkIr djrk gSA
4- ;fn tkrd dh tUedqaMyh esa xq# ] 'kqØ vkSj cq/k esa ls dksbZ Hkh xzg dsUæ
¼1]4]7]10 ½ ;k f=dks.k ¼5]9½ esa gks rc Hkh tkrd vPNh f'k{kk xzg.k djrk gSA
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1- ;fn tkrd dh tUedqaMyh esa iape Hkko esa 'kfu dh fLFkfr gks vkSj 'kfu dh
yXukf/kifr ij–f"V gks rks ,slh fLFkfr esa 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk dk vHkko ;k
U;wurk jgrh gSA
2- ;fn tkrd dh tUedqaMyh ds iape Hkko ij v'kqHk xzgksa dh –f"V ;k iape
Hkko esa v'kqHk xzgksa ds jgus ij Hkh tkrd dks U;wu f'k{kk çkIr gksrh gSA
3- iape Hkko dk vf/kifr¼Lokeh½ uhp jkf'k esa fojkteku gks vkSj v'kqHk xzgksa ls –
"V gks rks Hkh tkrd vYi f'k{kk xzg.k djus okyk gksrk gSA
xzgksa ds f'k{kk laca/kh {ks=
lw;Z &us=&fpfdRlk] 'kjhj foKku] çk.kh'kkL=]] jktHkk"kk] ç'kklu] fpfdRlk]
jktuhfr] tho foKkuA
pUæ&dkO;]ukfod f'k{kk] ouLifr foKku] tarq foKku ¼twyksth½] gksVy çcU/ku]
i=dkfjrk] i;ZVu] uflaZx] Ms;jh foKkuA
eaxy& 'kY; fpfdRlk] lSU;&{ks=] dkuwu] bfrgkl] iqfyl lEcU/kh çf'k{k.k] losZ
vfHk;kaf=dh] ok;q;ku f'k{kk] foKku];k vU; rduhdh f'k{kk] [ksy dwn lEcU/kh
çf'k{k.k ] lSfud f'k{kk] nar fpfdRlk A
cq/k& T;ksfr"k]xf.kr] O;kdj.k] 'kklu dh foHkkxh; ijh{kk,a] inkZFk foKku]
euksfoKku] gLrjs[kk Kku] 'kCn'kkL= ¼Hkk"kk foKku½] Vkbfiax] rRo Kku] iqLrdky;
foKku] ys[kk] okf.kT;] f'k{kd çf'k{k.kA
xq:&euksfoKku] /kkfeZd ;k vk/;kfRed f'k{kk] chtxf.kr] f}rh; Hkk"kk] vkjksX;'kkL=]
fofo/k] vFkZ'kkL=] n'kZu] A
'kqØ& os'kHkw"kk]yfyrdyk ¼laxhr] u`R;] vfHku;] fp=dyk vkfn½] fQYe] Vh0oh0]
QS'ku fMtk;fuax] dkO; lkfgR; ,oa vU; fofo/k dyk,aA
'kfu& vkS|ksfxdh]HkwxHkZ'kkL=] losZ{k.k] vfHk;kaf=dh] ;kaf=dh] Hkou fuekZ.k] eqæ.k
dyk ¼fçfUVax½A
jkgq& rdZ'kkL=],UVh ck;ksfVDl] bysDVªkfs uDlA
dsrq& ea=&ra= lEcU/kh Kku] xqIr fo|k,aA
f'k{kk ds {ks= esa T;ksfr"k f'k{kk dk leqfpr çcU/ku KkuçkfIr dks ljy] lqxe ,oa
cks/kxE; cuk nsrk gSaA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ekud xzUFkksa esa ;|fi 'kSf{kd çcU/ku ds
tks ewy mís'; crk, x, gSa mudks ysdj dksbZ fo'ks"k ppkZ ugha dh xbZ gS] fdUrq
buesa dgha çdh.kZ rRo vo'; gh T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa 'kSf{kd çcU/ku dks crkrs gSaA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ekuo thou dks lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls thus dh dyk dks fodflr
djus esa vR;Ur lgk;d 'kkL= gSA vr% ;g 'kkL= thou dks O;ofLFkr rFkk lqpk:
:i ls thus ds fy, dkyx.kuk ds lkFk &lkFk çkf.kek= ds thou esa ?kfVr gksus
okyh 'kqHkk'kqHk ?kVukvksa dk iwokZuqeku dj v'kqHkRo ds fujkdj.k djus dk ç;kl
djrk gSA thou ds fofo/k vk;keksa ;Fkk 'kSf{kd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkthfodk vkfn
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dk çcU/ku lqfu;ksftr çdkj ls gks] vr% buds iwokZuqeku djus gsrq fl)kUr dh
vk/kkjHkwfe ij ;g 'kkL= xzgksa dh xfr&fLFkR;kfn dks Kkr dj rnuqlkj Qykns'k
djrk gSA vius iwokZuqeku ds ç;kstu dks fl) djus gsrq ;g 'kkL= gksjk ,oa lafgrk
ds :i esa O;fä ds O;f"Vxr ,oa lef"Vxr Qy dks fu:fir djrk gSA
T;ksfr"k'kkL= dk Qykns'k dFku fuf'pr:i ls 'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;ksa esa lgk;d
fl) gks ldrk gSA loZçFke dq.Myh ds vuqlkj ckyd dh #fp] es/kk'kfä] mldh
vkthfodk dh fn'kk bR;kfn ij fopkj dj mls rnuq:i f'k{kk çnku dh tk;] rks
fuf'pr :i ls og vkRefo'okl ls ifjiw.kZ gksdj lE;d~ çdkj ls dk;Zfu"iknu
dj ik;sxkA vr% ckyd dh #fp bR;kfn ds vuqlkj mls #fp vuqdwy okrkoj.k
miyC/k djk dj mls lgh fn'kk ns ldrs gSaA mls rduhdh Kku çkIr djuk gS ;k
fpfdRldh; Kku vFkok 'kks/k djuk gS\ bR;kfn fo"k;ksa dks tkuus esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL=
vR;Ur lgk;d gSA bl 'kkL= ds Kku ls euq"; Hkkoh lq[k& nq%[kkfn dk Kku dj
vius ikS#"k ls mls vudwy cuk ldrk gSA ;g 'kkL= euksoSKkfud :i ls mls
nq%[kkfn v'kqHk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks >syus esa lEcy çnku djrk gSA bl çdkj çk.khek=
ij iM+us okys 'kqHkk'kqHk çHkko dk v/;;u dj QydFku djuk ,oa ekuo thou ls
lEcfU/kr fofHkUu igyqvksa dk v/;;u dj mls leqfpr ekxZn'kZu nsuk gh T;ksfr"k
'kkL= dk eq[; mís'; gSA tkrd dh vfHk#fp] n{krk] LoHkkokfn dk fo'ys"k.k
djds mls Hkkoh thou esa vius dk;Z{ks= dk pquko djus esa lgk;d fl) gks ldrk
gSA vr% bl 'kkL= dh yksdksi;ksfxrk dks |ksfrr djrs gq, vkpk;Z dY;k.koekZ dk
dFku gS&
¼lkjkoyh gksjk'kCnfu:i.kk/;k; 5½
;g 'kkL= /kuktZu esa lgk;d] vkifÙk:ih leqæ esa uko ds leku] ;k=k ds le;
eU=h ds leku gSA vr% tkrd 'kkL= ds leku dksbZ nwljk 'kkL= lgk;d ugh gSA
bl 'kkL= ds lafgrk [k.M esa fl)kUr ,oa gksjk xr fo"k;ksa ds vfrfjä vU; leLr
fo"k;ksa dk lekos"k gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk lafgrk [k.M lokZf/kd
egRoiw.kZ gSA lafgrk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj dk fuEufyf[kr
dFku blds c`gRdk;Ro dks çekf.kr djrk gS &
kAA bl çdkj lafgrk [k.M ds c`gr~ dysoj esa vk/kqfud
Hkwxksy'kkL=] HkwxHkZfoKku] vkUrfj{kfoKku] Loj'kkL=] 'kdqu'kkL=] okLrqdyk]
f'kYidyk] vkys[ku] gLrjs[kkfoKku] HkkSfrdfoKku] jlk;ufoKku] euksfoKku
bR;kfn dk lekos"k gks tkrk gSA ftlesa thou ds fofo/k vk;keksa ds çcU/ku ds rRo
Li"Vr% ifjyf{kr gks tkrs gSaA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa çkphu f'k{k.k fof/k;ka çk;% ns[kh
tkrh gSaA ;Fkk fof/k] ikjk;.k fof/k] d.BLFkhdj.kfof/k] lw=fof/k] ç'uksÙkjfof/k]
'kkL=kFkZfof/k] dFkkdFkufof/k] oknfooknfof/k] ppkZfof/k] ekSf[kdKkufof/k] i;ZVu
fof/k] os/k'kkyk }kjk ijh{k.k fof/k bR;kfnA blds vykok Hkh vk/kqfud f'k{kk'kkfL=;ksa
}kjk dgh x;h áwfjfLVd] çR;{k] çk;kstuk] leL;k] vkxeu&fuxeu]
fo'ys"k.k&la'ys"k.k] fujh{k.k] ØhMk }kjk Kku çkIr djuk tSlh fof/k;ka Hkh T;ksfr"k
'kkL= ds ekud xzUFkksa esa lw{e :i ls çkIr gks tkrh gSaA oLrqr% vk/kqfud f'k{kk
'kkfL=;ksa }kjk çfrikfnr fof/k;ka fo|ky; Lrj ij Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe gsrq v/;kidksa
dks lEçs"k.k dyk ls ;qä djus ds fy, gSA
& f'k{kk dk leqfpr çcU/ku KkuçkfIr dks ljy] lqxe
,oa lqcks/kxE; cuk nsrk gSaA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ekud xzUFkksa esa ;|fi 'kSf{kd çcU/ku
ds ewy mís';ksa dks ysdj dksbZ ppkZ ugha dh xbZ gS] fdUrq buesa ;= r= çdh.kZ rRo
105
vo'; gh T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa 'kSf{kd çcU/ku dks ifjyf{kr djrs gSaA çLrqr ys[k esa
'kSf{kd çcU/ku ds dqN ewyrRoksa ij T;ksfr"k'kkL= dh –f"V ls fopkj djus dk
ç;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA
f'k{kk {ks= esa le; ifjikyu dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gS A
le; ds vuqikyu ds fcuk f'k{kkçkfIr esa ck/kk,a vk tkrh gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL=
rks dkyx.kuk dk 'kkL= gSA thou esa ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk lgh
vkdyu rHkh lEHko gS tc le; ds lw{eko;oksa dh lgh x.kuk gks ldsxhA
osnksä ;K ;kxkfn dks djus ds fy, Hkh leqfpr le; dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA vkpk;Z HkkLdj ds vuqlkj
¼ fl-f'k-xf.k-e-dky-'yks-9½
;fn le; dk vuqikyu u djrs gq, osnksä ;Kkfn dk vuq"Bku xyr le;
ij fd;k tk; rks og xfgZr ,oa v'kqHk Qy nsus okyk gksrk gSA vr% gekjs
'kkL=ksa esa laLdkjksa] ozr]ioZ] mRlo ,oa vU; fØ;kdykiksa esa le; dk vuqikyu
vko';d gSA blfy, T;ksfr"k'kkL= esa eqgwrZ'kks/ku ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA vr%
Li"V gS fd dkyx.kuk djus okyk T;ksfr"k'kkL= le; ds vuqikyu dks
vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ekurk gSA tks 'kSf{kd çcU/ku gsrq vR;Ur vko';d gSA
ftl çdkj gekjs thou esa vuq'kklu dk fo'ks"k egRo gS mlh
çdkj 'kSf{kd çcU/ku esa Hkh vuq'kklu ,d egRoiw.kZ lksiku gSA vFkkZr~ Nk=ksa esa
vuq'kklu LFkkfir djuk 'kSf{kd çca/ku dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fopkj.kh; fo"k; gSA
gekjk T;ksfr"k'kkL= fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vkRe vuq'kklu dk leFkZd jgk gSA vkRe
¼Lor%½ vuq'kklu LFkkfir djus gsrq jpukRed dk;ksaZ esa Nk=ksa dks layXu djrs
gq, mUgsa O;Lrj[kuk vko';d gSA v/;kiu djrs le; ;fn v/;kid viuh
Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls fo"k; dks ljy o lqcks/kxE; rjhds ls çLrqr djrk gS rks
vo'; gh Nk= Lor% vuq'kkflr ¼vkRe½ jgrs gSaA bl çdkj ge dg ldrs gSa
fd Nk=ksa esa vuq'kklu LFkkfir djus esa v/;kid dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh
gSA f'k{k.k ds le; Hkk"kk fdl çdkj dh gks\ bl fo"k; dk fnXn'kZu vkpk;Z
HkkLdj ds fuEu opu ls fey tkrk gS&
mi;qZä opukuqlkj ikBîde u rks cgqr laf{kIr gks] u vf/kd foLr`r gh gks
Amlesa 'kkL=ksa dk rÙo vFkkZr~ çkekf.kd Kku gksA ikBîØe bl çdkj dk
gksuk pkfg, fd og Nk=ksa ds fy, 'kh?kzcks/kxE; gks] ,oa fDy"V u gksA
ikBîØe esa fu/kkZfjr iqLrdksa esa ç;qä 'kCnkoyh lqUnj ,oa i<us esa yfyr gksaA
lkFk gh lqUnj cks/k&vH;klkfn ç'uksa ls ;qä gksA
& f'k{kk esa d{k laca/kh midj.kksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gS D;ksafd
f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk orZeku le; esa vf/kdka'kr% d{kksa esa jgrh gSA blhfy;
'kSf{kd çcU/ku esa d{k O;oLFkk rFkk mlds fy, midj.k vkfn dh lqfu;ksftr
O;oLFkk dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA vkt HkkSfrdlalk/kuksa dh vko';drk
vf/kd vuqHko dh tkrh gSA gekjh çkphu f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa vko';drkuq:i
dgha ij Hkh v/;;u v/;kiu gksrk FkkA T;ksfr"k'kkL= esa d{kksidj.k ds :i esa
fofo/k ;U=ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa ç;ksxfof/k feyrh gSA fl)kUr xzUFkksa esa çk;%
;U=k/;k; dk o.kZu blh –f"Vdks.k ls fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ijUrq gksjk ,oa
lafgrk xr fo"k;ksa dks le>us ds fy, ç—fr gh d{kksidj.k ds :i esa fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSA uohu f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds çHkkokuqlkj vkt ijEijkxr 'kkL= f'k{k.k esa
Hkh d{kksidj.kksa dk fo'ks"k egRo fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk vktdy rks
vkuykbZu v/;;u v/;kiu dk Hkh çpkyu cgqr T;knk gks x;k gS ftlds
fy, dbZ midj.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls f'k{k.k #fpdj ,oa ljy
gksrk tk jgk gSA vkt ge ns[krs gSa fd T;ksfr"k f'k{k.k ds Hkh dbZ IysVQkeZ
gesa vkuykbZu çkIr gksrs gSaA ftlls T;ksfr"k dk v/;;u v/;kiu Hkh ljy gks
x;k gS A oLrqr f'k{kk ds {ks= esa d{k ls lacaf/kr midj.k ;k ç;ksx'kkyk vkfn
dk ç;ksx T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa vR;ar çkphu dky ls gh gesa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
& 'kSf{kd çcU/ku dk ,d çeq[k vk;ke f'k{k.k i)fr Hkh gSA
ikBîØe dks fdl i)fr ds vuqlkj i<k;k tk; \ ;g vkt ,d cM+h leL;k
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ekudxzUFkksa esa of.kZr fo"k;ksa ds v/;;u ls
Kkr gksrk gS fd çk;% ç'uksÙkj i)fr ogk¡ ekU; gS] ftlesa ç'uksa ds mÙkj ds
:i esa O;k[;ku i)fr dk Hkh vkJ; fy;k tkrk gS ijUrq ijEijkxr bl
f'k{k.k i)fr ds vfrfjä Hkh vkxeu&fuxeu fof/k] áwfjfLVd fof/k]
fo'ys"k.k&la'ys"k.k fof/k] çk;kstuk fof/k vkfn vk/kqfud fof/k;ksa dk Hkh lekos'k
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ekud xzUFkksa esa –f"Vxkspj gks tkrk gSA
oLrqr% Kkr Kku ls vKkr Kku dks tkuuk] lw= ls mnkgj.k dks le>uk]
ç;ksx'kkyk esas midj.kksa dk ç;ksx] ;U=ksa ds ç;ksx ls çk;ksfxd Kku djuk
107
vkfn ckrsa T;ksfr"k f'k{k.k esa çkphu dky ls gh fn[kkbZ nsrh jgh gSA çkphu
dky ls gh T;ksfr"k f'k{k.k i)fr dh fo'ks"krk gh ;g jgh gS fd miyC/k Kku
dh çkekf.kdrk dks çR;{k :i ls ijh{k.k dj iq"V fd;k tk;A erfHkUurk gksus
ij mls ldkj.k çLrqr djuk] T;ksfr"k ds O;k[;krk _f"k egf"kZ;ksa o vkpk;ksZ
dh lq–< ijEijk jgh gSA 'kkL=kFkZ i)fr ds mn~Hko dk dkj.k Hkh ;gh gSA
blh dkj.k vusd xzUFkksa dk ç.k;u gks ldkA vr% vkt ds ifjçs{; esa Hkh
f'k{k.k i)fr fdlh ,d fof/k ij vkfJr u gksdj vusd fof/k;ksa ls ;qä gksuh
pkfg,A Nk=ksa dks Lo;a lkspus o djus ds fy, Hkh çsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
mudh Le`fr'kfä ds fodkl ds fy, tgk¡ mudks ;kn djus ¼ikB dh vko`fÙk
djus½ dh {kerk esa vfHko`f) vko';d gS] ogha nwljh vksj mudks ;kn fd;s x;s
ikBksa dks Lo;a le>us gsrq çsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
&Nk=ksa ds leqfpr ewY;kadu gsrq ijh{kk ç.kkyh fdl çdkj dh
gks \ ftlls Nk= dk mfpr ewY;kadu gks lds blds fy, çkphu f'k{kk ç.kkyh
esa ckj& ckj f'k"; dh ijh{kk ysus ds funsZ'k feyrs gSaA vkt ge ns[krs gSa fd
ijh{kk ç.kkyh esa çk;% lhfer o fu/kkZfjr] le; ,oa ikBîde ds vuqlkj gh
ç'u iwNs tkrs gSa ijUrq gekjh çkphu f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa v/khr Kku ds vk/kkj ij
çk;ksfxd rFkk rRlEcU/kh vU; fo"k;ksa dh vko';drkuqlkj ijh{kk yh tkrh
FkhA blh dkj.k T;ksfr"k'kkL= ds çkphu çeq[k ¼ekud½ xzUFkksa esa Hkh f'k";ksa ds
lqijhf{kr gksus ij gh fo'ks"k Kku çnku djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA tSls fd
lw;Zfl)kUr esa dgk x;k gS &
vFkkZr~ t;] ;'k] y{eh] Hkksx ,oa Js; dh bPNk j[kus okys jktk dks fo}ku~ o Js"B
T;ksfr"kh ds ikl tkuk pkfg,A bl çdkj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ;ksX; ,oa drZO;fu"B
O;fä;ksa ds p;u gsrq gekjk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
bl çdkj ;fn ge fopkj djsa rks T;ksfr"k'kkL= esa 'kSf{kd çcU/kd ds ewy vk/kkj
Li"V :i ls –Xxkspj gksrs gSaA oLrqr% Kku 'kk'or jgrk gSA mldks çdV djus dk
108
Lo:i cnyrk tkrk gS tcfd mldk ewy ges'kk fo|eku jgrk gS A blhfy,
lw;Zfl)kUr esa lw;kaZ'k iq:"k dgrs gS fd &
çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls geus f'k{kk ds {ks= esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk dks
tkukA tSlk fd loZçFke vkius tkuk fd T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk Lo:i D;k gS\ ,oa
bldh egÙkk vkfn dky ls v|kof/k fdl çdkj ls gS\ T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dky fo/kku
'kkL= gS tks fd ekuo ds dY;k.k gsrq lnSo ekxZn'kZu çnku djrk gS A lkFk gh
lkFk vkius tkuk fd ,d lH; lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku
gS] D;ksafd f'k{kk gh ekuo dks ,d lH; ukxfjd cukrh gSA f'k{kk ds fcuk ekuo
i'kq ds leku ekuk tkrk gSA f'k{kk ds fofHkUu {ks= esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= vR;ar
midkjd gSA ;s Hkh vkius foLrkj :i ls tkuk fd fdl çdkj 'kSf{kd çca/ku esa
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= viuh egÙkk fl) djrk gS lkFk gh ekuo thou esa vkthfodk dk
fu/kkZj.k çk;% mlds }kjk vftZr dh xbZ f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh gksrk gS ,oa ekuo
dkSu lh f'k{kk xzg.k djs\ ftlls fd og thou esa lQyrk vftZr dj ldrk gS
blds fy, T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vuqlkj tkrd dh tUedqaMyh dh xzg fLFkfr ,oa
n'kk varnZ'kk ds ek/;e ls rFkk laLdkjksa esa mldh #fp ds vuqlkj f'k{kk p;u esa
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA orZeku esa tks volkn dh fLFkdr
;qokvksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS ;fn mudk vkjaHk ls gh T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls
dkmUlfyx vkfn dh tk;s rks mudh #fp ,oa xzg fLFkfr ds vuqlkj vPNh f'k{kk
dk p;u dj vPNs jkstxkj dh çkfIr laHko gks ldrh gSA bl çdkj vkius tkuk
fd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh egku~ mi;ksfxrk gSA
111
2-0 mís';
2-1 çLrkouk
2-2 lekt esa T;ksfr"k dh mi;ksfxrk
2-2-1 fl)kUr LdU/k dh lekt esa mi;ksfxrk
2-2-2 lafgrk LdU/k dh lekt esa mi;ksfxrk
2-2-3 gksjk LdU/k dh lekt esa mi;ksfxrk
2-3 T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vU; çeq[k fo"k;ksa dh lekt esa mi;ksfxrk
2-3-1 jRu foKku
2-3-2 T;ksfr"k vkSj vk;qosZn
2-4 lkjka'k
2-5 'kCnkoyh
2-6 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
2-7 cks/k ç'u
lalkj esa leLr Kku foKku dk vk/kkj osn gSaA orZeku dky esa tks gesa Kku foKku
le`) :i esa –f"Vxkspj gks jgk gS mlds ewy esa osn Kku gh fufgr gS A osn iFk
çn'kZd ,oa Kku ds vFkkg HkaMkj gSa Abu osnksa ds leqfpr Kku ds fy, osnkaxksa ds
v/;;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA osnkax 6 gSa & 1&O;kdj.k] 2& T;ksfr"k 3& NUn]
4& fu#ä ] 5& f'k{kk ,oa 6 &dYi A ;Fkk &
112
osn :ih 'kjhj ds NUn iSj] dYi gkFk] T;ksfr"k us=] fu#ä d.kZ] f'k{kk ukfldk ,oa
O;kdj.k eq[k gS A osnkaxksa esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk fo'ks"k egRo gS A ftl çdkj euq";
fcuk p{kq&bfUæ; ds fdlh Hkh oLrq dk n'kZu djus esa vleFkZ gksrk gS] Bhd oSls gh
osn'kkL= ;k osn'kkL= fofgr deksaZ dks tkuus ds fy;s T;ksfr"k dk vU;re egÙo
fl) gSA Hkwry] vUrfj{k ,oa HkwxHkZds çR;sd inkFkZ dk dkfyd ;FkkFkZ Kku ftl
'kkL= ls gks] og T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gSA vr% T;ksfr"k T;ksfrdk 'kkL= gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL=
ls =Sdkfyd çHkko dks tkuk tk ldrk çkr%&mRFkku ls ysdj LoIu i;ZUr dh
fuR;p;kZ] lEiw.kZ thoup;kZ] xHkZ ls ysdj e`R;q rd vkSj mlds ckn Hkfo"; dh
ckrksa] ijyksd&iqutZUe dh ckrksa rFkk Hkwrdky dh fLFkfr dks T;ksfr"k vfHkO;ä
djrk gSA vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj crkrs gSa fd vU; tUeksa esa tks Hkh 'kqHkk'kqHk deZ fd;k
x;k gks] mlds Qy rFkk QyçkfIr ds le; dks ;g 'kkL= oSls gh Li"V O;ä
djrk gS] tSls vU/kdkjesa fLFkr inkFkksaZ dks nhid O;ä dj nsrk gS&
¼c`gTtkrd ƒA…½
blh dkj.k T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dks us= dgk x;k gSA us= dk dk;Z gS lE;d~ voyksduA
;g us= ekuo ds lkekU; us= ds leku ugha gS] ftlesa Hkze&fyIlk ,oa çekn vkfn
ds dkj.k –f"Vnks"k gks tkus ls ;FkkFkZ Kku Hkh & feF;k çrhr gksus yxrk gS] Qyr%
rF; ls ijs /kkj.kk cu tkrh gS] fdarq osniq#"k dk us= ,d ,slk us= gS & ,d ,slh
fnO; –f"V gS] ftl –f"V ls lEiw.kZ czãk.M vkSj leLr tho fudk; dk
çR;{k&vçR;{k] O;ofgr& vO;ofgr leLr deZ Li"V –Xxkspj gksus yxrk gSA
orZeku lekt esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh vR;ar mi;ksfxrk gSA lekt dks leqfpr fn'kk
esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= fofHkUu :iksa esa ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= rhu Lda/kksa esa
foHkkftr gSa &
1- fl)kUr LdU/k
2- lafgrk LdU/k
3- gksjk LdU/k
bu rhuksa Lda/kksa ds varxZr T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS ,oa
;s rhuksa LdU/k lekt esa fofHkUu :iksa esa viuh mi;ksfxrk fl) djrs gSaA çLrqr
bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls ge rhuksa Lda/kksa dh lekt esa mi;ksfxrk ds fo"k; esa v/;;u
djsaxsA
çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls ge lekt esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk dks tkusaxs A
oLrqr% T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh çfriy lekt esa vR;ar mi;ksfxrk gSa D;ksafd ;g 'kkL=
fofHkUu :iksa esa ekuo lekt ds fy, midkjd gS A ge çLrqr foHkkx ds ek/;e ls
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds rhuksa Lda/kksa dh mi;ksfxrk dks le>us dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
113
fl)kUr LdU/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s HkkLdjkpk;Z vius xzaFk fl)kUr f'kjksef.k esa
fy[krs gSa fd &
AA
¼ukjniqjk.k½
Hkkjrh;dky ik'pkR;dky
ƒ =qfV ¾ lqbZ ds }kjk in~ei=Hksnudky ¾ ƒ@…„†åååå lsds.M
ƒ js.kq ¾ ˆå =qVh ¾ ƒ@‡†ååå lsds.M
ƒ yo ¾ ˆå js.kq ¾ ƒ@‹åå lsds.M
ƒ yh{kd¾ ˆå yo ¾ ƒ@ƒ‡ lsds.M
ƒ çk.k ¾ ˆå yh{kd ¾ ƒå nh?kkZ{kj&mPpkj.kdky¾ † lsds.M
blh ewrZ rFkk vewrZ dky dk oSKkfud fparu T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fd;k x;k gSaA
Hkkjrh; dky x.kuk esa dky ds ukS Hksn Hkh ekus x, gSa ftuds ijLij lkeatL; ls
fofHkUu ozr ioZ _rq bR;kfn dk le;kuqdky ifjikyu T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh gh
fo'ks"krk gSA fofHku ;qxksa dk o"kZ çek.k l`f"V vkjEHk dky dk Kku çy; vkfn ds
o"kksaZ dk Kku Hkh T;ksfr"k 'kkL=h; dky x.kuk ds ek/;e ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA okj
Øe] eklksa ds uke bR;kfn dk iw.kZ oSKkfud fparufd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; dky
x.kuk vR;Ur fo'kky gksus ds lkFk lkFk iw.kZr% oSKkfud Hkh gS tks fd lekt ds
fy, vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA
& T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds lafgrk LdU/k
esa fofHkUu oSKkfud fl)karksa dk çfriknu fd;k x;k gSA;Fkk &
1- xq#Rokd"kZ.k fl)kUr
2- ifjf/k O;kl dk laca/k
3- HkwHkze.k fl)kUr
& orZeku dky esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k fl)kar dks ik'pkR;ksa
dh nsu dgk tkrk gSA tu lkekU; esa tu Jqfr gS fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k fl)kUr ds
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çfriknd 17 oh 'krkCnh ds fo}ku U;wVu gSA tcfd bl fl)kUr ds fo"k; esa
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds HkkLdjkpk;Z th us 12 oh 'krkCnh esa vius xzaFk fl)kUr
f'kjksef.k esa bldk çfriknu fd;kA ;Fkk &
ekuo dks /keZ&vFkZ&dke }kjk eks{k dh çkfIr gsrq fuokl LFkku dh vko';drk
çfriy gksrh gS ftldh iwfrZ okLrq 'kkL= ds fu;ekuqlkj gh laHko gS] D;ksafd
dqokLrqtU; fufeZr Hkou ekuo dks vusd çdkj ds d"Vksa dks çnku djrk gS
ftlls ekuo vius y{;ksa dks çkIr djus esa vleFkZ jgrk gS A laiw.kZ okLrq
'kkL= lcls igys ç—fr dk fopkj djrk gS vkSj ç—fr ds fuekZ.k esa tks
iapegkHkwr ç/kku gS og euq"; 'kjhj esa Hkh fo|eku gS bUgha dk lekos'k Hkou
fuekZ.k esa djds Hkou dks lq[k laiUu ;qä cuk;k tkrk gS A foKku ds vuqlkj
ç—fr ds tM+ ,oa futhZo inkFkksaZ dks i`Foh ij foLr`r o xfr'khy bysDVª‚u
çksV‚u U;wVª‚u ltho dj xfr'khy djrs gSa A okLrq 'kkL= dh /kkj.kk ;gh gS
fd ç—fr ,oa euq"; esa lkeatL; cuk jguk t:jh gS A okLrq 'kkL= dk lgh
vFkZ gS fd Hkou dk çR;sd Hkkx viuh fo'ks"krk dks lfØ; dj ns A tc eq[;
}kj ls ?kj esa ços'k djsa rks mldh lkjh fpark Je ruko nwj gks tk,a 'k;ud{k
esa tk, rks xgjh uhan dk vkuan feys Hkkstu djsa rks Hkkstu dk jl çkIr gks
jfr x`g esa dke ds Hkksx dk vkuan ys] iwtk x`g esa nso /;ku esa eXu gks lds A
okLrq 'kkL= ,sls gh Hkou dk fo/kku djrk gS tks u dsoy lqanj dyk—fr;ksa ls
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;qä gks vfirq lq[k 'kkafr o le`f)nk;d gks A vr% lkEçfrd ;qx esa okLrq
'kkL= dk vR;f/kd egRo gS A
& çkphu dkyds _f"k&eqfu;ksads ikl vkt dh rjg u rks
fodflr os/k'kkyk,¡ Fkha vkSj u lw{e ifj.kke nsusokys vk/kqfudre oSKkfud
midj.k] fQj Hkh os vius vuqHko rFkk vrhfUæ; Kkuds lgkjs vkdk'kh;
xzg&u{k=ksa vkfndk v/;;u djds o"kkaZiwoZ ekSledk iwokZuqeku dj ysrs FksA
;|fi oSfnd lafgrkvksa] iqjk.kksa] Le`fr;ksa esa bl foKkudk mYys[k feyrk gS]
fQj Hkh vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj dk blesa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA mUgksaus vius xzUFk
c`gRlafgrk esa bl fo"k;ij foLrkj ls çdk'k Mkyk gSA lafgrk xzUFkksa esa rks ,sls
eU=ksa dk Hkh fo/kku gS] ftuds }kjk ;FksPN :i ls o"kkZ ds vk;kstu vkSj
fuokj.k dks fu;fU=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA _rqpØ dk çorZd lw;Z gksrk gSA
lw;Z tc vknZzku{k= ¼lkSjx.kuk½ esa ços'k djrk gS] rHkh ls vkSipkfjd :i ls
o"kkZ&_rqdk çkjEHk ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; iapkaxdkj çfro"kZ vknZzk
ços'k&dq.Myh cukdj Hkkoh o"kkZdh Hkfo";ok.kh djrs gSaA vknZzkls ukS u{k=
i;ZUr o"kkZ dk le; ekuk tkrk gSA xxZ] ijk'kj vkfn _f"k;ksa ds le; rks ;g
foKku xq#&f'k";&ijEijk esa jgkA dkykUrj esa vusd T;ksfrfoZnksa }kjk bls
loZlqyHk djk;k x;k A
& ;k=k& 'kdqu] L=h iq#"k y{k.k dk fparu bl foHkkx ds
eq[; fo"k; gSaA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh –f"V esa 'kdqu dk Hkh cM+k egÙo gS A 'kdqu
pkgs LoIu esa gks ;k tkxzr voLFkk esa gks] vius 'kjhjesa gks] pkgs lalkj esa]
i'kq&if{k;ksa }kjk gks ;k fnO; 'kfä;ksa }kjk çR;sd n'kkesa mudk rkRi;Z gS] gesa
lko/kku djuk vkSj vk'oklu nsukA dksbZ Hkh O;fä fdlh dk;Z dk vkjEHk vFkok
;k=k vkfndk çkjEHk lQyrk dh –f"Vls 'kqHk eqgwrZ esa djuk pkgrk gS] blds lkFk
gh 'kdqu ns[kus dh Hkh ijEijk gSA 'kdqu 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk nksuksa çdkj ds gksrs gSaA
'kqHk eqgwrZ esa 'kqHk 'kdqu ds çkIr gksus ij ;k=k vFkok dk;Z vkfn dh lQyrk
fuf'pr gks tkrh gSA tks O;fä ;k=k djrk gS vFkok dk;Z çkjEHk djrk gS] og 'kqHk
'kdqu çkIr gksus ij dk;Z dh lQyrk ds fy;s ekufld :i ls iw.kZ vk'oLr gks
tkrk gS vkSj çk;% ifj.kke Hkh vuqdwy gksrs gSaA bl çdkj thou esa 'kdqu dh
efgek de ugha gSA
orZeku le; esa cgqr lkjs 'kqHk 'kdqu rFkk v'kqHk 'kdqu fdaonfUr;ksa ij Hkh vk/kkfjr
gSaA ;s fdaonfUr;k¡ çk;% 'kdqu'kkL= ds vuqlkj ijEijk ls c¡/k x;h gSaA lkekU;r%
;k=k ds le; loRlk xkS lkeusls vkrh gks] lkSHkkX;orh L=h vius iq=dks xksnesa
ysdj vkrh gks] fdlh o`) O;fädk 'ko lekjksg iwoZd ckts&xkts ds lkFk vkrk gks]
tyls Hkjs gq, nks ?kM+s ekxZeas feyrs gksa vFkok nghls iw.kZ ik= fn[ks rks bUgsa vius
nkfguh vksj djds tkus ij ;k=k 'kqHk gksrh gSA ;s 'kqHk 'kdqu gSaA blh çdkj v'kqHk
'kdquksa dh Hkh lwph gSA ;k=k ds le; ;fn gSa dksbZ ,dp{kq ¼dkuk½ O;fä ekxZ esa
fey tk;] dksbZ ukbZ vius vkStkj ds fMCcs ds lkFk fey tk;] dksbZ fo/kok czkã.kh]
[kkyh ?kM+k vkfn ekxZesa fey tk; vFkok dksbZ Nhad ns rks v'kqHk 'kdqu dh lwpuk
ekuh tkrh gS vkSj çk;% bld v'kqHk ifj.kke gksrs Hkh gSaA
blds vfrfjä i'kq&if{k;ksa ds }kjk Hkh 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk dky dh lwpuk çkIr gksrh gS
A tSls n'kgjk ;k nhikoyh ij uhyd.B i{kh dk n'kZu] loRlk xksekrk dk n'kZu]
usoys dk n'kZu] ehu;qXe ¼eNfy;k¡½ vkfn ds n'kZu & 'kqHk gksrs gSaA blh çdkj
119
fgj.k] ukx vkfn ds n'kZu Hkh 'kqHk ekus tkrs gSaA fxjfxVds Li'kZ gksus ij] fNidyh
ds 'kjhj ij fxjus ij 'kqHk&v'kqHk nksuksa çdkj ds Qy gksrs gSaA nkfgus vaxij iM+us
ls 'kqHk dh lwpuk feyrh gS rFkk ck;sa & vaxij iM+us ij vfu"V dk ladsr feyrk
gSA i'kq& if{k;ksa ls v'kqHk dh lwpuk Hkh feyrh gS&fcYyh }kjk jkLrk dkVs tkus
ij] dqÙks ds dku QM+QM+kus ij] dqÙks ,oa fl;kj ds jksus ij] fx) ds edku vkfn
ij cSBus ls] dkSos ds 'kksj epkus ij v'kqHk ds ladsr çkIr gksrs gSa A iq#"k dk nk;k¡
vax rFkk L=h dk ck;k¡ vax QM+duk 'kqHk gksrk gS] blds foijhr v'kqHk gksrk gSA
'kdqu tc LokHkkfod :i esa Lor% gksrs gSa] rc budk çHkko fo'ks"k :i esa gksrk gSA
fgUnw laL—fr esa 'kdqu'kkL= dk cgqr O;kid çHkko gS vkSj ;g ,d çdkj ls
vuqHkwr fo|k gSA bl fo|k dk ewy Hkh T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gh gS A
& T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa ;k=k gsrq fo'ks"k fopkj fd;k x;k gSAtc Hkh dHkh
euq"; fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; gsrq ;k=k djrk gS rks ml ;k=k esa og lQyrk çkIr
djuk pkgrk gS vkSj dbZ ckj ns[kk tkrk gS fd euq"; ds }kjk leqfpr ç;kl ds
ckn Hkh lQyrk çkIr ugha gksrh gS bldk dgha u dgha dkj.k ;k=k dk vkjaHk
mfpr dky fo'ks"k esa u djuk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS Ablhfy, T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa ;k=k
ds fy, 'kqHkk'kqHk dky fo'ks"k dk fparu fd;k gS ftlls fd euq"; dh ;k=k lksís';
iw.kZ gks lds A ;k=k ds fy;s okj'kwy] u{k= 'kwy] fnD'kwy] pUæokl] vkSj jkf'k ls
pUæek bR;kfn fo"k;ksa dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
& T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh viuh fo'ks"krk gS fd
'kkL= esa L=h iq#"k dh vk—fr] vax fo'ks"k dh vk—fr ls mlds LoHkko vkfn dk
Kku djkrk gSAblls O;fä dh ç—fr LokHkko bR;kfn dks le>us esa cgqr lgk;rk
gksrh gSA bl lkeqfæd 'kkL= esa Hkh cgqr lkjs fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k gS tSls eq[k dh
vk—fr dk Qy] ç—fr ds vuqlkj iq#"k y{k.k] HkkX;'kkyh iq#"k dk y{k.k] L=h ds
y{k.k] yykV dh js[kk ls vk;q fu.kZ;] gkFk dh js[kkvksa ls 'kqHkk'kqHk Qy dk dFku]
iSj dh js[kkvksa ls 'kqHkk'kqHk Qy dk fopkj] fofHkUu vaxksa ij fry&eLls dk 'kqHkk'kqHk
Qy fopkj bR;kfn fo"k;ksa ij fo'kn fparu 'kkL= esa fd;k x;k gS ftudk orZeku
lekt esa vR;ar egRo gSA
fl)kUr ,oa lafgrk LdU/kdh vis{kk ljy gksus ,oa lk{kkr~ lekt ls lEc) gksusds
dkj.k T;ksfr"k'kkL= ds rhuksa LdU/kksa esa lokZf/kd yksdfç;rk gksjk LdU/kdh gSA
ekuo&thou ds tUe ls ysdj e`R;q&i;ZUr lHkh ç'uksa dk lek/kku tUedkfyd ,oa
ç'udkfyd xzgfLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij gksjk LdU/k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g LdU/k
ekuo&thou ds lEHkkO; v'kqHkksa dks xzg&u{k=ksa ds }kjk tkudj muds fuokj.k gsrq
osnfofgr lek/kku çLrqr djrk gSA gksjk 'kCndh mRifÙk vgksjk= ls gksrh gS] tks fd
fnulwpd 'kCn gSA vgksjk= ds iwoZ vkSj ij o.kZds yksi djusls ^gksjk^ 'kCn curk
gS&
¼lkjkoyh „Aƒ½
gksjk'kkL= ds Kkuls euq"; Hkkoh lq[k&nq%[kkfn dk Kkudj vius ikS#"k ls mls
vuqdwy cuk ldrk gSA ;g 'kkL= euksoSKkfud :ils mls nq%[kkfn v'kqHk
ifjfLFkfr;ksadks >syus esa lEcy çnku djrk gSA bl çdkj çkf.kek=ij iM+usokys
'kqHkk'kqHk çHkkodk v/;;udj QydFku djuk ,oa ekuothouls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu
igyqvksadk v/;;udj mls leqfpr ekxZn'kZu nsuk gh gksjk'kkL= dh
yksdksi;ksfxrkdks fl) djrk gSA blh çdkj tkrddh vfHk#fp] n{krk] LoHkkokfndk
fo'ys"k.k djds mls Hkkoh thouesa vius dk;Z{ks= dk pquko djus esa lgk;d fl)
gks ldrk gSA vr% tkrd'kkL=dh yksdksi;ksfxrkdks |ksfrr djrs gq, vkpk;Z
dY;k.koekZdk dFku gS&
¼lkjkoyh„A‡½
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds oSls lHkh fo"k; mi;Zqä rhuksa Lda/kksa esa lekfgr gksrs gSa rFkkfi
vkt vU; dbZ fo"k;ksa dk fparu fo'kn :i ls i`Fkd Hkh dj ldrs ftlesa jRu
foKku] T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk fpfdRlk {ks= esa ;ksxnku vkfn dks ge foLr`r :i ls
le>us dk ç;kl çLrqr mi[kaM ds ek/;e ls djrs gSaA 121
jRu 'kCn dhs vo/kkj.kk ,oa ç;ksx loZçFke _Xosn esa çkIr gksrk gS ge fuf'pr :i
ls ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa ds ikl jRu ls lacfU/kr iw.kZ
tkudkjh FkhA orZeku le; esa ge lHkh ns[krs gSa fd jRu fo|k dk çpyu
Þtseksythß ds uke ls lHkh txg çpkj çlkj gks x;k gS A jRu o jaxksa dk çpyu
vc vk/kqfud fpfdRlk foKku dk Hkh çeq[k vax cu x;k gS A tse&Fksjsih] dyj
Fksjsih] dyj ckFk fofHkUu jaxksa dh 'khf'k;ksa esa ikuh Hkjdj mlls Luku djkus dk
çpyu Hkkjr ,oa fons'kksa esa Hkh [kwc c<+ x;k gSA dqN yksxksa dh /kkj.kk gS fd jRu]
rkcht] ykdsV vkfn iguus dk çpyu ;wuku] feL=] phu ;k ;ou ns'kksa esa vkjaHk
gqvk] tcfd ;g lR; ugha gSa A bu lHkh dk vk/kkj Hkh T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gh gS A
ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd ekuo fdlh Hkh laçnk; fo'ks"k dk gks ij ml ij jRuksa dk
vo'; çHkko iM+rk gSA ftl çdkj lw;Z dh fdj.ksa ekuo ek= dks fcuk fdlh
HksnHkko ds ÅtkZ o çdk'k çnku djrh gSaAmYyw ;k pexknM+ lw;Z ds vkstLoh
çdk'k dks vuns[kk djrs gq;s Hkh mldh ÅtkZ ¼Å"ek½ dk vuqHko djrs gSa Bhd
mlh çdkj ls jRu foKku dh Hkh mikns;rk gS A jRuksa ls fudkyus okyh pqEcdh;
rjaxs ekuo thou dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA lw;Z dh fdj.kksa esa lkr jax Nqis gksrs gS
çR;sd jax ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dh jf'eiqat }kjk ekuoh; thou dks vius çrhd
vkorZu& ijkorZu LiUnu o Li'kZ ls çHkkfor djrk gS A jRuksa esa ;s jax jf'e;ka
?kuhHkwr voLFkk esa gksrh gSA ftlds dkj.k jRu lacfU/kr detksj xzg dh U;wu
jf'e;ksa ¼thok.kqvksa½ dks iq"Vrk çnku dj ml xzg dh çHkko 'kfä dks cM+krk gS A
fofHkUu xzgksa ds fy, i`Fkd&i`Fkd jRu crk, x, gSa ;Fkk eqgwrZfpUrkef.kxzUFk ds
vuqlkj &
vk;qoZns vR;Ur çkphu 'kkL= gSA Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds vk/kkjLrEHk osnksaeas _Xosn
loZçFke ifjxf.kr gSA blds vUrxZr T;ksfr"k ,oa fpfdRlk foKku dk Hkh lkaxksikax
o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa ,d&nwljs ds iwjd ,oa ,d&nwljsij fuHkZj gSaA tUeyXu
ds }kjk ;g Kkr gks ldrk gS fd O;fä esa fdu vk/kkjHkwr rÙoksa dh deh jg x;h]
122
blh Kku ds cyij T;ksfr"kh igys gh Hkfo";ok.kh dj nsrk gS fd bl O;fä dks
veqd voLFkk esa veqd jksx gksxkA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vuqlkj fofHkUu xzg fuEu
'kjhj jpukvksa dks fu;fU=r djrs gSa&
ƒ- lw;Z& vfLFk] tSo&fo|qr] 'olurU=] us=A
„- pUæek& jä] ty] vUr%lzkoh xzfUFk;k¡ ¼gkeksZUl½] euA
…- eaxy& ;—r] jädf.kdk,¡] ikpurU=A
†- cq/k&vax&çR;ax&fLFkr rfU=dkrU=] RopkA
‡- c`gLifr& ukMhrU=] Le`fr] cqf)A
ˆ- 'kqØ& oh;Z] jt] dQ] xqIrkaxA
‰- 'kfu& dsUæh; ukMhrU=A
Š- jkgq ,oa dsrq&'kjhj ds vUnj vkdk'k ,oa vikuok;qA
xzgnks"k ds vuqlkj gh fofHkUu oukS"kf/k;k¡ xzgck/kk dk fuokj.k djrh gSa rFkk vks"kf/k
fefJr ty ls Luku djusls Hkh xzgnks"k nwj gksrs gSaA fofHkUu jRuksa dks /kkj.k djusls
Hkh xzgck/kk,¡ u"V gksrh gSaA 'kjhj esa okr&fiÙk ,oa dQ dh ek=k dk leUo; jgus
ij 'kjhj lk/kkj.kr;k LoLFk cuk jgrk gSA budh U;wukf/kd ek=k 'kjhj esa jksx
mRiUu djrh gSA lw;Z fiÙknks"k] pUæek dQ ,oa okrnks"k] eaxy&fiÙknks"k] cq/k
f=nks"k] c`gLifr dQnks"k ,oa 'kfu okrnks"k mRiUu djrk gSA ekuothou dh viuh
fo'ks"krk gSA blds vk/kkjHkwr /keZ] vFkZ] dke ,oa eks{k&bu pkj iq#"kkFkksaZ dh çkfIr
dk eq[; lk/ku euq"; dk 'kjhj gSA bls fujke; ,oa dk;Zdq'ky j[kuk O;fä dk
çFke drZO; gSA
tUei=h iwokZftZr deksaZ dks tkuus dh dqath gSA iwo— Z r fdl deZ ls euq"; dks
dkSu&lh O;kf/k gksxh& bldk Kku euq"; dks T;ksfr"kfo|k ls gh çkIr gksrk gSA
T;ksfr"k esa jksxksa dh tkudkjh çk;% tkrd dh tUedq.Myh ls gksrh gSA blds
vfrfjä gkFk dh js[kk,¡] gkFk ds ioZr ,oa uk[kwuksa ds v/;;u ls Hkh jksx&Kku gks
tkrk gSA vusd 'krkfCn;ksa ls T;ksfrfoZ|k dk vkS"kf/k;ksa ds lkFk lEcU/k ekuk x;k
gSA iwoZdky esa fdlh Hkh oS| ds fy;s ;g vko';d Fkk fd og T;ksfr"kh Hkh gksA
lEçfr ;g çlUurk dk fo"k; gS fd fodflr ns'k Hkh T;ksfrfoZ|k dk mi;ksx
fpfdRlk esa djus yxs gSa A
orZeku dky esa lekt esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk geus foLr`r :i esa le>kA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa ,sls dbZ fo"k; fo|eku tks çfriy ekuo lekt ds fy, mi;ksxh
gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds leLr fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k rhuksa Lda/kksa esa gks tkrk gSA ;s
fl)kUr&lafgrk vkSj gksjk uked LdU/k i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ :i ls ekuo dY;k.k gsrq
ekxZn'kZu djrs gSA tgka fl)kUr LdU/k viuh oSKkfudrk ds dkj.k iw.kZ :i ls
vukfn dky ls bl ;qx esa oSKkfud va'kksa dk çfriknu dj jgk gS] rks ogha lafgrk
LdU/k ds ek/;e ls leLr lalkj ij iM+us okys çHkko ds ek/;e ls tudY;k.k dk
ekxZ ç'kLr gks jgk g]S mlh çdkj O;fä fo'ks"k dh leL;kvksa dk ;Fkksfpr lek/kku
gksjk LdU/k ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA euq"; ds vkt Hkh leLr dk;Z T;ksfr"k ds }kjk
gh pyrs gSaA O;ogkj ds fy, mi;ksxh fnu] lIrkg ]i{k ekl] v;u] _rq] mRlo]
ioZ] bR;kfn dk Kku fofHkUu laLdkjksa dk eqgwrZ] fpfdRlk T;ksfr"k] xzgksa dk
123
os/k'kkykvksa ds ek/;e ls n'kZu] iapkax xf.kr] fofHkUu mRikrksa dk iwokZuqeku] dfj;j
dkmUlfyx esa lg;ksx] o"kkZ Kku] jRu foKku] xf.kr 'kkL=] vkfn fo"k;ksa dk Kku
gesa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls gh gksrk gS vr% lekt esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh
lokZf/kd mi;ksfxrk gSA
124
3-0 mís';
3-1 çLrkouk
3-2 i;kZoj.k vkSj T;ksfr"k
3-2-1 i;kZoj.k dk ifjp;
3-2-2 T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ,oa i;kZoj.k
3-2-3 i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k
3-3 HkwLFkkuh; i;kZoj.k] tyh; i;kZoj.k] vkdk'k ,oa ok;q lEcU/kh i;kZoj.k ,oa
T;ksfr"k
3-3-1 i;kZoj.k dk ekuo thou ij çHkko
3-4 lkjka'k
3-5 'kCnkoyh
3-6 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
3-7 cks/k ç'u
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa i;kZoj.k dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA i;kZoj.k ds fofHkUu çdkj dks
geus mi;qZä fcUnq ds ek/;e ls tkukA i;kZoj.k ds larqyu ds fy, T;ksfr"k 'kkL=
gekjk lnSo ekxZn'kZu djrk gS pkgs og çk—frd i;kZoj.k gks ;k uSlfxZd i;kZoj.k
gks bu lcdk larqyu T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fd;k x;k gSA T;ksfr"k ds vuqlkj ;fn ge
i;kZoj.k dh mRifÙk ij fopkj djsa rks ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd l`f"V mRifÙk ds lkFk
gh i;kZoj.k dh mRifÙk Hkh ekuh tkrh gS] T;ksfr"k 'kkL= çR;{k 'kkL= ekuk tkrk gS
ftlds çR;{k çek.k lw;Z vkSj paæek gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vuqlkj l`f"V mRifÙk
bl çdkj crkbZ xbZ gS &blds vuqlkj l`f"V ds vkfndky esa bl czãk.M esa
ijeczã :ih ijekRek Hkxoku~ oklqnso dh va'k:ih lÙkk fojkteku FkhA lkekU;r;k
oklqnos in ls bl O;qRifÙk ds vuqlkj Hkxoku~
Jh—".k dk cks/k gksrk gSA ijUrq vFkkZr~ ftlesa iqjk
fo'o gh fuokl djrk gS ;k ds vuqlkj bl iwjs
fo'o esa fuokl djus okys ije fo'oçdk'kd rFkk fo'oO;kid ijeczã dk Lo:i
Hkh fl) gksrk gSaA ;|fi Jhen~Hkkxor ds ^ mins'k opu
ds vuqlkj Jh—".k Hkh ijeczã Lo:i gh fl) gksrs gSaA ijUrq lk{kkr~ }kij ;qx esa
budh çR;{k mRifÙk gksus ds dkj.k leLr fo'o ds drkZ ds :i esa bl Lo:i dk
mi;ksx ugha djrs gq, iwoksZä ;qfätU; ijeczã:ih oklqnso dk xzg.k gh
O;k[;kdkj yksx Lohdkj djrs gSaA vr% l`"VîkjEHk dky esa bl ijeczã
lfPpnkuUn fo'oO;kid Hkxoku~ ds va'k:i ç/kkuiq#"k ¼iq#"kksÙke½ tks vO;ä
¼vfrfUæ; gksus ds dkj.k lkekU; p{kq% ls u fn[kkbZ nsus okyk½] fuxqZ.k ¼lÙo] jt]
re:ih rhuksa xq.kksa ls jfgr½] 'kq)Lo:i ¼loZnks"k jfgr½] iPphl fo—fr vkfn ls
jfgr ¼16 fo—fr +7 ç—fr dh fo—fr;k¡ 1 ewy 1 tho½] vO;; ¼ftldk dHkh uk'k
u gks vFkkZr~ loZnk fo|eku jgus okyk½] ç—fr ds vUrxZr gh fojkteku jgus
okyk] loZO;kih Hkxoku~ lad"kZ.k ¼oklqnso ds va'k :i½ us loZçFke ty dk l`tu
dj ml l`ftr ty esa 'kfä fo'ks"k :ih oh;Z dks fuf{kIr fd;kA Hkxoku~ lad"kZ.k
}kjk ty esa fuf{kIr gksrs gh 'kfä fo'ks"k :ih oh;Z ty ds la;ksx ls xksykdkj
pkjksa vksj ls vU/kdkj ls <dk gqvk v.MLo:ikdkj rst Lo:i ,d Lo.kZfi.M dh
mRifÙk gqbZ ftlds xHkZ ls fuR; lukru :i esa fo|eku jgus okys Hkxoku~ vfj:)
lk{kkr~ çdV gq, &
126
¼lw;Zfl)kUr Hkwxksyk/;k; 'yksd la[;k 12&14½
bl çdkj vkius tkuk fd oklqnsoka'k lad"kZ.k ds }kjk oh;Z ,oa ty ds la;ksx ls
Hkxoku~ vfu:) çdV gq,A bUgha dks osnksa esa Hkxoku~ fgj.;xHkZ ds uke ls i<+k x;k
gSA vkfnHkwrRokr~ ¼loZçFke mRiUu gksus ds dkj.k½ vkfnR; ,oa txr~ dh mRifÙk
djus ds dkj.k bUgsa gh lw;Z Hkh dgk x;k gS ¼çlwR;k lw;Z mP;rs½A ;Fkk&
i;kZoj.k 'kCn laL—r ds ^ifj^ milxZ ¼pkjksa vksj½ vkSj ^vkoj.k^ ls feydj cuk gS
ftldk vFkZ gS ,slh phtksa dk leqPp; tks fdlh O;fä ;k tho/kkjh dks pkjksa vksj
ls vko`Ùk fd;s gq, gSaA osnksa esa i;kZoj.k gsrq ifjf/k] ifjHkw] ifjo`Ùk vkfn 'kCnksa dk
ç;ksx gqvk gS A
i;kZoj.k dh ifjHkk"kk dks ;fn ge tkus rks &
ds vuqlkj ;fn ge i;kZoj.k dk vFkZ le>us dk ç;kl djs rks
&Þi;kZoj.k mu lHkh n'kkvksa] ç.kkfy;ksa rFkk çHkkoksa dk ;ksx gS tks thoksa rFkk /kjrh
ij mudh çtkfr;ksa ds fodkl ,ao e`R;q dks çHkkfor djrk gSaAß
us i;kZoj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s bl çdkj ls dgk
gS fd & Þeuq"; ,d fo'ks"k le; ij ftl lEiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls f/kjk gqvk gS mls
i;kZoj.k ;k okrkoj.k dgk tkrk gSA Þ
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= vkSj Hkwxksy esa ;g 'kCn vaxzsth ds environment ds i;kZ; ds :i
esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA i;kZoj.k mu lHkh HkkSfrd] jklk;fud ,oa tSfod dkjdksa dh
lef"Vxr ,d bdkbZ gS tks fdlh tho/kkjh vFkok ikfjra=h; vkcknh dks çHkkfor
djrs gSa rFkk muds :i] thou vkSj thfork dks r; djrs gSaA i;kZoj.k og gS tks
fd çR;sd tho ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS gekjs pkjksa vkSj og ges'kk O;kIr gksrk gSA
lkekU; vFkksaZ esa ns[kk tk; rks i;kZoj.k gekjs thou dks çHkkfor djus okys lHkh
rRoksa tSls tSfod vkSj vtSfod] rF;ksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa] ?kVukvksa ds }kjk fufeZr ,d
bdkbZ gSA i;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa vksj O;kIr gS vkSj gekjs thou dh lHkh ?kVuk,a
i;kZoj.k ds vUnj lEikfnr gksrh gSA ekuo leqnk; viuh leLr fØ;kvksa ls bl
i;kZoj.k dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSaA bl çdkj ,d tho/kkjh vkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp
vU;ksU;kJ; lEcU/k gksrk gSA
i;kZoj.k ds tSfod la?kVdksa esa lw{e thok.kq ls ysdj ekuo i;aZr] lHkh tho&tarq
128 vkSj isM+&ikS/ks vk tkrs gSa vkSj blds lkFk gh muls tqM+h lkjh tSo fØ;k,¡ vkSj
çfØ;k,¡ Hkh A vtSfod la?kVdksa esa thou jfgr rRo vkSj muls tqM+h çfØ;k,¡ vkrh
gSa] tSls% pêkus]a ioZr] unh] gok vkSj tyok;q ds rRo bR;kfn A
çk—frd ekuofufeZr
vtSfodrRo tSfodrRo
vk/;kfRed i;kZoj.k
/kkfeZd i;kZoj.k
nk'kZfud i;kZoj.k
lkaL—frd i;kZoj.k
lkekftd i;kZoj.k
'kSf{kdi ;kZoj.k
rduhdh i;kZoj.k
jktuSfrd i;kZoj.k
tyry ls Å¡pk mBk gqvk Hkkx LFky e.My gS vkSj blds
vUrxZr /kjkry dk yxHkx 29 çfr'kr Hkkx vkrk gSA bl LFky esa rhu ijrsa
gSA çFke ijr Hkw&i`"B dh gS ftl ijr dh xgjkbZ /kjrh ls 100 fd-eh- gSA
bl ijr esa fofHkUu çdkj dh fefê;‚ o 'kSysa fo/;eku gSA bl ijr dk
vkSlr Hkkx 2-7 /kuRo gSA nwljh ijr dks mip; e.My dgk tkrk gS] ftldh
xgjkbZ LFky e.My ds uhps 200 fd-eh- rd gS rFkk ftlesa flfydu vkSj
eSxuhf'k;e inkFkksZ dh ç/kkurk gS vkSj bldk vkSlr /kuRo 3-5 v‚dk x;k gSA
rhljh ijr dks ifj.kke e.My dgrs gS] ftls i`Foh dk dsUæh; e.My dgk
tkrk gS vkSj dBksj /kkrqvksa ls cuk gqvk gS] ftlesa fudy uked inkFkZ lkFk&
lkFk yksgs dh Hkh ç/kkurk ikbZ tkrh] tks bl /kjrh ij ik;s tkus okyk lcls
T;knk inkFkZ gSA
i`Foh dk leLr tyh; Hkkx tye.My dgykrk gS] ftlesa
lHkh lkxj o egklkxj lfEefyr gSA HkwiVy ds 71 izfr”kr Hkkx ij ty
,ao29 izfr”kr Hkkx ij Fky dk foLrkj gSA i`Foh dh lrg ij {ks=Qy yxHkx 129
51 djksaM oxZ fdyksehVj gSA ftlesa 36 djksaM oxZ fd-eh- ij ty dk foLrkj
gSA
i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ok;q dk lSdMksa fdeh- eksVk vkoj.k gS] ftls
ok;qe.My dgk tkrk gSA i`Foh dh xq#Rokd"kZ.k 'kfä ds dkj.k ok;q dk ;g
/ksjk i`Foh dks tdM+s gq, gS] vkSj /kjkry ls bldh ÅapkbZ lk/kkj.kr% 800
fdyksehVj ekuh tkrh gS] ijUrq [kkst ds i'pkr~ ;g ÅapkbZ 1300 fdyksehVj
v‚dh x;h gSA ok;q e.My esa Hkh vusd ijr gksrh gSA
i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ls igys gesa ;g le>uk gksxk fd çnw"k.k D;k gksrk gSA nwf"kr
inkFkksZ ds dkj.k ç—fr esa tks leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS] mls çnw"k.k dgrs gSaA vkSj
tc i;kZoj.k ds lHkh ?kVd ;Fkk ok;q] ty] e`nk vkfn çnwf"kr gksus yxrs gSa rks os
i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dh Js.kh esa vk tkrs gSaA i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k vkt dh lcls cM+h
leL;k gSA ftlds fy, lHkh dk tkx#d gksuk vfr vko';d gSA tyok;q
ifjorZu ds dkj.k gfjrx`g ¼xzhugkml½ çHkko vkSj oSf'od rki esa o`f/n] vkstksu
ijr dk {k; gksuk] vEyh; o"kkZ gksuk] HkwL[kyu] e`nk dk {kj.k vkfn phtsa gksrh gSa]
ftls i;kZoj.k dk çnwf"kr gksuk dgrs gSaA euq"; us vius vkSj i;kZoj.kh; LokLF;
dh dher ij ç—fr ds /ku dk nksgu fd;k gSA blds vykok] tks çHkko vc rsth
ls mHkj jgk gS] og lc lSdM+ksa ;k gtkjksa o"kksaZ ls euq";ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k
gSA
bu lcls Åij] vxj ge i`Foh ij thfor jguk vkSj viuk thou tkjh j[kuk
pkgrs gSa] rks gesa mik; djus gksaxsA ;s mik; gekjh vxyh ih<+h ds Hkfo"; ds
lkFk&lkFk gesa lqjf{kr cukus esa enn djsaxsA
çnw"k.k ds çHkko fuLlansg dbZ vksj O;kid gSaA
çnw"k.k ds vR;f/kd çHkko ls ekuo LokLF;] i'kq LokLF;] m".kdfVca/kh; o"kkZ&ou
vkfn dks uqdlku igqap jgk gSA ok;q] ty] feêh çnw"k.k vkfn lHkh çdkj ds
çnw"k.kksa dk i;kZoj.k ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA fuEufyf[kr eq[; çdkj gSa&
&ok;q gekjs thou ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA ge fcuk [kk;s
fi;s ,d nks fnu jg Hkh ldrs gSa] ysfdu fcuk 'okl ¼ok;q½ ds ,d {k.k Hkh fcrkuk
eqf'dy gksrk gSA lksfp, vxj ftl ok;q esa ge lkal ysrs gS] ogh çnwf"kr gks x;k]
rks gekjs fy, fdruk fouk'kdkjh gks ldrk gSA
ty çnw"k.k rc gksrk gS tc gkfudkjd inkFkZ & tSls jlk;uksa ;k
QSfDVª;ksa dk vif'k"V] >hy] unh] egklkxj];k ikuh ds vU; lzksr esa tkdj feyrs
gSaA tc ge bls ihrsa gSa] rks ;s gekjs 'kjhj dks nwf"kr djrs gSa] lkFk gh ikuh dh
xq.koÙkk dks Hkh de djrs gSa A ;gh ty çnw"k.k dgykrk gSA
os inkFkZ tks feêh ds çnw"k.k dk dkj.k curk gS vkSj feêh dh
xq.koÙkk dks [kjkc djrk gS Hkwfe çnw"kd ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA Hkwfe çnw"k.k
vf/kd ek=k esa dhVuk'kdksa] moZjdksa] isVªkfs y;e gkbMªksdkcZu] ukbVªsV] veksfu;k]
vkfn jlk;uksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gks ldrk gSA
130
iapegkHkwr :ih ç—fr esa Hkwfe Hkh ,d egkHkwr
gSA i`Foh dh mRifÙk rFkk blls lacfU/kr fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dk fopkj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa
foLr`r :i ls fd;k x;k gS A czek.M esa Hkwfe dh fLFkfr] ç—fr] Lo:i] ifjf/k
çek.k vkfn fo"k;ksa dk foLr`r foospu gesa çkIr gksrk gSA i`Foh ds vk/kqfud Kku ls
ge lHkh voxr gS A oLrqr% T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vuqlkj i`Foh dh 'kqHkrk ,oa blesa
fo|eku fofHkUu inkFkZ vkfn dk foospu ge çLrqr 'kh"kZd ds ek/;e ls djsaxs
Ai`Foh ij o`{kksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gS D;ksafd i;kZoj.k dks larqfyr djus esa o`{k
;k ouLifr vkfn dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gS A o`{kk;qosZnk/;k; ds çkjEHk esa gh
ojkgfefgj dgrs gSa fd okih] dwi] rkykc vkfn tyk'k;ksa ds fdukjs ij m|ku ;k
cxhpk yxkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ty ls ifjiw.kZ LFky ;fn Nk;k jfgr gks rks os 'kksHkk
ugha ikrkA
cxhps ;k m|ku dh LFkkiuk vFkok fuekZ.k gsrq dksey Hkwfe vPNh gksrh gSA ftl
Hkwfe esa cxhpk ¼cgqr lkjs o`{k½ yxkuk gks mlesa igys fry dks cksuk pkfg,] rFkk
blds ckn tc os fry Qwy tk;sa] rc mudks mlh Hkwfe esa enZu dj nsuk pkfg, A
;g Øe Hkwfe dk çFke laLdkj ekuk tkrk gSA
lcls igys m|ku ;k cxhps esa ;k ?kj ds lehi
pkgj fnokjh esa v'kksd] f'kjh"k] iqUukx] fç;axq ¼dqdquh½ ds o`{k yxkus pkfg, A ;s
lHkh 'kqHknk;d ekus tkrs gSa A vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj ds er esa ;s lHkh o`{k
vfj"Vuk'kd ,oa eaxy Qynk;d gSA
blh Øe esa vf/kd ty okys o`{kksa dks yxkus ds miØe dh tkudkjh nsrs gq;s
ojkgfefgj dgrs gSa fd tkequ] osr] xwyj] vtqZu] fctkSjk] iUtqy] eäeky] nk[k]
okuhj] dnEc] cMgj] nkfMe] fryd] djgy] frfej] vVckt ;s lksyg çdkj ds
o`{k] tyçn ¼vf/kd ty okys ns'k½ Hkwfe ij yxkus pkfg, A
o`{k yxkus ds Øe dk fooj.k nsrs gq;s ojkgfefgj crkrs gS fd ,d o`{k ls nwljs
o`{k ds chp] yxHkx chl gkFk dk vUrj gksuk pkfg,] lksyg gkFk dk vUrj e/;e
vkSj ckjg gkFk dk vUrj v/ke ekuk x;k gSA ojkgfefgj dgrs gS fd ;fn ,d o`{k
nwljs o`{k ds lehi gksxk rks nksuksa ijLij Li'kZ djsaxs vkSj nksuksa dh tM+s bdëh
gksxhaA ,sls esa o`{k ihfM+r gksrs gS rFkk vPNh rjg ls Qy ugha nsrsA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vuqlkj dye yxkus ds çdkj
o fof/k bl çdkj crk;k x;k gS fd dVgj] tkeqy] cMgj] nkfMe] nk[k] v'kksd]
dsyk] ikyhor] fctkSjk] vfreqäd] bu o`{kksa dh 'kk[kkvksa dks ysdj xkscj esa yhi
dj dVs gq;s fotkrh; o`{k dh ewy ;k 'kk[kk ij yxkdj tksM+ nsa] blls ogk¡ u;k
o`{k mRiUu gks tkrk gS A ;gh çfØ;k dye yxkus dh T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vuqlkj
crk;h xbZ gSA
vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj us ^o`{kk;qosZnk/;k;* esa
peRdkjh o`{k&çdj.k ij Hkh vR;ar mR—"B rjhds ls çdk'k Mkyk gSA mudk
dguk gS fd ylksMs ds cht ds vadksy Qy ds Hkhrj ds ty ls Hkkouk nsdj Nk;k
esa lq[kk nsuk pkfg,A ;g çfØ;k dqy lkr ckj djsaA fQj ml cht dks HkSal ds
xkscj ls f?kldj] HkSal ds lw[ks xkscj ds <sj ij j[k nsaA rRi'pkr~ vksyksa ls Hkhxh
gqbZ feêh esa mu chtksa dks cksuk pkfg, ftlls ,d fnu esa Qy;qä ikS/kk yx
tk;sxkA
bruk gh ugha vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj us rRdky rR{k.k ikS/kk mRiUu djus dh fof/k
crkrs gq;s dgk gS fd vadksy o`{k ds Qy ds dYd ¼lkj½ ;k rsy ls vFkok
'ys"ekrd ¼ylksM+s½ ds Qy ds dYd ;k rsy ls lkS ckj Hkkouk nsdj] vksyksa ls
Hkhxh gqbZ feêh esa ftl cht dks cksoa]s og mlh {k.k iSnk gks tkrk gS] rFkk mldh
'kk[kk Qyksa ds Hkkj ls >qd tkrh gSA cqf)eku~ yksxksa dks bl ij vk'p;Z ugha djuk
pkfg,sA
bl lUnHkZ esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL=
ds ojkgfefgj dgrs gS fd vf/kd 'khr] ok;q vkSj vf/kd /kwi yxus ls o`{kksa ds jksx
gks tkrk gSA jksxh o`{kksa ds iÙks ihys iM+ tkrs gSA vadqj ugha c<+rs] Mkfy;k lw[k
tkrh gS vkSj jl Vidus yxrk gSA
132
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj ds vuqlkj bu jksxh o`{kksa dh fpfdRlk djuh
pkfg;sA igys o`{k dk tks vax iwoksZä fodkj ls ;qr gks] mldks 'kL= ls dkV Mkysa]
fQj ok; foMax] ?k`r vkSj dhpM+ dks feykdj o`{kksa esa ysi djsa] ckn esa fefJr ty
ls lhpsa rks o`{k jksx eqä gks tk;sxkA
o`{k ij ;fn Qy u yxs ;k Qy yxdj u"V gks tk;s rks ,slh fLFkfr esa dqyFkh]
mM+n] ewax] fry] tkS bu lc dks nw/k esa Mkydj vkSVkosa] fQj ml nw/k dks BaMk
djds] mlls o`{k esa lhpsa rks fu'p; gh ml o`{k ds Qy vkSj Qwyksa esa o`f) gksxhA
HksM+ vkSj cdjh dh esaxu ¼HksM+kjh½ dk pw.kZ nks vkBd] fry ,d vkBd] lÙkw ¼lrqvk½
,d çLFk] ty ,d æks.k] bu lcdks feyk dj ,d ik= esa lkr fnu rd j[ksa vkSj
rRi'pkr~ mlls o`{k xqYe o yrkvksa dks lhaps] fu'p; gh Qy&Qwy dh o`f) gksxhA
;fn fdlh o`{k ij iq"i dfBukbZ ls yxrs gksa rks ml o`{k ds cht ds ?k`r yxk;s
gq;s gkFk ls pqiM+ dj nw/k esa Mky nsaA bl rjg nl fnu rd djrk jgsA ckn esa
ml cht ds xkscj esa vusd ckj eydj Nk;k esa lq[kk nsuk pkfg,A blds ckn
lw[kus ij lwvj vkSj fgj.k ds ekal dk /kwi nsosaA ml cht ds fry cksdj
'kq)&laLdkfjr gh gqbZ tehu ij yxkosa ,oa nw/k fefJr ty ls lhaps rks iq"i ;qr
o`{k mRiUu gksxkA blds lkFk gh beyh ds o`{k] dfiRFk ds o`{k ,oa vU; vusd
çdkj ds o`{kksa dks yxkus dh fof/k bl v/;k; es Hkyh&Hkkfr le>kbZ xbZ gSA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vkpk;Z okjkgfefgj dks o`{k ds Åijh lrg ij f[kys Qy&Qwy]
iq"i&iÙks o 'kk[kkvksa ds ckjs esa] vfirq o`{k ds Hkhrj] mldh tM+ksa ds uhps dh oLrq
fLFkfr dk Hkh Kku FkkA lkFk gh lkFk veqd o`{k dks [kksnus ij fdrus gkFk uhps]
D;k leL;k feysxh\ bR;kfn fo"k;ksa ij Hkh vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj us lEiw.kZ o.kZu bu
v/;k;ksa esa fd;k gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa xzg fo'ks"k ds fy, o`{k fo'ks"k Hkh cryk, x,
gSa ;Fkk&
AA
vr% ;g fu%lUnsg dgk tk ldrk gS fd czãk.M ds lkFk&lkFk ekuo 'kjhj esa Hkh
ok;q dk gh çk/kkU; gSA vk;qosZn esa blds egÙo dks crykrs gq, dgk x;k gS&
AA
bl çdkj ge lHkh tkurs gSa dh ok;q dk LoPN gksuk fdruk vko';d gS i;kZoj.k
ds fy, A ok;q esa fodkj gksus ls i;kZoj.k çHkkfor gks tkrk gSA
ge fofHkUu vkdk'k LFkkuh; [kxksyh; ?kVukvksa ,oa muds çHkko dks le>us dk
ç;kl djrs gSaA
ge çk;% vkdk'k esa fdlh pedhys rkjs dks VwV dj fxjrk gqvk
ns[krs gSa] oLrqr% ;g mYdk gS] tks pedhys d.k&ls fc[ksjrh gqbZ&lh i`Foh ry ij
cM+s&cM+s dks;ys ;k jk[k dh vk—fr esa fxjrh gSA ojkgfefgj us ¼1½ f/k".;k ¼2½
mYdk ¼3½ v'kfu ¼4½ fctyh ¼5½ rkjk bu ik¡p Hksnksa esa mYdk dks foHkkftr fd;kA
mYdk 15 fnu esa] f/k".;k 15 fnu esa] v'kfu rhu i{k ¼iSarkfyl fnu½ esa] fctyh N%
fnu esa] blh rjg rkjk N% fnu esa Qy nsrh gSA ¼c`gr~lafgrk mYdky{k.k v/;k;½
137
o"kkZ ds le; es?k;qr vkdk'k esa ok;q esa O;kIr tyd.kksa
ls lw;Z fdj.k Vdjk dj]vusd o.kZ;qä /kuq"kkdkj tks fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] yksx mlh dks
bUæ/kuq"k dgrs gSaAv[k.M i`Foh esa yxk gqvk] mTToy] fueZy] vfody] vusd o.kZ
;qr] nks ckj mfnr ;k if'pe esa fLFkr bUæ/kuq"k fn[kkbZ ns rks 'kqHk Qy vkSj cgqr
o`f"V djus okyk gksrk gSA ;fn vuko`f"V ds le; iwoZ fn'kk esa bUæ/kuq"k fn[kkbZ ns
rks o`f"V vkSj o`f"V ds le; fn[kkbZ ns rks vuko`f"V djrk gSA if'pe fn'kk esa fLFkr
bUæ/kuq"k lnk o`f"V djrk gSA ojkgfefgj dgrs gSa fd ;fn jkf= ds le; iwoZ fn'kk
esa bUæ/kuq"k fn[kkbZ ns rks jktk dks ihfM+r djrk gS rFkk nf{k.k fn'kk esa fn[kkbZ ns
rks lsukifr] if'pe esa ç/kku iq#"k vkSj mÙkj esa bUæ/kuq"k fn[kkbZ ns rks eU=h dk
uk'k djrk gSA^^
mRikrksa dh O;k[;k djrs gq;s ojkgfefgj dgrs gSa fd
nsoewfrZ ;k nsoLFkkuksa dk fcuk dkj.k QVuk] vpkud mYdkikr] fnXnkg] Hk;adj
ok;q ;k /kwfy la?kkr] ;k=k ds le; xkM+h dk myVuk] fcuk ckny ds cjlkr]
fodkj;qr ok;q ds lkFk o`f"V] fcuk vfXu dh Tokyk] jkf= dks bUæ/kuq"k fn[kkbZ nsuk]
lU/;k esa fodkj] ou esa jgus okys i'kqvksa dk xkao esa vkuk] vpkud o`{k dh 'kk[k
VwV dj fxj tkuk] ,d tkfr ds i'kq dk nwljh ds lkFk eSFkqu djuk] vkdk'k esa
rqjgh dk ctuk] _rqvksa ds foijhr y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsuk rFkk ç—fr ds fo#)
vugksuh ?kVukvksa ds ?kfVr gksus dks mRikr dgrs gSaA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa vk"kk<+ 'kqDy iwf.kZek ds fnu ok;q dh ijh{kk
dk fo/kku gSA D;ksafd bl fnu leqæ ds rjaxkxz ¼ekulwu½ ls pkfyr gksus ds dkj.k
?kwerh gqbZ] pUæ o lw;Z dh jf'e;ksa dk laLi'kZ djrh gqbZ ok;q vkdk'k esa pyrh gSA
dq'ky nSoK bl ok;q ds çokg o fn'kk&fofn'kk ds Hksn dks xzg.k djds iwjs o"kZ dk
foospu djrs gSaA ojkgfefgj dgrs gSa fd vk"kk< 'kqDy iwf.kZek ds fnu lw;kZLr le;
esa ;fn iwohZ gok pys rks /ku&/kkU;ksa esa le`f)] olUr _rq o 'kkjnh; Qlysa Js"B
gksrh gSaA vçfrgr xfrokyh ok;q vkXus; dks.k dh pys rks o"kZ i;ZUr i`Foh vfXu
dh Tokyk ls tyrh jgsA nf{k.k fn'kk dh ok;q pys rks es?k —i.k euq"; dh rjg
FkksM+k ty NksM+rk gSA uS_R; rjQ ls gok pys rks Hkw[k] I;kl ls ejs gq, euq";ksa
dh gfì;ksa ds VqdM+ksa ls i`Foh çsr&o/kw dh rjg fn[kykbZ nsrh gSA ;fn gok if'pe
fn'kk dh gks rks /ku&/kkU; ls mUeÙk jktk yksx ¼egRodka{kh O;fä½ vkil esa ;q)
djrs gSa] i`Foh jaftr jgrh gSA gok ;fn ok;O; dks.k dh gks rks fofo/k /kkU;ksa dh
mRifÙk] çtktu o"kkZ ds ty dh /kkjk ls vkufUnr jgrs gSa ,oa i`Foh ij lq[k dh
ckgqY;rk jgrh gSA mÙkjfn'kk dh gok Hkh i`Foh dks ty ls iw.kZ ¼r`Ir½ dj nsrh gSA
ok;q ;fn bZ'kkudks.k dh pys rks Qlysa lgh le; ij gksaxh ,oa mÙke gksaxhA o"kkZ
ls yksx vkufUnr jgsaxAs /keZekxZ ij pyrk gqvk jktk 'k=qvksa dks o'k esa j[krs gq;s]
czkã.kksa dh j{kk djsxkA^^¼c`gr~lafgrk½
bl çdkj fnXnkg] HkwdEi&y{k.k] mYdkikr] bUæ/kuq"k] mRikr] okrpØ] ifjos"k]
jtksy{k.k] fu?kkZr] bR;kfn çk—frd fda ok vçk—frd ?kVukvksa dks jksd ikuk ;k
fu;fU=r djuk euq"; ds o'k ds ckgj dh ckr gS] ijUrq ;g lkspuk fd fofHkUu
mRikrksa dh mRifÙk dk D;k dkj.k gS\ vkSj muls cpus ds D;k mik; djus pkfg,\
djus pkfg,] ;g fpUru ekuoh; cqf) dh Js"Brk dks yf{kr djrk gS] tks mls vU;
çkf.k;ksa ls vyx [kM+k djrk gSA Kku&foKku og [ktkuk gS tks gesa bu dqnjrh
foinkvksa ls cpus dk ekxZ lq>krk gS] ;g fu'p; gh ekuo&lH;rk ds fy;s vewY;
gSA vk"kZ opuksa vFkok futh vuqHkoksa ls vfj"V&dFku dj nsuk vkSj ckr gS rFkk
vukgwr vfj"V çlaxksa ls cpus dk jkLrk lq>kuk fcYdqy vyx ckr gSA ;gka foKku
138
dh iw.kZ lkFkZdrk dk çlax [kM+k gksrk gSA eku ysa fpfdRlk foKku gesa fdlh
chekjh ds dkj.k vkSj mifLFkfr ds iw.kZ y{k.k nsrk gS] ijUrq bykt ugha crkrk rks
,slk foKku D;k dke dk\ ,d M‚DVj gesa chekjh rks crk nsrk gS] ijUrq mls Bhd
djus ds mik; ugha lq>krk rks ,sls M‚DVj ls D;k ykHk\ funku ds fcuk] fuo`fÙk ds
mik; u crkosa rks T;ksfr"k dh mi;ksfxrk ij ç'uokpd fpUg yx tk;sxkA ;g
cM+h çlUurk dk fo"k; gS fd T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fofHkUu çk—frd çdksiksa rFkk
vukgwr&mRikrksa ls cpus ds fy;s rU=&eU=] mikluk] ;K o nku ds ek/;e ls
muds fujkdj.k ds lVhd mik; iw.kZ&fo/kku ds lkFk çLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA
ekuo thou ds çR;sd i{k esa i;kZoj.k dk fo'ks"k çHkko jgrk gSA pkgs uSlfxZd
i;kZoj.k gks ;k HkkSfrd çR;sd ds vlarqyu ls lq[ke; ekuo thou laHko ugha gSaA
çk—frd i;kZoj.k ds çHkkoksa dks rks geus mi;qZä fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls tkuus dk
ç;kl fd;k fd fdl çdkj gekjs thou ds fy, ç—frd i;kZoj.k dk larqfyr
gksuk vkok';d gksrk gS buds vlarqfyr gksus ls gekjk thou cgqr vf/kd çHkkfor
gks tkrk gSA çk—frd i;kZoj.k dks larqfyr djus esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk Hkh fo'ks"k
;ksxnku ,oa mi;ksfxrk gSA
çk—frd i;kZoj.k ds lkFk gh lkFk HkkSfrd ;k ekuo fufeZr i;kZoj.k dk Hkh ekuo
thou esa cgqr vf/kd çHkko jgrk gS pkgs fQj og lkaL—frd i;kZoj.k] vk/;kfRed
i;kZoj.k] lkekftd i;kZoj.k] jktuSfrd i;kZoj.k] nk'kZfudi;kZoj.k] 'kSf{kdi;kZoj.k]
rduhdh i;kZoj.k gksA bu lcdk larqyu Hkh cgqr vf/kd ekuo thou dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA ;fn O;fä ds thou esa mi;qZä i;kZoj.k esa vlarqyu gks tk, rks O;fä
fdlh u fdlh :i ls vo'; çHkkfor jgrk gSa D;ksafd bl ekuo thou esa O;fä
dks lkekftd] lkaL—frd ,oa vk/;kfRed xq.kksa ls ;qä gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;fn
bu xq.kksa dk vHkko gksrs gS rks og ekuo thou esa dbZ nq"—R;ksa dks laikfnr djrk
gS] ftlls lekt esa dbZ vuSfrd dk;Z gksus yxrs gSa] ,oa lekt esa ,d Hk;;qä
okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gSA orZeku dky esa bl çdkj ds i;kZoj.k ds
vlarqyu dks ge çR;{k vuqHko dj jgs gSa A yksxksa dk pkfjf=d iru gksrk tk jgk
gS] >wB] vkradokn] ekuo] ekuo dk nq'eu gksrk tk jgk gS ftlls fd ,d LoLFk
lekt dh ladYiuk esa O;o/kku çrhr gks jgk gSA bl çdkj ds i;kZoj.k ds
vlUrqyu dks larqfyr djus esa gekjh lkaL—frd fojklr cgqr gn rd lQy gS
D;ksafd laL—r 'kkL=ksa ds v/;;u v/;kiu ls euq"; Kku rks çkIr djrk gh gS
vfirq lekt esa fdl çdkj ft;k tk;s ,oa dh Hkkouk dk
fodkl Hkh Lo;a gh gks tkrk gS A bu lc esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk Hkh viuk fof'k"V
LFkku gSA ekuo thou ds fofHkUu laLdkj gks ;k [kxksyh; ?kVukvksa dk 'kqHkk'kqHk
Qy dFku] fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks 'kqHk dky esa djus laca/kh Kku gks ;k ekuo 'kjhj ds
LokLF; laca/kh fodkj dk mipkj xzg mikluk vkfn ds ek/;e ls T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa
fd;k tkrk gSA vr% T;ksfr"k 'kkL= i;kZoj.k fo"k;d Kku ,oa larqfyr okrkoj.k
fuekZ.k esa fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA
çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls geus tkuk fd i;kZoj.k gsrq T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh egrh
mi;ksfxrk gSA i;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa rjQ fo|eku vkoj.k gS tks gesa çfriy
çHkkfor djrk gSA i;kZoj.k eq[;r% çk—frd ,oa ekuofufeZr :i ls gekjs vklikl
fo|eku gS bu nksuksa dk larqyu gksuk gh LoLFk i;kZoj.k dgykrk gS ijarq vkt ds
139
;qx esa çk—frd ,oa ekuo fufeZr i;kZoj.k nksuksa dk larqyu dgha u dgha Bhd ugha
gS blds vlarqyu dks Bhd djuk cgqr vko';d gSA bu lHkh fo"k;ksa esa T;ksfr"k
'kkL= dh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk gSA pkgs ge LFky e.My lacfU/kr i;kZoj.k dh ckr djsa
;k tyh; i;kZoj.k ;k vkdk'k LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ;k ok;q i;kZoj.k ;k fQj ekuo
fufeZr i;kZoj.k budks ge T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds Kku ls larqfyr dj ldus esa lQYk
gks ldrs gSa A gekjs lafgrk vkfn xzaFkksa ds ek/;e ls blds Kku dks geus tkuk A
vr% i;kZoj.k vkSj T;ksfr"k fo"k;d ;g bdkbZ gekjs Kku ,oa i;kZoj.k ds çfr
tkx:drk ds lkFk&lkFk T;ksfr"k fo"k;d Kku dkç;ksx i;kZoj.k gsrq djus ds fy,
vR;ar mi;ksxh gS A
;s xzUFk fdlh Hkh izdk'ku ,oa laLdj.k ds gks ldrs gSaA vfHkizk; ewy ls gSA
1- fl)kUr f'kjksef.k & HkkLdjkpk;Z
2- c`gRlafgrk & ojkgfefgj
3- c`gTtkrd & ojkgfefgj
4- vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj dk T;ksfr"k esa ;ksxnku & Mk Hkkstjkt f}osnh
5- vk;ZHkVh; & vk;ZHkê
6- Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k & f'koukFk >kj[kaMh
7- eqgwrZfparef.k& Jh jkenSoK
8- fl)kUr T;ksfr"k eatw"kk & çks0 fou; dqekj ik.Ms;
9- Internet / wikipedia
140
4-0 mís';
4-1 çLrkouk
4-2 LokLF; vkSj T;ksfr"k
4-2-1 LokLF;
4-2-2 LokLF; dk T;ksfr"kh; lEcU/k
4-2-3 LokLF; ifjKku ds T;ksfr"kh; vk/kkj
4-3 LokLF; fopkjd çeq[k T;ksfr"kh; ;ksx
4-3-1 LokLF; fopkj dh T;ksfr"kh; mi;ksfxrk
4-4 lkjka'k
4-5 'kCnkoyh
4-6 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
4-7 cks/k ç'u
ftlds rhuksa nks"k ¼okr] fiÙk ,oa dQ½ leku gksa] tBjkfXu le vFkkZr~ u vf/kd
rhoz]vkSj u gh vfr eUn gks] ,oa 'kjhj dks /kkj.k djus okyh lkr /kkrq,a ¼jl] jä]
ekal] esn] vfLFk] eTtk vkSj oh;Z½ dk vuqikr mfpr ek=k esa gksa] lkFk gh lkFk
ey&ew= dh fØ;k,a Hkyh çdkj laikfnr gksrh gksa vkSj nlksa bfUæ;ka ¼vka[k] dku]
ukd] Ropk] jluk] gkFk] iSj] ftºok] xqnk vkSj miLFk½] eu vkSj lcdh Lokeh vkRek
Hkh çlUu gks] ,sls gh O;fä dks LoLFk dgk tkrk gSA
ekuo ;fn /keZ esa fo'okl j[krk gSa vkSj Lo;a dks /kkfeZd dgrk gSa] rks mls vius
'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kuk mldk igyk drZO; ekuk x;k gS D;ksafd ;fn gekjk 'kjhj
gh LoLFk ugha gS] rks gekjk thou Hkkj&Lo:i gks tkrk gSA gekjs osnksa esa fujUrj
deZjr jgrs gq, lkS o"kZ rd thus dk vkns'k fn;k x;k gS ;Fkk&
vFkkZr~ ^gs euq";! bl lalkj esa deZ djrs gq, lkS
o"kZ rd thus dh bPNk djA^
osnksa esa bZ'oj ls çkFkZuk dh xbZ gS&
vFkkZr~ ge lkS o"kksaZ rd ns[ksa] lkS o"kksaZ rd ft,a] lkS o"kksaZ rd lqusa] lkS o"kksaZ rd
cksyas vkSj lkS o"kksaZ rd vkRefuHkZj jgs]a ,oa bZ'oj dh —ik ls ge lkS o"kZ ls vf/kd
Hkh oSls gh jgsaA^bl çdkj gekjs /keZ xzUFkksa esa LokLF; dk vR;f/kd egRo n'kkZ;k
x;k gSA
blh çdkj iw.kZ LokLF; ds fo"k; esa fo'o LokLF; laxBu Hkh viuh ifjHkk"kk bl
çdkj nsrk gS fd ÞnSfgd] ekufld vkSj lkekftd :i ls iw.kZr% LoLFk gksuk
¼leL;k&foghu gksuk½ gh LokLF; gSAÞ vFkok Þfdlh ekuo ¼euq";½ dh ekufld]
'kkjhfjd ,oa lkekftd #i ls O;ofLFkr gksus dh n'kk dks LokLF; dgrs gSaAÞ
LokLF; dsoy jksx ;k nqcZyrk dh vuqifLFkfr gh ugha cfYd ,d iw.kZ 'kkjhfjd]
ekufld vkSj lkekftd [kq'kgkyh dh fLFkfr gSA LoLFk yksx viuh nSfud
xfrfof/k;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vkSj fdlh Hkh ifjos'k ds vuqlkj viuk vuqdwyu
142 djus esa ifjiw.kZ gksrs gSaA jksx u gksuk ,d okaNuh; fLFkfr gS ysfdu ;g LokLF; dks
iw.kZr;k ifjHkkf"kr ugha djrk gSA ;g LokLF; ds fy, ,d dlkSVh ugha gS vkSj bls
vdsys LokLF; fuekZ.k ds fy, i;kZIr Hkh ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA oLrqr% LoLFk
gksus dk okLrfod vFkZ ;g gS fd vius vki ij /;ku dsafær djrs gq, thou thus
ds LoLFk rjhdksa dks viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn ge ,d vfHkUu O;fäRo dh bPNk
j[krs gSa rks gesa ges'kk çlUu jguk pkfg, vkSj eu esa bl ckr dk Hkh ges'kk /;ku
j[kuk pkfg, fd LokLF; ds igyw fHkUu fHkUu gksrs gSa A vr% vxj ge vius thou
dks dksbZ vFkZ çnku djuk pkgrs gS rks gesa LokLF; ds bu fofHkUu vk;keksa dks ,d
lkFk tksM+uk iM+sxkA okLro esa] vPNs LokLF; dh dYiuk lexz LokLF; dk uke gS
ftlesa 'kkjhfjd LokLF;] ekufld LokLF;] ckSf)d LokLF;] vk/;kfRed LokLF;
vkSj lkekftd LokLF; Hkh 'kkfey gSA 'kkjhfjd LoLFk gksuk ,dek= vk/kkj ugha gSA
LoLFk gksus dk eryc ekufld vkSj HkkoukRed :i ls LoLFk gksuk gSA LoLFk jguk
gekjh lexz thou 'kSyh dk fgLlk gksuk pkfg,A ,d LoLFk thou 'kSyh thus ls
iqjkuh chekfj;ksa vkSj nh?kZdkfyd chekfj;ksa dks jksdus esa fuf'pr rkSj ij enn fey
ldrh gSA vius ckjs esa vPNk eglwl djuk vkSj vius LokLF; dk [;ky j[kuk
vkids vkRe&lEeku vkSj vkRe&Nfo ds fy, vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA blhfy,
vius 'kjhj ds fy, tks lgh gS mls djds LoLFk thou'kSyh cuk, j[kuk pkfg, A
vki cgqr lkjs O;k;ke dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu mfpr iks"k.k ¼Hkkstu½ ds fcuk ;g lc
vçHkkoh gks tk,xkA
LokLF; fo"k;d çkphu ,oa orZeku dky esa Hkh vR;ar çklafxd ,oa mi;ksxh 'kkL=
vk;qoZns gS lkFk gh lkFk LokLF; gsrq vktdy fpfdRlk foKku Hkh viuh egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA oLrqr% /kkfeZd fØ;k&dyki ds lEiknu ds fy, LoLFk eu
dh vko';drk gSA LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk eu dk fuokl gksrk gSA vr% 'kkjhfjd
LoLFkrk çkIr djuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA 'kjhj rHkh LoLFk gksxk tc og fujksx
gksA fujksx dkSu gS \ bldk fopkj ge fuEufyf[kr çdkj ls djrs gSa& egf"kZ pjd
us pjd i{kh ls iwNk gS& dks·#d~ \ uhjksx dkSu gS \ pjd i{kh us mÙkj fn;k
tks O;fä fgrdkjd oLrq dk Hkkstu djrk] fer
vkgkj djrk gS vFkkZr~ vko';drkuqlkj Hkkstu djrk gS rFkk le;kuqlkj Hkkstu
djrk gS ogh uhjksx gSA bl çdkj ls ge ns[krs gSa fd mi;qZä rhu fu;eksa ds
O;frØe ls çk.kh jksxh gksrk gSA bl çdkj ls euq"; vusd jksxksa ls xzLr gks tkrk
gS A vusd jksxksa ds dkj.k Hkh dbZ gksrs gSaA fpfdRlk 'kkL=ksa esa funku vFkkZr~ dkj.k
vkSj fpfdRlk dk fooj.k fofHkUu vkpk;ksaZ us fofHkUu çdkj ls fn;k gS A ;s vkpk;Z
vk;qoZns kpk;Z ;k fpfdRld dgykrs gSa D;ksafd jksx dk Kku djus ds fy, rFkk
vk;q dh o`f) ds fy, mik;ksa dk foospu lE;d~ :i ls bu yksxksa us fd;k gSA
vk;qoZns kpk;ksaZ esa çfl) vkpk;Z tSls &&pjd] lqJqr] okxHkê vkfn gSa A
oLrqr% T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ,oa vk;qosZn ;k fpfdRlk foKku dk ijLij fo'ks"k lEcU/k gS
D;ksafd T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds Kku ds }kjk jksxh dh p;kZ] ps"Vk] lokZ³~xy{k.k] vk—fr]
,oa mldh dq.Myh esa jksxksa ds fofo/k ;ksxksa dk v/;;u dj ;g tkuk tk ldrk
gS] fd tks jksx gS og dc rd jgsxk vkSj fdruk xaHkhj gksxk \ lkFk gh lkFk ;g
jksx dc rd Bhd gksxk \ fpfdRlk djus okys fpfdRld ds ijke'kZ ,oa çpfyr
vkS"kf/k ds }kjk bl jksx ls ykHk gksxk ;k ugha \ bR;kfn A ;s ,sls dqN ç'u gSa
ftudk lek/kku vk;qoZns 'kkL= esa ugha crk;k x;k] vfirq T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa budk
foLrkj iwoZd 'kkL=h; jhfr ls foospu fd;k x;k gSA blhfy, çkphu dky esa
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds Kku dh fpfdRlk 'kkL= esa ije mi;ksfxrk dks /;ku j[kdj
143
dh dgkor çpfyr gqbZ gksxhA ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g
gS fd lk/kkj.k O;fä Hkh bl 'kkL= ds lE;d~ Kku ls vusd jksxksa ls cp ldrk
gSA D;ksafd ge tkurs gSa fd vf/kdka'k jksx lw;Z ,oa pUæek ds fo'ks"k çHkko ds
dkj.k mRiUu gksrs gSa A ftl çdkj pUæek viuh xfr] fLFkfr ,oa dykvksa dh
ºzkl&o`f) }kjk leqæ ds ty esa mFky&iqFky epkrk gS] mlh çdkj gekjs 'kjhj ds
jä çokg esa] Luk;qe.My esa rFkk eukso`fÙk;ksa esa viuk çHkko Mkydj tks euq";
fucZy gksrk gS] mls jksxh cuk nsrk gSA blhfy, T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds }kjk pUæek ds
rÙo vkfn dks tkudj v"Veh] vekoL;k ,oa iwf.kZek dks oSls gh rÙo okys inkFkksaZ
ds lsou ij vkRefu;U=.k j[kdj euq"; jksxksa ds vkØe.k ls cp ldrk gSA vr%
LokLF; dk T;ksfr"kh; lEcU/k vR;ar ?kfu"B gSA LokLF; esa T;ksfr"k dh egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
vk;qoZns esa deZçdksi ,oa nks"kçdksi ds dkj.k jksx dks mRiUu gksuk ekuk x;k gSA
vkpk;Z dYg.k ds er esa lkekU;r;k vuqfpr vkgkj ,oa fogkj ls 'kjhj esa jksx
mRiUu gksrs gSA fdUrq tc O;fä _rq ds vuqlkj vkgkj ,oa fogkj djrk gks]
l}`fÙk gks ,oa jksxksRifÙk dk ekSle Hkh u gks vkSj ,slh fLFkfr esa vpkud jksx
mRiUu gks tk; rks ml jksx dks deZtU;jksx ekuuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ gekjs iwoZ deksaZ
ds dkj.k ;g jksx mRiUu gqvkA tSlk dgk gS &
147
ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd dqaMyh esa ckjg
Hkko gksrs gSa ftudh laKk;sa i`Fkd~ i`Fkd~ gksrh gS] tSls çFke Hkko dh ruq] f}rh;
Hkko dh /ku] r`rh; Hkko dh lgt] prqFkZ Hkko dh lq[k]iape Hkko dh lqr] "k"B Hkko
dh jksx] lIre Hkko dh tk;k¼iRuh ½] v"Ve Hkko dh e`R;q] uoe Hkko dh HkkX;¼/keZ½]
n'ke Hkko dh deZ] ,dkn'k Hkko dh vk;¼ykHk½ rFkk }kn'k Hkko dh O;; gksrh gS A
;Fkk &
LokLF; laca/kh fopkj ds dbZ ;ksx xzg & jkf'k & Hkko vkfn ds ek/;e T;ksfr"k
'kkL= esa crk;s x;s gSaA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa jksxksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA ;Fkk
ç'uekxZ ds vuqlkj &
LokLF; fopkj Øe esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk vR;f/kd gSA LokLF; dk Kku
ge tUedqaMyh esa xzgksa ,oa Hkkoksa dh fLFkfr ls djrs gSaA fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
LokLF; ij çfrdwy çHkko gks ldrk gS bldk Kku gksus ls ge ml çfrdwy çHkko
dks de djus esa fuf'pr gh lQy gks ldrs gSaA bl çfrdwy çHkko ;k jksx ls
fuo`fÙk ;k U;wurk ge T;ksfr"kh; mipkj i)fr ls dj ldrs gSaA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds
}kjk jksxksa ds lk/; ;k vlk/;rk dk Kku ge iwoksZä fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls dj
ldrs gSaA tks jksx lk/; gksrs gSa os fpfdRlk vkfn ls 'kh?kz gh Bhd gks tkrs gSaA
lk/; jksxksa ds Bhd gksus ds le; dk Kku ;k jksx fo'ks"k dh dkykof/k dks ge 151
xzgfLFkfr] xkspj dh fLFkfr] jksxkjEHk ds u{k= vkfn ls dj ldrs gSaA blds
vfrfjä ;fn dksbZ jksx n'kk&vUrnZ'kk vkfn ds çHkko ls mRiUu gksrs gSa rks os n'kk
vkfn dh lekfIr ij Lor% gh lekIr gks tkrs gSaA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa xzgksa ds v'kqHk çHkko ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, vusdksa mik; crk,
x, gS tSls jRu/kkj.k]ea= vks"kf/k]nku Luku dk mi;ksx crk;k x;k gSA T;ksfr"k
'kkL= ds xzUFkksa esa xzgksa dh xzgfpfdRlk ij i;kZIr çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSaA lkFk lkFk
xzgfpfdRlk ds çeq[k midj.kksa dk lokaZxh.k rFkk T;ksfr"kh; vk/kkj Hkh crk;k x;k
gS] tSls jRufoKku]ea='kkL=]vkfn xzgksa ds vfu"V çHkko dks nwj djus ds fy, gekjs
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa jRu /kkj.k dh ifjikVh çkphu dky ls çpfyr gSAjRu /kkj.k ds
ihNs dk foKku ls vkt çk;% lHkh yksx bl ckr ls ifjfpr gS fd lkSje.Myh;
okrkoj.k rFkk xzgjf'e;ksa dk çHkko ik"kk.kksa ds jax&:i vkdkj&çdkj ,oa muds
xq.k&/keksaZ dks fujarj çHkkfor djrk gSA
& ç'uekxZ ds vuqlkj &
xsgw¡] xqM] rkez] Lo.kZ] jäpUnu] ekf.kD;] ykyoL=] vyadkj lfgr loRlk
lw;Z
xkSA
eksrh] pkanh] 'osr oL=] ckal ds ik= esa pkoy] ?kh ls Hkjk dqEHk] diwj]
paæek
o`"kHk] ngh ,oa 'ka[kA
xsgaw] xqM+] rkez] Lo.kZ] ykyoL=] jäpUnu] elwj ewaxk] jäcSy] ,oa yky
eaxy
dusj ds QwyA
uhykoL=] gjkiq"i] dkaL;ik=] gkFkh nk¡r] lksuk] nklh] ewx] ?kh] HksM+ ,oa
cq/k
iUukA
ihykoL=] 'kdZjk] pus dh nky] lksuk] gYnh] yo.k] iq[kjkt] ?kksM+k ,oa
xq#
ihys jax dk Qwy A
ghjk] ?k`r] pkoy] diwj] lksuk] fp=fofp= jax dk diM+k] pkanh] xkS] 'osr~]
'kqØ
?kksM+k],oa 'osr~ iq"iA
rsy] HkSal] uhye] mM+n] fry] dEcy] dkykoL=] dqYFkh]—".k xkS ,oa dkys
'kfu
Qwy A
jkgq yksgk] rsy] xksesn] ?kksM+k] fry] dEcy] dkykoL=] pk¡nh] Åu ,oaA
dsrq rSy] 'kL=] oSnw;Z] dLrwjh] uhysQwy] fry] dEcy] Åu] ,oa uedA
xzgksa ds jksx dkjd v'kqHk çHkko dks nwj djus ds fy, xzg tU; vkS"kf/k ls Luku
djus dk fo/kku Hkh crk;k tkrk gS xzgksa dh vkS"kf/k;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa
153
¼eqgrw ZfpUrkef.k & xkspjçdj.k& 'yksd la[;k& 10&11½
çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls geus tkuk fd LokLF; ds fy, T;ksfr"k 'kkL= vR;ar
mi;ksxh gSA D;ksafd ;g 'kkL= LokLF; dh vuqdwyrk ;k çfrdwyrk dk foospu
vius Qykns'k ds fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij djrk gSA ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd
dh tks ;g vo/kkj.kk gS mlds vuqlkj ekuo 'kjhj dks czãkaM
dh lHkh oLrq,a çR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls çHkkfor djrh gSaA blh fl)kUr dks vk/kkj
ekudj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= Hkh vius fl)karksa dk çfriknu djrk gSA ftlesa ekuo 'kjhj
ds LokLF; fo"k;d fl)kar Hkh lfEefyr gSA T;ksfr 'kkL= ds vUrxZr vkpk;ksaZ us
jksxksa ds dkj.k rFkk muds mipkjksa dk fopkj.k lE;d~ :i ls fd;k gSA xzgksa dk
çHkko euq"; ij fuf'pr :i ls iM+rk gSA xzgksa ds chp ikjLifjd 'k=q fe= Hkko
jgrs gSa vkSj rnuqlkj os ,d nwljs dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA xzgksa ds çfrdwy çHkko ds
dkj.k tkrd fofHkUu jksxksa ls xzLr gksrk gS vkSj vuqdwy çHkko ls lq[k&le`f) dks
çkIr djrk gSA vr% çfrdwy çHkko dks nwj djus ds fy, T;ksfr’k 'kkL= esa vkpk;ksaZ
us fofHkUu çdkj ds mipkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls geus
LokLF; ds egRo ,oa vFkZ dks le>k lkFk gh lkFk fdl çdkj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk
LokLF; fo"k;d fparu vR;ar fo'kky gS bldks Hkh tkukA xzgksa ds nq"çHkkoksa dks de
djus ds fy;s muds ea=] nku oLrq,a] vkS"kf/k] jRu vkfn dk Hkh Kku çkIr fd;kA
154
vr% LokLF; fo"k;d T;ksfr"kh; mi;ksfxrk ds Kku o`f) esa çLrqr bdkbZ vR;ar
lgk;d gS A
155
5-0 mís';
5-1 çLrkouk
5-2 fofHkUu leL;k,a vkSj T;ksfr"k
5-2-1 ekuoh; ¼O;fäfo'ks"k ½ leL;k,a
5-2-2 çk—frd leL;k,a
5-2-3 çk—frd leL;kvksa dh 'kkfUr
5-3 leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk
5-3-1 xzg mipkj ds ek/;e ls leL;kvksa dk lek/kku
5-4 lkjka'k
5-5 'kCnkoyh
5-6 cks/kç'u
5-7 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
ekuo vius thou dky esa lq[k çkfIr ds fy;s lnSo ç;Ru'khy jgrk gSA tgka
dbZ ckj ,sls volj vkrs gSa fd O;fä dks ijelq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gS ,oa dbZ ckj
,slk Hkh le; vkrk gS fd og leL;kvksa ds dkj.k nq%f[kr ;k fpafrr jgrk gSA
orZeku dky esa rks dbZ leL;k,¡ gesa –Xxkspj gksrh gSA leL;kvksa ds çdkj dks ;fn
ge le>s rks ge bls nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä dj ldrs gS &
1& ekuoh; leL;k,¡ vkSj 2& çk—frd leL;k,aA ;s nksuksa leL;k,a ekuo dks
çR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls çHkkfor djrh gSa lkFk gh lkFk çk—frd leL;k,¡ lEiw.kZ
çk.kh oxZ dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSaA bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ;k fujkdj.k ds fy,
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= vR;ar midkjd 'kkL= gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= çR;{k :i ls ekuo
dY;k.k gsrq vius uhfr fu;eksa ds ek/;e ls lHkh dk iFk çn'kZu djrk gSA çLrqr
bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls ge fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ,oa fujkdj.k esa T;ksfr"k
'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa leL;kvksa dk T;ksfr"k 'kkL=h; fujkdj.k dh fof/k;ksa dks
tkusaxsA
& ekuo ls lacfU/kr leL;kvksa dks ekuoh; leL;k,¡ dgk
tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ os leL;k,¡ tks ekuo dks çHkkfor djrh gS os lHkh ekuoh;
leL;k,¡ dgykrh gSA leL;kvksa dks ge nq%[k Hkh dg ldrs gSAlka[; 'kkL= ds
vuqlkj lalkj ds lHkh euq"; dsoy rhu nq%[kksa ls nq%[kh gSA
1& vk/;kfRed ¼nSfgd½
2& vkf/knSfod ¼nSfod½
3& vkf/kHkkSfrd ¼HkkSfrd½
& vk/;kfRed nq%[k ¼leL;k,¡½ Hkh nks çdj dk
gksrk gS & ƒ- 'kkjhfjd vkSj „- ekufldA bu nksuksa esa ekufld nq%[k lcls cM+k
157
nq%[knkbZ gSA 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fo—fr;ka gh vk/;kfRed leL;k,sa dgykrh gSaA
'kjhj esa Tojvfrlkj vkfn jksx 'kkjhfjd leL;k,a dgykrh gSa rFkk fç; ds fo;ksx
ls ,oa vfç; ds la;ksx ls ekufld leL;k,a mRiUu gksrh gSaA bUgsa nsg esa mRiUu
gksus ds dkj.k nSfgd leL;k,sa Hkh dg ldrs gSaA nsgtU; vusd jksx vFkok chekjh]
cqHkq{kk] frfr{kk] Øks/k] lUrki vkfn vk/;kfRed leL;k,a gSaA ;s lHkh leL;k,¡
O;fäxr gksrh gSa bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa ef.k] eU=] vkS"kf/k] nku] ti vkfn
dk fo/kku 'kkL=ksa esa feyrk gSA
tks 'kjhj ds jksx gS] ;g 'kkjhfjd rki ¼nq%[k½
dgykrh gSA vki tkurs gh gS vkt cq[kkj gS] rks dy vfrlkj ¼Mk;fj;k½ gS]
vkt CyM çs'kj c<+ x;k rks dy Mk;cVht gks x;kA bruh tfVy 'kjhj dh
cukoV gS fd dksbZ u dksbZ Hkkx xM+cM+ jgrk gh gSA fQj euq"; Hkh vlko/kku
gS fo"k;ksa dk yksyqi gS] dksbZ la;e ls vkgkj fogkj dk O;ogkj ugha djrkA
blfy, lnk çR;sd O;fä fdlh u fdlh jksx ls xzLr ¼ihfM+r½ gSaA ;s fofHkUu
'kkjhfjd jksx ds mRiUu gksus esa xzg ;ksx dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gS
vFkkZr~ T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls buds nq"çHkko dks ge dkQh gn rd nwj
dj ldrs gSaA
ekufld nq%[k gS dke] Øks/k] yksHk] eksg] en] ekRl;Z] ?k`.kk]
bZ"kZ~;k] }s"k] Hk; vkfnA blesa ls rhu çeq[k gSa] dke] Øks/k] yksHkA bu rhuksa esa
çeq[k nq%[k gSa dke ¼gekjh bPNk,a½] tks lalkj lEcU/kh lq[k dh bPNk,a ;gh
lc nq%[kksa dh tuuh gS]a vkSj tks bu lc nq%[kksa dk ewy gS oks gS vKkuA ekuo
çk.kh ges'kk vius thou esa ?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa ds Kku ds fy, ftKklq jgrk
gSA lHkh çdkj dk Kku ge T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls dj ldrs gSaA
çk—frd fnO; leL;k,¡ tc ekuoksa ij viuk çHkko
Mkyrh gSa rc mUgsa vkf/knSfod leL;k dgk tkrk gSA lw;kZfn xzgksa ds vkos'k
ls] Hkwr&çsr&fi'kkpkfn ck/kkvksa ls] 'khr] m".k] o"kkZ] ok;q vkfn ls mRiUu
leL;k,¡ tc ekuoksa ij viuk çR;{k çHkko Mkyrh gSa og vkf/knSfod leL;k,a
dgykrh gSaA vkf/knSfod leL;k,sa O;fäxr ,oa lkewfgd nksuksa çdkj dh gksrh
gSa vf/kdk;r esa bu leL;kvksa dk Lo:i lkewfgd gh gS vr% budh 'kkfUr gsrq
lkewfgd ;K] vuq"Bku vkfn /kkfeZd dk;ksaZ ls gh funku Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
vkf/kHkkSfrd nq%[k nwljs thoksa ¼euq";ksa½ ds
dkj.k feyrs gSA tSls ge rks viuk dke dj jgs Fks] ysfdu oks O;fä vk;k
vkSj gekjs dke ij ikuh Qsj fn;kA ge jkLrs ij py jgs Fks gekjh dksbZ
xyrh ugha vkSj ckbd ls VDdj gks x;hA ;g vkf/kHkkSfrd nq%[k gSA
vkf/kHkkSfrd leL;k,¡] vuk;kl gh gksrh gSaA euq";ksa] i'kqvksa] if{k;ksa ,oa liZna'k
vkfn vU; thoksa ls çkIr leL;k,¡] vdkj.k cSj] fojks/k] vdky ;k egkekjh]
çk—frd çdksi] HkwdEi ;k Qlyksa dk u"V gks tkuk vkfn leL;k,¡
vkf/kHkkSfrd leL;k,a gSaA vkUrfj{k ,oa HkkSe leL;k,a tc ekuo leqnk; ij
viuk çHkko Mkyrh gSa rc og vkf/kHkkSfrd leL;kvksa dk Lo:i /kkj.k dj
ysrh gSaA
bUgha ds lkFk&lkFk lkekU; :i ls ekuo tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;ZUr vusd
leL;kvksa dks vius thou esa ikrk gS fQj pkgs og fofHkUu dk;ksaZ ds lEiknu ds
fy, 'kqHk eqgwrZ dk Kku djuk gks] ;k=k vkfn dk fopkj gks] vkthfodk] f'k{kk]
fookg] fofHkUu jksx vkfn dk Kku gks ,oa mudk lek/kku] vk;q fu/kkZj.k] thou esa
158
?kVus okyh v'kqHk ?kVukvksa dk Kku gks ;k iwokZuqeku] Hkou vkfn ds 'kqHkk'kqHk dk
Kku gks bR;kfn ç'uksa ds mÙkj dsoy T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls gh lEHko gks ikrs
gSaA
ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd ç—fr ds }kjk gesa vufxur vueksy jRu çkIr gksrs gSa
ftuds fcuk gekjk thou laHko gh ugha gSA ç—fr ds }kjk çnÙk fdlh Hkh oLrq dh
vf/kd ek=k ;k vYi ek=k ekuo ds fy, d"Vdkjh gksrh gSA ;gh oLrqr% çk—frd
leL;k dgykrh gS vFkkZr~ tc ç—fr vius uSlfxZd LoHkko ds foijhr ifjorZu
djrh gS rks os çk—frd leL;k,¡ dgykrh gSA bUgha çk—frd leL;kvksa dks T;ksfr"k
'kkL= esa mRikr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s mRikr rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa & HkkSe
mRikr] vUrfj{k mRikr vkSj fnO; mRikr A ;s rhuksa mRikr mÙkjksrj xq#rj gksrs
gSaA mRikr ds fo"k; esa vkpk;Z fy[krs gSa fd&
159
¼vn~Hkqr lkxj miksn~?kkr%½
fnO;] vkUrfj{k vkSj HkkSe & ;s rhu çdkj ds mRikr gksrs gSaA lw;kZfn xzg vkSj
u{k=ksa ds fodkj ¼xfr] fLFkfr] vk—fr vkfn½ ls mRiUu dks ^fnO; mRikr rFkk
^mYdkikr] fnXnkg] lw;Z&pUæ ds ifjos"k] xU/koZuxj] o"kkZ ds fodkj
¼jäo`f"V]ika'kqo`f"V] es?kksa dh vk—frfo'ks"k vkfn½ bR;kfn dks ^vkUrfj{k mRikr^ vkSj
i`Foh ij pyk;eku oLrq ds fLFkj gksus rFkk fLFkj oLrq ds py gksus ls HkwdEi]
tyk'k;ksa ds fodkj vkfn dks ^HkkSe mRikr^ dgk x;k gS A
HkkSe mRikr vf/kd le; esa vYi 'kqHkk'kqHk Qynk;d gksrk gS A vkUrfj{k mRikr
e/; dky esa e/;e Qy nsus okyk gksrk gS ,oa fnO; mRikr 'kh?kz gh rhoz Qynk;d
gksrk gSA ;Fkk&
¼vn~Hkqrlkxj miksn~?kkr%½
çk—frd leL;kvksa ;k mRikr dh 'kkafr dk fo/kku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa crk;k x;k gS
;Fkk HkkSe mRikr dh 'kkfUr ds fy, lkfo=h dk y{k gou djuk pkfg;s] nsodk;Z
djuk pkfg;s] czkã.kksa dks fç; oLrq dk nku djuk pkfg;sA HkkSe] vkUrfj{k
leL;kvksa dh 'kkfUr gks tkrh gS ijUrq fnO; mRikr 'kkfUr ds ckn Hkh u"V ugha gks
ikrs A
¼vn~Hkqrlkxj] miks)kr½A HkkSe mRikr 'kkfUr ls vkgr gksdj
u"V gks tkrk gS] ukHkl mRikr de gks tkrk gS vkSj fnO; mRikr gksus ij 'kkfUr ls
Hkh u"V ugha gksrkA HkkSe vfj"V dh 'kkfUr ds fy, xq# ,oa czkã.k iwtu dk Hkh
fo/kku gS] xq# ,oa czkã.kksa dks Hkwfenku] xksnku] vkHkw"k.k nku djus] /kekZpj.k ls HkkSe
mRikr tfur vfj"V u"V gks tkrs gSaA HkkSe&mRikr ds vuUrj lkr jkf= ds Hkhrj
;fn tyo`f"V gks rks HkkSe&vfj"V u"V gks tkrs bl rjg iwtu djus ls lqfHk{k]
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160
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lq[k&nq%[k xzgksa ds v/khu gksrs gSaA vkdk'k esa O;ä vkSj vO;ä vusd xzg gSa muesa
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165
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ve`rk³~xk; & ve`r vax ds fy,A
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feF;k & >wBA
vfgrokpd & vfgr dgus okyk
frfr{kk & lnhZ& xehZ vkfn lgu djus dh 'kkjhfjd 'kfäA
larki & nq%[k ;k Dys'kA
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ekRl;Z & fdlh dks vPNh n'kk esa ns[kdj tyuk ;k bZ";kZ
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pkS[kEHkklqHkkjrh çdk'ku okjk.klh] Vhdkdkj ia-
in~eukHk 'kekZ o"kZ 2012
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M‚- jkepUæik.Ms;] pkS[kEck —".knkl vdkneh] dså
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