Winter - 14 Examination: Important Instructions To Examiners

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER– 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 17522 Model Answer Page No: 1/20
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not applicable
for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
1. A) Attempt any three of the following 12

a) Define the following terms and state their S. I unit. 04
i) Specific weight ii) viscosity
Answer:
i) Specific weight: Specific Weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its
02
volume. Or weight per unit volume of a fluid is called specific weight.
It is denoted by ‘w’. S. I. unit is N/m3
ii) Viscosity: It is the property of fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid
over another adjacent layer. 02
S. I. unit is N-s/m2
b) Write classification of control valves. 04

Answer: Classification of control valves
02
(Autonomous)
02
c) Explain construction and working of sliding spool type 4/3 direction control valve. 04
Answer: Construction and working of sliding spool type 4/3 direction control valve:
(Note: any one figure should be considered)
Construction: 4/3 D.C. valve is shown in the figure. There are four ports, A and B are consumer ports
(ports going to actuator). P is pressure port through which pressurized oil goes in. R is return port through 01
which used oil is return to oil reservoir. Valve is push button operated (manually) valve regains by spring
expansion. There are total three positions which are represented by three square blocks. Out of which central
one is closed position and other two are actuated positions.
01
Figure: Sliding spool type 4/3 direction control valve

(Autonomous)

Working :
When we have shifted the spool manually in such a manner that all ports are close to each other. No flow
from port P to A or B and no flow from port A and B to R. When D.C. valve attains this position, pressurized
oil returns to reservoir via pressure relief valve. While closed centre position is in active mode then flow will 02
not takes place. When sliding spool moves towards right side then pressure port P connected to consumer
port B and consumer port A connected to return port R. Similarly when sliding spool moves in a left hand
side manually then pressure port P connected to consumer port A and consumer port B connected to return
port R.
d) State the function of flexible hose and gaskets. 04

Answer: Function of flexible hose: (any 02)
1) To transfer energy generating liquid.
2) It can allow torque, flexibility and elasticity in tool arm movement.
3) They should flow machine geometry as much as possible 02
4) To reduce a rigidity
5) It can place any were in complicated region very easily where for rigid tubes, pipes are not possible.
6) To sustain internal high pressure of hydraulic oil.
Function of gaskets: (any 02) 02

1. To create and retain static seal between two relatively stationary parts
2. To protect the working condition or environment from contamination
3. It fills irregularities in the matching surface.
4. To resist extrusion and creep under operating condition.
5. To avoid the leakage
(Autonomous)
B) Attempt any one of the following 6

a) Define all hydraulic coefficients. Derive relation between the hydraulic coefficients. 06
Answer: There are four hydraulic coefficients-
1. Coefficient of contraction (Cc): It is the ratio of area of jet at vena contracta to the area of
Orifice is known as Coefficient of contraction.
04
2. Coefficient of velocity(Cv): It is the ratio of actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the
theoretical velocity of jet is known as Coefficient of velocity
3. Coefficient of discharge (Cd): It is the ratio of actual discharge through an orifice to the
theoretical discharge is known as Coefficient of discharge.
4. Coefficient of Resistance (Cr): It is the ratio of loss of head in the orifice to the head of water
available at the exit of orifice is known as Coefficient of resistance.
Relation among Cd, Cc and Cv:

We know,
Actual Discharge
Cd =
Theoretical Discharge
But by continuity equation,
02
Discharge , Q = Area × Velocity
Actual Area  Actual Velocity

Hence, Cd =
Theoretical Area  Theoretical Velocity
Therefore, Cd = Cc × Cv
b) State the types of hydraulic actuators. Describe construction and working of single acting cylinder 06
with neat sketch.
Answer:
Types of hydraulic actuators/cylinders:
1. Single-acting cylinders. 02
2. Double-acting cylinders.
3. Telescopic cylinders.
4. Tandem cylinders.
Construction and working of single acting cylinder:

A single-acting cylinder is simplest in design and is shown schematically in figure. It consists of a piston
02
inside a cylindrical housing called barrel. On one end of the piston there is a rod, which can reciprocate. At
the opposite end, there is a port for the entrance and exit of oil. Single-acting cylinders produce force in one
direction by hydraulic pressure acting on the piston. (Single-acting cylinders can exert a force in the
extending direction only.) The return of the piston is not done hydraulically. In single-acting cylinders,
retraction is done either by gravity or by a spring.
(Autonomous)
02
2. Attempt any four of the following 16

a) Define laminar and turbulent fluid flow. State one example of each. 04
Answer:
Laminar flow:
The flow in which each liquid particle has definite path and the path of individual particles do not cross 1
each other is called as stream line flow.
Example: (Any one) Flow of river having large banks, flow of tap water, flow of water through cannel,
1
flow of thick oil through tube.
Turbulent flow:
Flow in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path, and the paths of individual particles also
1
cross each other is called turbulent flow.
Example: (Any one) Flow of river during flood, flow of water after opening valve.
1
(Note: Any suitable examples may be considered.)
b) What factors will you consider while selecting a centrifugal pump? 04

Answer:
Factors to be considered while selecting a centrifugal pump: (Any four)
1. Speed of Pump: When the specific speed is low and it is possible to increase the pump speed it is better to
use multi stage pump. The number of stages is decided on the basis of the head and the type of the pump to
be used.
2. Flow of pressurized Fluid: From the values of discharge (Q), head (H) and speed (N), values of specific
speed of the pump is calculated and subsequently the type of the pump can be decided. 04
3. Availability and Cost of Pump: There is different variety of pumps available in market according to
application we can choose it by economical aspect cost of the pump and its spare should be less.
4. Compatibility with working medium: The meaning of compatibility is nothing but acceptance or
familiar. Due to lack of proper working medium, pump will not give a good performance.
5. The type of impeller :
i) Impeller shrouded type - for pumping fresh clean water
ii) Impeller un-shrouded or propeller type for pumping solid - liquid mixture or near plastic
material
iii) Mixed flow impellers with diffuser vanes used for deep well or submersible pumps.
6. Head available.
(Autonomous)
b) State the possible causes and remedies for following faults in centrifugal pumps. 04
i) Failure to deliver water
ii) Produces noise
Answer:
i) Failure to deliver water (any 02)
Sr. Possible causes Remedies

No.
1. Loose connections of casings, impellers Make proper connections 02
2. Cavitations Check suction pressure
3. Excessive wearing of bearings. Check the condition of bearing if necessary
replace it.
ii) Produces noise (any 02)

Sr. Possible causes Remedies
No.
1 No water in casing, suction pipe. Priming may be done. 02
2 High delivery head than capacity of pump. Lower the delivery head
3 Pump may be running at lower speed Check the motor speed and adjust it
4 Foot valve, strainer may be clogged Check foot valve and strainer remove clogging
5 Impeller may be running in a wrong direction. Check the direction of rotation of impeller and
make it proper.
d) Draw a labeled diagram of swash plate pump. 04
Answer: (02 marks for sketch & 02 marks for labeling )
04
OR
(Autonomous)
04
e) Describe with neat sketch working of hydraulic ram. 04
Answer: Working of hydraulic ram:
02
Working: It is a type of pump which can lift a small quantity of water to a greater height when large
quantity of water is available at smaller height. The working of hydraulic ram is based on the principle of 02
water Hammer or inertia pressure developed in a supply pipe. It consists of large reservoir A at smaller
height, chamber E consists of waste valve C and delivery valve F.
When water starts flowing from tank A to chamber E through supply pipe P, it starts flowing through
waste valve C as it is open. As the speed of water increases, the pressure on the valve lid increases thereby
closing the waste valve. This sudden closing of waste valve brings the water in supply pipe to rest, causing
further increase of pressure in valve chamber due to development of inertia pressure.
Due to this increase of pressure in the valve chamber the delivery valve is forced to open. The water starts
flowing in air vessel and delivery pipe which supply to delivery tank. When the momentum of water in the
chamber is destroyed, the waste valve is opened again causing flow of water from tank A to recommence.
(Autonomous)
3. Attempt any four of the following : 16

iii) Compare gear pump and vane pump on the basis of: 04
i) Construction ii) pressure iii) speed iv) applications
Answer: Comparison of gear pump and vane pump:
Sr. No. On the basis of Gear pump Vane pump 04

1 Construction More robust type- internal Less robust type- balance/unbalance,
external type, positive fixed/variable displacement
displacement type
2 pressure 125 to 175 bar Above 200 bar
3 speed 200 – 300 r.p.m. Upto 25000 r.p.m.
4 applications Oil pump, hydraulic pack, In light air craft to drive gyroscopic
earthmover flight instruments, Vacuum pump, as
automatic transmission pumps in power
steering, during the installation of air
conditioner.
b) Write the construction and working of piston type air motor with neat sketch. 04
Answer: Piston type air motor
1) Radial Piston Motor
Construction and Working:
Here three pistons fitted in cylinder block. The curve ends of Pistons can rest on smooth surface of rotor.
Cylinder block and rotor are rotating member of motor. 02
If compressed air is introduced in cylinder under pressure, piston will pushed outward this principle is used
in this motor, suppose compressed air is under pressure is admitted to cylinder No A piston will move
outward in its cylinders. Now curved end of piston will slide inside the rotor with force and rotor will turn in
clockwise direction Then the cylinder B will occupy the position of A since cylinder block also starts
rotating and same cycle will starts which results in rotational motion of rotor.
02
(Autonomous)
(OR)
2) Axial Piston motor :
02
OR
02

In axial piston motors, the piston reciprocates parallel to the axis of the cylinder block. These motors are
available with both fixed-and variable-displacement feature types. They generate torque by pressure acting
on the ends of pistons reciprocating inside a cylinder block. Above figure illustrates the inline design in
which the motor, drive shaft and cylinder block are centered on the same axis.
02
Pressure acting on the ends of the piston generates a force against an angled swash plate. This causes the
cylinder block to rotate with a torque that is proportional to the area of the pistons. The torque is also a
function of the swash-plate angle. The inline piston motor is designed either as a fixed- or a variable-
displacement unit. The swash plate determines the volumetric displacement.
(Autonomous)
c) Draw a labeled sketch of sequence valve and describe its working. 04

Answer: Sequence Valve
02
Working :
Sequence valve is nothing but pilot operated relief valve. It has a special spool having specially drilled oil
passage with internal orifice drain is directed to main drain. In normal position sequence valve is closed
when the operation of consumer 1 is completed pressure starts building and when reaches set value of pilot
relief valve fluid flows through spool to drain/ tank.
As the fluid flows through spool the orifice causes pressure difference between spring side and spool side.
This pressure difference results in differential force which lifts the spool causing it to uncover the port’ A’
thus supplying fluid to another consumer ‘A’.
02
d) State two applications and two materials of seals used in hydraulic systems. 04
Answer:
Application of seals:
1) Non positive seal - Piston ring 2) Positive seal - Oil seal in gear pump, motors, hydraulic and pneumatic 02
actuators.
Two materials of seals used in hydraulic systems.

1) Metallic seal like Aluminum alloy. 02
2) Non metallic seal like Synthetic rubber.
e) Why FRL unit is used in pneumatic system? State the functions of each component of FRL unit. 04
Answer:
FRL unit used in pneumatic system:
We know that FRL unit nothing but service unit which is normally installed between air compressor and 01
direction control valve for the preparation of air, in which filtration, pressure regulation and lubrication takes
place. By using FRL unit it increases efficiency and life of pneumatic system.
(Autonomous)
Functions of components of F.R.L Unit:-

1) Filter: It is a important element through which initially air gets filters which separators (or) arrest
very small dust particles these particles are arrested in filter and air gets cleaned This filtered
compressed air then enter into Regulator .
03
2) Regulator: It is nothing but pressure reducing valve it is used to regulate pressure of air required by
pneumatic system suppose pressure of compressed air is say 8 bar and pneumatic system required 3
bar working pressure then regulator is used to reduce the pressure from 8 bar to 3 bar.
3) Lubricator: For lubrication purpose in pneumatic system it is used because after filtration of air this
air become dry which harmful for mechanicals parts like a actuators valves etc. so for smooth
operation as well as increase the life of components it played very important role here during working
condition fine oil droplets are mixed with air.
4. A) Attempt any Three of the following : 12

a) Describe the working of hydraulic lift with neat sketch. 04
Answer:
Working of direct acting hydraulic lift:
Hydraulic lift is a device which is used for carrying goods as well as persons from one floor to another in a
multi-storied building. It consists of a ram sliding in a cylinder. At the top of the ram a platform or cage is
fitted on which the goods may be placed or the persons may be stand. The liquid under pressure is admitted 02
into the cylinder which pushes the ram vertically upwards thus raising the platform or the cage to the
required height. The platform or cage can be made to stay in level with each floor so that goods can be
transferred to that floor or persons can walk over to that floor. Again removing the liquid from the cylinder,
the ram and hence the platform or cage can be made to move downwards.
02
(Autonomous)
OR
Working of suspended hydraulic lift:
Hydraulic lift is a device which is used for carrying goods as well as persons from one floor to another in
a multi-storied building. It consists of a cage which is suspended from a wire rope. The hydraulic lift obtains
its motion from the jigger. The jigger consists of a fixed cylinder, having pulley block and containing a
sliding ram. One end of ram is in contact with the water and the other carries a pulley block. A wire rope 02
with one of its end fixed is taken around all the pulleys of the two blocks and finally over the guide pulleys.
The cage is suspended from the other end of the rope. The load to be lifted is placed in a cage. The water
under pressure is admitted into the cylinder of the jigger. This water forces the sliding ram to move towards
the left. This outward movement of the sliding ram makes the pulley block to move outward. Due to
increased distance between the two pulley blocks, the wire rope is pulled and the cage is lifted up.
02
iv) Explain working of gear type hydraulic motor with neat sketch. 04
Answer:
Working of gear type hydraulic motor: Gear type motor is a rotary actuator used to rotate the shaft. It
consists of two gears in mesh with each other. One gear is connected to output shaft and other is idler. Both
the gears are mounted in closed casing. Pressurized fluid enters from the bottom, and pressurizes the 02
chamber. This pressure exerts a force on teethes These forces results in rotation of both gears. This rotary
motion is further used in rotation of output shaft. Gear motors suffer from leakage, which is quiet high at
low speeds. Hence gear motors are used where medium speed and low torque are required.
(Autonomous)
02
c) Draw a neat sketch of proportional flow type filter and describe its working. 04
Answer:
Proportional flow filter:
02
Working:
In this filter main oil flow passes through venturi, which create localize low pressure area inside the filter
element. Outside of the filter element there is high pressure oil, due to the pressure difference crated across 02
filter element. The propionate quantity passes through filter element. In this filter the pressure drop is very
low hence is having wide application.
(Autonomous)
d) Draw a neat sketch of meter in circuit. 04

Answer:
04
Figure: Meter- in Circuit

B) Attempt any one of the following : 6
a) Draw and explain pneumatic circuit to control the speed of double acting cylinder. 06
Answer:
Pneumatic circuit to control the speed of double acting cylinder: 03
Speed control circuit is used to control the speed of pneumatic actuator; this is achieved by controlling air
supplied to the actuators. The air flow to actuator is controlled either the supply line or drain line.
In speed control of a cylinder, a flow control valve along with a check valve is normally used, but this
combination provides speed control in one direction. In case of speed control in both direction of double
acting cylinder, two sets of combination flow control and check valve are used. Speed in a extension and
retraction can be changed independently. It should be noted that position of check valves permits free flow of
air to the cylinder chambers and throttled flow of air from the chamber.
(Autonomous)
03
b) i) Identify the following circuit in figure No. 1 06

ii) label and explain its working
iii) state its applications
Answer:
i) The figure shows a bleed off circuit. 01
02
(Autonomous)
ii) Working:
Bleed off circuit does not control the flow going to the actuator or flow returning from the actuator It 02
controls diverted parts of fluid to control the flow in this circuit adjustable throttle is placed bay pass line.
Bleed of circuit is also used for controlling the linear speed in double acting cylinder in this circuit neither
incoming nor outgoing flow is metered in this method pressurized flow it coming out of pump is diverted and
by passed to oil reservoir the speed of piston is depends on difference between pump delivery flow and flow
being by pass to reservoir through throttle valve.
iii) Applications : (Any two)

1) Use in hydraulic shaping machine, planer machine. 01
2) Used for control of broach in broaching machine.
3) It is suitable in constant pressure.
4) Used where precise speed control is not require
5. Attempt any two of the following : 16

a) State Bernoulli’s theorem. Explain orifice meter with neat sketch . 08
Answer:
Bernoulli’s theorem: This theorem states that ‘whenever there is a continuous flow of liquid, the total 02
energy at every section remains the same provided that there is no loss of addition of the energy.
Mathematically,
Z+v2 /2g + P/w = constant
Where, Z = Potential energy
v2 /2g = Kinetic energy
P/w = Pressure energy
Orifice meter:- It is used to measure the discharge in pipe. It consists of a plate having a sharp edge circular
hole known as an orifice. The plate is fixed inside a pipe as shown in figure. As the fluid flows through the
orifice meter it accelerates thereby increasing velocity and decreasing pressure since orifice diameter is less 03
than the pipe diameter. This pressure difference is measured by the manometer. Orifice meter is cheaper for
discharge measurement and requires smaller space as compared with venture meter.
03
(Autonomous)
b) Compare reciprocating pump and centrifugal pump on the basis of discharge, pressure, speed, 08
weight of pump, floor area used, maintenance, cost and applications.
Answer: (One mark for each point)
Sr. Factors Reciprocating Pump Centrifugal Pump

No
1 Discharge The discharge is fluctuating and The discharge is continuous and
pulsating. smooth.
2. Pressure Applicable for high pressure Applicable for low pressure
3. Speed Low speed High speed
4. Weight of pump More than centrifugal pump Less than reciprocating pump
5. Floor area used More floor area required for installation Less floor area required for installation 08
6. Maintenance Maintenance cost is more. Maintenance cost is less.
7. Cost Less than reciprocating pump More than centrifugal pump
8. Applications In service stations for washing vehicles In sugar factories, oil, chemical
factories milk dairies and domestics
applications.
c) Explain hydraulic power steering with neat labeled sketch. 08

Answer: Hydraulic power steering:
This is used to reduce the turning effort required to steer the wheels. It consist of hydraulic pump, gear
box, rotary spool type D.C. valve and hoses. The steering wheel is connected to the one end of rotary spool
valve while at other end of valve worm is connected. The worm rotates the nut making the sector to turn 04
which turns the road wheels at angle.
When driver turns the steering wheel, the spool valve turns directing the pressurised oil from pump to
appropriate side of the nut applying the effort on that side. This helps in reducing the effort of driver.
04
OR
(Autonomous)
Reaction piston type hydraulic steering system
It consist of piston connected to chassis, a moving cylinder, ball joint connected to drop arm and sliding
spool valve The spool valve is operated by ball joint. When the steering wheel is moved to right, the ball 04
joint connected to the drop arm moves the spool valve to right against spring pressure. This allows hydraulic
pressure to pass to the rear of the piston. As piston is stationary the pressurized fluid reacts against the piston
and pushes the cylinder to the right. The fluid from front of piston is returned to the reservoir. Thus it helps
in reducing the effort applied by Driver
04
Figure: Reaction piston type hydraulic steering system
6 Attempt any two : 16

a) Explain bourdon tube pressure gauge with figure and state its applications. 08
Answer: Bourdon tube pressure gauge:
03
(Autonomous)
Bourdon tube pressure gauge: It is a device which is used for the measurement of high pressure as well as
pressure above or below the Atmospheric Pressure.
Construction and Working: The device consist of metallic tube, generally this cross section is elliptical. 03
One end of the tube is closed and another is fitted to the pipe where pressure is to be measured. The dial and
the pointer fitted over the mechanism.
As flowing fluid under pressure enters the tube, the tube tends to be straightening. This causes the free
end of the tube to move which is connected to pinion and sector arrangement. The pointer deflect on the
calibrated scale, which directly indicates pressure in the term of N/m2
Applications:
1. For measuring high pressures e.g. in steam boilers, compressors. 02
2. For measuring pressures in vehicles tube tyre.
b) Draw a labeled sketch of double acting reciprocating pump and describe its construction and working. 08
Answer: Double acting reciprocating pump:
04
Figure: Double acting reciprocating pump

Construction:
Figure shows a double acting reciprocating pump, which consist of a piston which moves forwards and
backwards in a close fitting cylinder. The movement of the piston is obtained by connecting the piston rod
to crank by means of connecting rod. The crank is rotated by means of an electric motor. Suction and
delivery pipe with suction valve and delivery valve are connected to the cylinder .The suction and 02
delivery valves are one way valves or non return valves, which allow the water flow in one direction
only. Suction valve allows water from suction pipe to the cylinder which delivery valve allows water from
cylinder to delivery pipe only.
Working:
This type of pump operates in exactly the same way as the single acting with respect to its action. The
difference is, that the cylinder has inlet and outlet ports at each end of the cylinder. As the piston moves 02
forward, liquid is being drawn into the cylinder at the back end while, at the front end, liquid is being
discharged. When the piston direction is reversed, the sequence is reversed. With a double acting pump, the
output pulsation is much less than the single acting.
(Autonomous)
c) Construct the pneumatic circuit using sequence valve to control two applications performed in a proper 08
sequence and describe it’s working.
Answer: Pressure dependent sequencing circuit :
The circuit is used for drilling a hole in work piece. The sequence of operation is
a) Clamping of work piece
b) Drilling
c) Decamping and drill taken out from hole.
The DC valve takes centre position (no 3.) no compressed air supplied to either of cylinder C1 or C2. Now
undrilled work piece is kept on fixture seat. The compressed air from compressor is going to vent via DC 04
valve so no movement of cylinder C1 or C2.
Now compressed air start supplying directly to C2 and through sequence valve to C1 When compressed oil
enters through port A2 of cylinder C2 piston will advance and immediately clamps the work piece.
At the same time compressed air flow towards port A1 of cylinder C1 but through the sequence valve.
Some higher presser is set at pressure relief valve of sequence valve when the pressure of flowing air reaches
this set value the sequence valve opens and air enters through port A1 into cylinder C1 due to this piston
advances comes down so that drilling starts. When operator again operate foot lever of DC valve it takes
position 2 and both piston retracts and work piece de-clamps and drill comes out of drilled hole
04
Figure: Pneumatic Circuit Using sequence valve

(Autonomous)
Summer – 15 EXAMINATION
Important instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Marks
1. a) Attempt any three of the following: 12
a) Define viscosity and specific gravity along with their unit. 4
Answer: Definition: (Definition- 1 mark & its unit- 1mark) 2
1. Viscosity: It is the property of fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid
over another adjacent layer.
Unit: N-s/m2 (In SI System), dyne-sec/cm2 (CGS), kgf-sec/m2 (MKS)
2. Specific gravity: It isdefined as the ratio of the weight density (density) of a fluid to the weight 2
density (density) of a standard fluid. It is denoted by S.
Unit: Being a ratio of two quantities with same units, Specific gravity is a pure number
independent of the system of units used.
b) State two locations each, where seals and gaskets are used in hydraulic system. 4
Answer: Locations where seals and gaskets are used in hydraulic system: (Any two locations of
each - 2 marks)
1. Seals: i) Non- positive seal: Piston ring
ii) Positive seal – Oil seal in gear pump, motors, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators. 2
2. Gaskets: Cylinder head gasket, gasket in pumps, air compressor, oil pan gasket.
2
(Any other applications shall be considered)
(Autonomous)
c) Give classification of hydraulic actuator. 4

Answer: Classification of hydraulic actuator:
Hydraulic
Actuators
4
Linear Actuators Rotary Actuators Semi-rotary/
Limitted rotary
Actuators
Single Acting Vane Motor Axial Piston
Gear Motor Motor
Cylinder Dual Piston
Type
Double Acting Swash Plate
Cylinder Axial Piston
Motor Single Vane
Type
Telescopic
Cylinder Bent Axis
Piston Motor
Tandem Cylinder
Radial Piston
Motor
d) Write the function of flexible hose, filters, lubricators and gaskets. 4

Answer: Function of –
1. Flexible hose: (any one)
1) To transfer energy generating liquid. 1
2) It can allow torque, flexibility and elasticity in tool arm movement.
3) They should flow machine geometry as much as possible.
4) To reduce a rigidity.
5) It can place anywhere in complicated region very easily where rigid tubes, pipes are not
possible to fit.
6) To sustain internal high pressure of hydraulic oil.
2. Function of Filters: To remove the impurities and other foreign matters from the oil/air.
1
3. Function of Lubricators: To form a mist of oil and air for the sole purpose of providing
lubrication to the mating components of valves, cylinders, etc. 1
4. Function of Gaskets:(any one)
1. To create and retain static seal between two relatively stationary parts 1
2. To protect the working condition or environment from contamination
3. It fills irregularities in the matching surface.
4. To resist extrusion and creep under operating condition.
5. To avoid the leakage.
(Autonomous)
B). Attempt any one of the following : 6

a) Describe meaning and relation between atmospheric gauge and vacuum pressure. 6
Answer: Relationship between atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressure:
Figure:Relationship between atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressures.

1. Atmospheric Pressure: At the earth surface, the pressure due to the weight of air above the earth
surface is called as atmospheric pressure.
3
2. Gauge Pressure: If the pressure is measured above the atmospheric pressure it is called as gauge
pressure.
3. Vacuum Pressure: If the pressure is measured below the atmospheric pressure it is called as
Vacuum pressure.
b)Write construction and working non-return valve with neat sketch. 6

Answer- Non-Return Valve:
Figure: Non-Return Valve

(Autonomous)
Construction: This valve consists of valve body with inlet and outlet ports having valve element like
cone, ball or spherical poppet. The valve element is incorporate with specially designed spring. 1
Working: When pressurized oil comes in through port A it will lift up the cone by overcoming 2
spring force and flow will start from port A to port B .When flow from A stops spring will expand
and cone will block the flow hence only one direction of flow is possible.

a)Define Bernoulli’s theorem and give its applications. 4
Answer: Bernoulli’s Theorem:
This theorem states that whenever there is a continuous flow of liquid, the total energy at every
section remains the same provided that there is no loss or addition of the energy.
Mathematically, 2
2
P V
  Z  Constant
w 2g
Where,
P V2
= Pressure energy, = Kinetic energy, Z= Potential energy
w 2g
Applications: (Any two)
Venturimeter, Orifice meter, Nozzle meter or Flow nozzle, Rotameter, Elbow meter (or Pipe-bend 2
Meter), Pitot Tube
b) The two faults in centrifugal pumps are; fails to start pumping and lowefficiency; write two 4
causes and two remedies of each.
Answer : Causes and Remedies for faults in centrifugal pump:
1. Fails to start Pumping: (Any two- 2marks)
Sr Causes Remedies
1 Pump may not be properly primed Fill the suction valve, suction pipe, impeller and
delivery pipe up to delivery valve with liquid to be
pumped
2
2 Total head against which the Reduce the head or change pump with pump having
pump is working may be more higher total head.
than the designed head
3 Impeller, strainer or suction line clean the pump parts
may be clogged
4 Suction lift may be excessive Reduce the suction lift
5 Speed of impeller may be too low Check and compare it with design speed, if found low,
increase the speed.
6 The impeller might be rotating in Check the direction of the impeller with that marked on
the wrong direction the casing. Change the direction of rotation by changing
electric connections, if required
(Autonomous)
2. Low efficiency: (Any two- 2marks)

Sr Causes Remedies
2
1 Speed may be high. Reduce the speed.
2 Head may be low and discharge Reduce the discharge or change the
may be more. pump
3 Pump may be operating in the Correct the direction of the impeller.
wrong direction.
4 The impeller may be touching the Repair the affected parts.
casing, staffing box may not be
working properly, shaft may not
be properly aligned or there may
be excessive wear.
c) How priming in centrifugal pump is done? Why it is done? 4
Answer: Priming of Centrifugal pump:
It is the operation in which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and the portion of delivery pipe up
to delivery valve is completely field with the liquid which is to be raised by pump. This operation is
carried out only once before starting the pump, thus air within these parts is removed. 2
Necessity:
The pressure developed by the impeller of the centrifugal pump is proportional to the density of fluid
in the impeller. It is thus obvious that if the impeller is running in a air, it will produce only negligible 2
pressure which may not suck liquid from its source through the suction pipe. To avoid this, the pump
is first primed.
d) Compare the characteristics of vane and swash plate type pump and give one application for 4
each pump.
Answer: Comparison of the characteristics of vane and swash plate type pump:
(Any three points - 1 mark each)
Sr.
Characteristic Vane pump Swash plate type pump
No
Pressure Limited pressure up to 275 bar. High pressure capabilities up to 690
1 3
bar for certain specialized units.
2 Input speed Moderate High
3 Power density Low High
Conversion Low High
4
efficiency
Inlet vacuum Vane type pumps can handle inlet Swash plate type pumps can handle
5
vacuum up to 152.4 mm-Hg inlet vacuum up to 101.6 mm -Hg
Noise and Low High
6
vibration
Fluid Low range of fluid compatibility. Great range of fluid compatibility.
7
compatibility
Repair ability Easy to repair Requires well equipped maintenance
8
shop to repair and test pump.
(Autonomous)
supply pipe to rest, causing further increase of pressure in valve chamber due to development of
inertia pressure.
Due to this increase of pressure in the valve chamber the delivery valve is forced to open. The
water starts flowing in air vessel and delivery pipe which supply to delivery tank. When the
momentum of water in the chamber is destroyed, the waste valve is opened again causing flow of
water from tank A to recommence.
a) Draw the labelled sketch of swash plate pump. 4
Answer: Sketch of Swash Plate Pump:
OR
b) Explain construction and working of 4/2 DC valve which is used in hydraulic systems. 4
Answer: Construction of 4/2 DC valve:
It consists of a shaft sliding in a bore which has large groove around the circumference. The spool
is sealed along the clearance between moving spool and valve body. The grooves guide the fluid flow
by interconnecting or blocking the ports. Spring is fitted in bore to bring the spool back to original 1
position.
A four-way has four ports labeled P, T, A and B.
P is the pressure inlet port. T is the tank; A and B are outlet ports to the system.
(Autonomous)
Figure: 4/2 DC valve

Working of 4/2 DC valve:
It has two switching positions. 1
In the normal position, pump flow is sent to outlet B. Outlet A is connected to the tank.
In the actuated position, the pump flow is sent to port A. Port B connected to tank T.
As soon as actuating force is released from spool, compression force of spring brings the spool back
to original position.
(Note: Credit shall be given to any equivalent sketch and relevant description of 4/2 DC Valve)
c) Give the classification of valves. 4

Answer: Classification of valves:
4
(Autonomous)
d) Explain full flow hydraulic filter with neat sketch. 4

Answer: Full flow hydraulic filter:
As shown in figure, in full flow filter oil comes in through port A, passes through filter element and
goes out through port B. In this filter all flow passes through filter, hence it is called as a full flow 2
filter. This is very efficient filter but only drawback of this filter is that there is large pressure drop. It
increases due to clogging of filtering element.
2
(Autonomous)
e) Explain working of the FRC unit with neat sketch. 4

Answer: Working of the FRC unit:
FRC unit means Filter Regulator Combine unit.
Most of the pneumatic system uses FRL unit. Main elements of FRL unit are: Filter, Regulator,
and Lubricator.
1. Filter: Air enters the inlet port of the air filter through angled louvers. The centrifugal action of the
rotating air causes the larger pieces of dirt and water particles to be thrown against the inner wall of
the filter bowl. These contaminants then flow down into the bottom of the filter bowl.
A baffle prevents turbulent air from splashing water on to the filter element. The air then passes
through the filter element, where the fine dirt particles are filtered out. The compressed air then exits
through the outer port to regulator. 3
2. Relieving or Venting Type Pressure regulator: Outlet pressure is sensed by a diaphragm

preloaded with an adjustable pressure setting spring. The compressed air, which flows through a
controlled cross section at the valve seat, acts on the other side of the diaphragm. The diaphragm has
large surface area exposed to secondary (outlet) pressure and is quite sensitive to its fluctuations. The
movement of diaphragm regulates the pressure.
3. Lubricator: As air enters the lubricator, its velocity is increased by a venture ring. The pressure at
the venture ring will be lower than the atmospheric pressure and the pressure on the oil is
atmospheric. Due to this pressure difference between the upper chamber and lower chamber, oil will
be drawn up in a riser tube. Oil droplets mix with the incoming air and form a fine mist. The needle
valve is used to adjust the pressure difference across the oil jet and hence the oil flow rate. The air –
oil mixture is forced to swirl as it leaves the central cylinder so that large particles of oil goes back to
bowl and only the mist goes to outlet.
4. A) Attempt any three of the following: 12

a) What is the Pascal’s law? State its applications. 4
Answer: Pascal’s law:
It states that “The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in all directions”. In
other words when a certain pressure is applied at any point in fluid at rest the pressure is equally 2
transmitted in all directions and to every other point in the fluid.
(Autonomous)
px = py = pz
where, px = intensity of pressure in x direction; py = intensity of pressure in y direction;
pz = intensity of pressure in z direction;
Applications of Pascal’s law: (Any two)
Hydraulic press, Hydraulic brakes, Hydraulic jack, hydraulic lift. 2
b) Explain construction and working of piston type air motor. 4

Answer: Construction and Working of Piston type air motor: (Description -2 marks, Sketch –
2marks)
1) Radial Piston Motor:
In this, three pistons are fitted in cylinder block. The curve ends of pistons can rest on smooth
surface of rotor. Cylinder block and rotor are rotating member of motor.
If compressed air is introduced in the cylinder under pressure, piston will pushed outward in its 2
cylinder. This principle is used in this motor. Suppose compressed air under pressure is admitted to
cylinder A, piston will move outward in its cylinder. Now curved end of piston will slide inside the
rotor with force and rotor will turn in clockwise direction. Then the cylinder B will occupy the
position of A since cylinder block also starts rotating. And same cycle will start which results in
rotational motion of rotor. These motors produce high power and torque.
Figure: Radial Piston Motor
OR
2) Axial Piston motor :
In axial piston motors, the piston reciprocates parallel to the axis of the cylinder block. These motors
are available with both fixed-and variable-displacement feature types. They generate torque by
pressure acting on the ends of pistons reciprocating inside a cylinder block. The figure illustrates the
inline design in which the motor, drive shaft and cylinder block are cantered on the same axis.
Pressure acting on the ends of the piston generates a force against an angled swash plate. This causes
the cylinder block to rotate with a torque that is proportional to the area of the pistons. The torque is
(Autonomous)
4.B) Attempt any one of the following: 6

a) Draw layout of hydraulic steering system. Explain its working. 6
Answer: Working of Hydraulic steering system:
In this system, Pump is driven by engine of vehicle. Pump supplies pressurized oil through
specially designed direction control valve. When steering wheel is almost steady and there are very
low manual effort at steering wheel the hydraulic oil enters into double acting cylinder through port
A and B in equal amount and applies equal and opposite pressure on piston, hence piston is steady.
As soon as the driver applies more efforts than predetermined value, the steering arm actuates the
3
direct control valve. This valve senses the input pressure at steering wheel and directs the pressurized
oil to double acting cylinder through port A. Naturally piston will move towards left. The piston rod
will move the rack towards left and pinion will rotate to help the driver. Due to additional efforts
driver can easily turn the steering wheel.
The oil from double acting cylinder will return via port B and direction control valve to oil
reservoir. If oil is supplied through port B then piston will move towards right and oil will return to
oil tank through port A.
Fig. Layout of hydraulic steering system

(Autonomous)
b) Explain construction and working of centrifugal pump with neat sketch. Give its two 8
applications.
Answer: Construction of centrifugal pump:
Main parts of centrifugal pumps are:
1. Impeller.
2. Casing.
3. Suction pipe with foot valve and strainer. 1
4. Priming cup and delivery pipe with delivery valve.
5. Prime mover (Electric motor or engine) to drive the pump.
Working of centrifugal pump: The first step in the operation of a centrifugal pump is priming so
that no air pocket is left. After pump is primed, the electric motor is started to rotate the impeller. The
rotation of impeller forces the water in radially outward direction in delivery pipe with high velocity.
This high velocity water gets converted into high pressure when it passes through spiral casing. At
3
the eye of the impeller due to centrifugal action partial vacuum is created. This causes liquid from the
sump to rush through suction pipe to the eye as sump is at atmospheric pressure. This high pressure
of liquid leaving the impeller is utilized in lifting the liquid to the required height through the delivery
pipe.
Figure: Centrifugal Pump

Applications of centrifugal pump: (Consider any two)
1. In domestic purpose for pumping water. 2
2. For pumping stringy solids and debris-laden liquids.
3. For pumping oil and other viscous liquids.
4. For pumping sewage and waste water.
5. Used for high volume water pumping at low to medium heads.
6. Boiler water feed pumps.
7. Used in handling sugarcane juice in sugar factories
8. Used in milk processing plants.
9. Submerged centrifugal pumps are used to handle acids in chemical plants.
(Autonomous)
c) Draw the neat labeled layout of hydraulic braking system and explain its working. 8
Answer: Layout of Hydraulic Braking System:
Figure: Layout of Hydraulic Braking System
Working:
In hydraulic braking systems, the pressure applied at the brake pedal is transmitted to the brake
mechanism by a liquid. Since a liquid cannot be compressed under ordinary pressures, force is
transmitted solidly just as if rods were used. Force exerted at any point upon a confined liquid is
distributed equally through the liquid in all directions so that all brakes are applied equally. 4
In a hydraulic brake system, the force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The brake pedal
operates the piston by linkage. Each wheel brake is provided with a cylinder. Inside the cylinder are
opposed pistons which are connected to the brake shoes. When the brake pedal is pushed down,
linkage moves the piston within the master cylinder, forcing the brake liquid or fluid from the
cylinder. From the master cylinder, the fluid travels through tubing and flexible hose into the four
wheel cylinders.
The brake fluid enters the wheel cylinders between the opposed pistons. The pressure of the brake
fluid on the pistons causes them to move out. This forces the brake shoes outward against the brake
drum. As pressure on the pedal is increased, more hydraulic pressure is built up in the wheel
cylinders and more force is exerted against the ends of the brake shoes.
When the pressure on the pedal is released, retracting (return) springs on the brake shoes pull the
shoes away from the drum. This forces the wheel cylinder pistons to their release positions and also
forces the brake fluid back through the flexible hose and tubing to the master cylinder.
(Autonomous)
Winter – 15 EXAMINATION

scheme.
figure drawn.
concept.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Marks
1. A) Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
(a) Define specific weight and specific gravity. 4
Answer:
Specific Weight: It is the ratio of weight of fluid to its volume or weight per unit volume of a fluid is 2
called specific weight. It is denoted by w.
Specific gravity: It is defined as the ratio of the weight density (density) of a fluid to the weight
2
density (density) of a standard fluid. It is denoted by S.
(b) Give the classification of valves. 4

Answer: Classification of valves:
4
(Autonomous)
(c) Give classification of hydraulic actuators. Write application of each. 4

Answer: Classification of hydraulic actuators:
2
(Autonomous)
Applications: (Any one application of each)

1) Linear Actuators: Machnine tools, Industrial machinery, Earth moving equipments, construction 2
equipments, Space applications etc.
2) Rotary Actuators: Hydraulic morors, Engineering vehicles, Manufacturing machinery,
Automotive transmission, LPG cylinder filling, Aviation service etc.
(d) State the types of seals and gaskets and write application of seals. 4
Answer:
Types of seals: Static, dynamic, positive, non-positive, O-ring, V-ring, U-packing, T-ring, Cup seal. 1
Types of gaskets: Rubber gasket, non-asbestos gasket, cork gasket; Flanged gasket, Spiral wound
1
gasket; Man-way gasket, Transformer gasket
Application of Seals: (Any four)

Gear pump, motors, Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators, Gear box casings, Centrifugal pump,
2
Automotive braking system, food processing machine, CFC based automotive refrigeration system, car
engine etc.
B) Attempt any ONE of the following: 6
(a) Represent schematically atmospheric, gauge, vacuum and absolute pressure. State the relations 6
between them.
Answer: Relationship between atmospheric, gauge, vacuum and absolute pressure:
Figure: Relationship between atmospheric, gauge, vacuum and absolute pressure.
1. Atmospheric Pressure: At the earth surface, the pressure due to the weight of air above the earth
surface is called as atmospheric pressure. 4
2. Gauge Pressure: If the pressure is measured above the atmospheric pressure, it is called as gauge
pressure.
3. Vacuum Pressure: If the pressure is measured below the atmospheric pressure, it is called as
Vacuum pressure.
4. Absolute pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + Gauge Pressure
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric Pressure – Vacuum Pressure
(Autonomous)
The section C-C of the jet, at which the streamlines are straight and parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of the orifice, and the jet has the minimum cross sectional area, is known as
vena contracta. The pressure at section C-C is uniform and it is equal to the pressure of surrounding the
jet. The velocity of flow of water at this section will be maximum by the principle of continuity.
Beyond the section C-C the jet may, however, diverge again and it undergoes a downward deflection
due to gravity.
The area of jet a 2 i.e. at vena contracta may be related to the area of orifice a 0 by following expression
a2  cc .a0
C c  Coefficient of contraction
(b) What is priming of a centrifugal pump? Why is it necessary? 4
Answer:
Priming of Centrifugal pump:
It is the operation in which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and the portion of delivery pipe up 2
to delivery valve is completely filled with the liquid which is to be raised by pump. This operation is
carried out only once before starting the pump thus air within these parts is removed.
Necessity:
The pressure developed by the impeller of the centrifugal pump is proportional to the density of fluid
in the impeller. It is thus obvious that if the impeller is running in air, it will produce only negligible 2
pressure which may not suck liquid from its source through the suction pipe. To avoid this priming is
necessary. Priming reduces the risk of pump damage during start-up as it prevents the dry run. Pump
runs smooth and delivers continuous discharge of flow. Priming reduces noise, vibrations in pump.
(c) What is cavitation and what are its causes? 4

Answer:
Cavitation:
It means formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid
falls below its vapour pressure and sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher 2
pressure.
When the vapour bubbles collapse, a very high pressure is created. The metallic surfaces, above
which these vapour bubbles collapse is subjected to high pressure which causes pitting action on
surfaces. Thus cavities are formed on metallic surface, known as cavitation. Also considerable noise
and vibrations are produced.
Causes of cavitation: (Any two)
Cavitation in pumps is usually due to insufficient NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) energy on
the suction side of the pump. This can be caused by:
2
1. Having the pump at too high of a distance above the fluid source
2. Having too small of a diameter of suction pipe
3. Having too long of a distance of suction pipe
4. Having too many fittings on the suction pipe
5. Handling a liquid with a low vapour pressure
6. Running the pump too fast
(Autonomous)
3. Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

(a) Explain with neat sketch working of vane type pump. 4
Answer: Working of vane type pump:
Vane pump consists of a rotor in which vanes are held in a series of slots around the rotor.
As the rotor rotates in clockwise direction, the area between vanes is sealed as the vane uncover suction 2
port this creates partial vacuum in suction chamber. Further, the fluid confined between two vanes is
carried away to the outlet chamber, forcing the fluid into the delivery port.
Fig. Vane type pump

(b) Write two advantages and two applications of air motor. 4
Answer:
Advantages of air motor: (Any two)
1. Air motor develops more power per weight and per cubic meter of displacement than standard
electric motor.
2. Shock and explosion proof.
3. Air motors are not affected by hot, wet or corrosive atmosphere. 2
4. Air motors are not damaged by overloading, rapid reversals, or continuous stalling.
5. Speed can be varied over a wide range without complicated control arrangement in air mass.
6. Air motors accelerate and decelerate quickly.
7. Simple in design and construction is relatively inexpensive.
(Autonomous)
(e) Explain construction and working of full flow type filter with neat sketch. 4
Answer: Full flow type filter:
As shown in figure, in full flow filter oil comes in through port A, passes through filter element and
goes out through port B. In this filter all flow passes through filter, hence it is called as a full flow filter. 2
This is very efficient filter but only drawback of this filter is that there is large pressure drop. It
increases due to clogging of filtering element.
Figure: Full flow filter

4. A)Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
(a) Explain construction and working of hydraulic jack with neat sketch. 4
Answer: Construction and working of hydraulic jack:
Figure: Hydraulic Jack

(Autonomous)
Applications of Hydraulic hoses: (Any two)

1) Earthmoving equipments 2) Machine tools 3) Robotics 4) Material handling equipments 1
5) CNC/VMC machines 6) Hydraulic automobile brakes
SAE 100 R series hoses should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a
temperature range from -40° to 100° C.
Applications of Pneumatic hoses: (Any two)
1
1) Construction equipments like breaker, drill, air compressor 2) Mining 3)Printing presses 4) Air
motor 5) Pneumatic automobile brakes 6) Pneumatic crane
(d) Draw a symbol for : 4
(i) Variable speed unidirectional pump
(ii) Air motor with two directional flow.
Answer: Symbol for
(i)Variable speed unidirectional pump 2
(ii) Air motor with two directional flow 2
(B)Attempt any ONE of the following: 6

(a) Explain with neat sketch meter – in hydraulic circuit. 6
Answer:
Working of Meter-in circuit:
Figure shows a meter in circuit in which the flow control valve is placed in the primary line, directly
after load. In meter in circuit speed control is achieved by changing the flow adjustment of flow control
3
valve which controls the oil going to the blind end of the cylinder.
When spool valve is operated pump is connected to blind end of cylinder thus piston moves forward
causing work done. During return stroke the fluid returns back through non return valve. Meter in
circuit are generally used when load characteristics are constant and positive, in grinding and milling
machine.
(Autonomous)
Fig. Meter in Circuit

(b) Give six points of comparison between hydraulic and pneumatic circuits. 6
Answer: Comparison between hydraulic and pneumatic circuits (Any six)
SR Hydraulic circuit Pneumatic circuit
1 Used for circuits up to 700 bar pressure Operative below 10 bar pressure.
2 Uses hydraulic oil as a medium Uses air as a medium
3 Pump is used to pressurize the oil Compressor is used to pressurize the air. 6
4 Since hydraulic oil is reused in the circuit Air is taken from atmosphere and is vented to
hydraulic oil tank is a must and there are atmosphere after use. Hence no return lines. Air
return lines reservoir is used to store pressurized air.
5 The rigidity of the system using hydraulic The rigidity of the system using hydraulic circuit
circuit is good. is poor.
6 Moderate operating cost. Operating cost is low.
7 Maintenance is critical. Maintenance is simple.
8 Very suitable for accurate speed/feed No accuracy in movement.
movement of cutting tool mechanism.
9 The system using hydraulic circuit is not Pneumatic circuits are very clean.
clean due to oil leakages.
10 Weight to pressure ratio is small. Weight to pressure ratio is high.
11 Problem of cavitation is serious in No problem of cavitation.
hydraulic circuit.
12 Oil is changed as per schedule. No need of change of air as per schedule.
(Autonomous)
13 Hydraulic circuits are used in tackling Pneumatic circuits are used when loads are much
heavy loads, hence used in earthmoving lighter. Hence used in transferring the light
equipments, CNC-VMC machines. weight components, vacuum handling in printing
press, food industry.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 16
(a) (i) State law of continuity and write its applications. 8
(ii) State Bernoulli’s theorem and write its applications.
Answer: i) Law of continuity:
For a fluid flowing through the pipe at all cross section, the quantity of fluid per second is constant. 2
OR
It states that if an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing through a pipe or a channel whose
cross sectional area may or may not be constant then quantity of liquid passing through it per second is
same at all sections.
Applications (Any two) :

i) Flow through branching of pipe. ii) Steady and unsteady flow 2
iii) Uniform and non-uniform flow iv) Compressible and incompressible flow
ii) Bernoulli’s theorem:

It states that, in a steady flow of real fluid, the total head (total energy per N of flowing fluid) at any 2
section is equal to that at any subsequent section, plus the loss of head occurring between the two
sections.
OR
It states that whenever there is a continuous flow of liquid, the total energy at every section remains
the same provided that there is no loss or addition of the energy.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem (Any two) :
1) Venturimeter 2) Orifice meter 3) Pitot tube 2
4) Rota meter 5) Nozzle meter or Flow nozzle 6) Elbow meter or Pipe bend meter.
(b) Compare centrifugal pump with reciprocating pump. 8

Answer: Comparison of centrifugal pump with reciprocating pump (Any eight)
Sr Centrifugal Pump Reciprocating Pump
1 The discharge is continuous and smooth The discharge is fluctuating and pulsating
2 It can handle large quantity of liquid. It can handle small quantity of liquid only. 8
3 It is used for large discharge through It is used for small discharge and high heads
smaller head
4 It is coupled directly through flanged Since it can be operated at low speeds only,
coupling to an electric motor these pumps are mostly belt driven
5 It needs smaller floor area and installation It needs large floor area and installation cost is
cost is low high
6 Maintenance cost is low Maintenance cost is more
7 Runs at high speed Runs at Low speed
8 Operation is smooth and without much Operation is complicated and with much noise.
noise.
9 Efficiency is high Efficiency is low.
(Autonomous)
10 It can be used for lifting highly viscous It can be used for lifting pure water or less
liquids such as oils, muddy and sewage viscous liquids free from impurities, lifting oil
water, paper pulp, sugar molasses, from very deep oil wells.
chemicals etc.
(c) Draw hydraulic circuit for hydraulic press and explain its working. 8
Answer: Hydraulic circuit for hydraulic press:
Figure: Hydraulic Circuit for Hydraulic Press

Working: In this circuit, double acting cylinder is used.
The flow control valve is connected in secondary line directly after load. In this operation,
retraction stroke should be rapid one, but for achieving forward stroke it should be controlled. So that
flow is metered after coming out from cylinder. For forward stroke port ‘P’ is connected to ‘A’ and 4
after completion of stroke ‘B’ is connected to ‘R’, but in return line flow control valve with check
valve is placed in parallel with throttle valve.
So the flow is metered before going to reservoir. In this forward stroke is controlled stroke. for
return stroke ‘P’ is connected to ‘B’ and flow is taken into cylinder directly opening spool of check
valve without restriction of flow control valve ; hence return stroke is uncontrolled stroke.
(Autonomous)

scheme.
figure drawn.
concept.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Marks
1. A) Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) State and explain Pascal’s law. 4
Answer :
Pascal’s law: It states that “The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest has the same magnitude in all
directions. In other words when a certain pressure is applied at any point in fluid at rest the pressure is 1
equally transmitted in all directions and to every other point in the fluid.
px = py = pz
where, px = intensity of pressure in x direction, py = intensity of pressure in y direction;
pz = intensity of pressure in z direction;
(Autonomous)
Consider an infinitesimal wedge shaped element of fluid at rest as a free body. The element is
arbitrarily chosen and has the dimensions as shown in figure. Since in a fluid at rest there can be no
shear forces, the only forces acting on the free body are the normal pressure forces exerted by the
surrounding fluid on the plane surfaces and the weight of the element. As the element is in
equilibrium, the sum of the force components on the element in any direction must be equal to zero.
So the equation of equilibrium in the x and z directions are respectively.
ρ x δy δz  ρs δs δy sin α  0
1 3
ρ z δx δy  ρs δs δy cos α  ω δx δy δz  0
2
In which ρ x , ρ z , ρs are the average pressure on the three faces and ω is the specific weight of the
fluid. Science δz  δs sin  and δx  δs cos  the above equations simplify to
ρ x δy δz  ρs δy δz  0
1
ρ z δx δy  ρs δx δy - ω δx δy δz  0
2
The third term of the second equation is much smaller than the other two terms (since it involves
product of three infinitesimal quantities) and hence it may be neglected. By dividing the equations by
δy δz and δx δy respectively and taking the limit, so that the element is reduced to a point, it follows
from the equations that ρs  ρ x  ρ z
Since the angle α is chosen arbitrarily, this equation proves that the pressure is the same in all
directions at a point in a static fluid.
b) Give two types of hydraulic actuators and write one application of each. 4
Answer: (Any two types – 2marks and their applications- 2marks)
Types of hydraulic actuators: (Any two- 1 mark each)
1. Linear Actuators: Single acting cylinder, double acting cylinder, telescopic cylinder, tandem
cylinder. 2
2. Rotary Actuators: Gear motor, vane motor, axial piston motor, swash plate, bent axis piston
motor, radial piston motor.
3. Semi-rotary Actuators: Dual piston type, single vane type, two vane type
Applications of hydraulic actuators: (Any one application of each-1 mark)

1. Linear Actuators: Machnine tools, Industrial machinery, Earth moving equipments,
construction equipments, Space applications etc. 2
2. Rotary Actuators: Hydraulic motors, Engineering vehicles, Manufacturing machinery,
Automotive transmission, LPG cylinder filling, Aviation service etc.
3. Semi-rotary Actuators: Industrial machinery, marine, subsea and in applications where high
strength, corrosion resistance or hygiene are paramount factors.
c) Write purpose of 4
i) Rotary spool valve
ii) Non-return valve
iii) Air motor
iv) Hydraulic cylinder
(Autonomous)
Answer: ( Purpose of each - 1 mark )

i) Rotary spool valve: It is used to change the direction of fluid by rotating the spool.
ii) Non-return valve: It is unidirectional valve and permits the free flow in one direction only. 4
iii) Air motor: It is used to convert the compressed air energy to mechanical work through either
linear or rotary motion
iv) Hydraulic cylinder: It is used to give unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke .it has
many applications, notably in construction equipment, manufacturing machinery, automobiles.
d) Write difference between filters and strainers. (4 points) 4

Answer: Difference between filters and strainers. (Any 4 points-1 mark each)
Sr. Filters Strainers

1 Filters remove particulates that are Strainers remove particulates that are larger than
smaller than 40 microns 40 microns.
2 If the particulate is too small to see with Word “strainer” is typically used if the particulate 4
the naked eye the term “filter” is used. being removed is visible to the naked eye
3 Filters have a screen that can be used Strainer incorporates various screens which are
once until it is clogged. reused.
4 If the screen is clogged, it must be If the screen is clogged, it can be cleaned out and
changed. Filter screens are not re-used. used again.
5 Filters are much more flow restrictive Strainers are much less flow restrictive.
6 Filters are much better applied where In most cases, strainers are connected in suction
positive pressure exists and where lines into a pump
constant flow exists i.e. in return line
B) Attempt any ONE of the following: : 6

a) State Bernoulli’s theorem. Write meaning of each term. Give its two applications. 6
Answer:
Bernoulli’s Theorem:
This theorem states that whenever there is a continuous flow of liquid, the total energy at every 2
section remains the same provided that there is no loss or addition of the energy.
Mathematically,
P V2
  Z  Constant
w 2g
Where,
P V2 2
= Pressure energy, = Kinetic energy, Z= Potential energy
w 2g
Applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem : (Any two)

Venturimeter, Orifice meter, Nozzle meter or Flow nozzle, Rotameter, Elbow meter (or Pipe-bend 2
Meter), Pitot Tube
(Autonomous)
b) Describe with neat sketch construction and working of gear type air motor. 6
Answer: Construction and working of gear type air motor:
It consists of two inter meshing gears inside a housing with one gear attached to the drive shaft.
Figure shows a schematic diagram of Gear motor.
Gear motors are imbalanced motors. The compressed air enters from the inlet. The pneumatic
imbalance in a gear motor is caused by gear teeth unmeshing. As the gear teeth unmesh, all teeth 3
subjected to system pressure are pneumatically balanced except for one side of one tooth on one gear.
This is the point where the torque is developed. The larger the gear tooth or higher the pressure, more is
the torque produced. The air exists from the exhaust port. Gear motors tend to leak at low speed, hence
are generally used for medium speed applications.
Fig. Gear type air motor
2. Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

a) Give classification of fluids and write one example of each. 4
Answer: Classification of fluids
Example of fluids (Consider any one example of each fluid type)

1. Ideal fluid: An Ideal Fluid is a fluid that has no viscosity. It is incompressible in nature.
Practically, no ideal fluid exists. These are only imaginary fluid. The fluids which have low
viscosity such as air, water, etc., may however be treated as ideal fluids without much errors.
2. Real Fluid: Those fluids which are actually available in nature possess properties like viscosity,
surface tension and compressibility. Kerosene, Petrol, Castor oil 2
3. Newtonian Fluid: Water, Air, Mercury, Emulsions
4. Non-Newtonian Fluid: Paints, polymers, blood
5. Ideal plastic fluid: Printers ink and other thixotropic substance
(Autonomous)
b) Write causes and remedies for a symptom-“Low discharge through centrifugal pump.” 4
Answer: Causes and remedies for a symptom-“Low discharge through centrifugal pump:
(Any 4 points- 1mark each )
Sr. Causes Remedies
1 Pump may not be properly primed Re-prime the pump
2 Total head against which the pump is Reduce the head or change the pump
working may be more than the designed
head. 4
3 Impeller, strainer or suction line, delivery Clean the pump parts.
line may be clogged.
4 Suction lift may be excessive. Reduce the suction lift.
5 Speed of impeller may be low. Check the speed with a tachometer and compare
it with the design speed. Increase the speed.
6 There may be leakage of air into the pump Plug the leakage.
through the suction line or the stuffing box.
7 There may be excessive wear and tear. Replace the damaged parts.
Some of the parts may be damaged.
c) What is mean by ‘Slip’ in reciprocating pump? State significance of negative slip. 4
Answer:
Slip in reciprocating Pump:
Slip of pump means difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge of the 1
pump. i.e. Slip = Qth - Qact.
Significance of negative slip.
If actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge, in which case Cd will be more than one and
the slip of pump will be negative. In that case slip of the reciprocating pump is known as negative slip.
Negative slip occurs when delivery pipe is short, suction pipe is too long and pump is running at
3
high speed. This is so because for such pumps the inertia pressure in the suction pipe will be large in
comparison to the pressure on the outside of the delivery valve, which may cause delivery valve to
open before the suction stroke is completed. Some liquid is thus pushed directly into the delivery pipe
even before the delivery stroke is commenced, which results in making the actual discharge more than
the theoretical discharge
d) Describe the working principle of hydraulic press. 4
Answer: Working principle of hydraulic press:
Consider ram and plunger operating in two cylinders of different diameters which are
interconnected at the bottom through a chamber which is filled with some liquid. Let, A be the area of
Ram and, a be the area of plunger. If F is the force applied to the plunger then corresponding pressure
intensity developed is P (F/ a). But, according to Pascal’s law, the same pressure intensity will be
transmitted throughout the liquid, and therefore the Ram will also be subjected to the same pressure
intensity. Accordingly, If W is the total weight weight lifted by the Ram then W = ( P X A) and hence 3
P = F/a = W/A
W = F X (A/ a)
It may be seen that, by applying a small force F on the plunger, a large force W may be developed at
the Ram. As such by suitable adjusting the area of the plunger and the Ram even a small force may be
multiplied many times.
(Autonomous)
Fig. Working principle of hydraulic press

e) Compare gear pump with vane pump on the basis of 4
i) Discharge pressure
ii) Speed
iii) Overall efficiency
iv) Application
Answer: Comparison of gear pump with vane pump:(Each point of comparison- 1 mark)
Sr. Basis Gear pump Vane pump

i) Discharge pressure Upto 200 bar 70 to 135 bar pressure
4
ii) Speed 500 to 2500 rpm 1000 to 1750 rpm
iii) Overall efficiency Less efficient than vane pumps More efficient than gear pumps.
iv) Application Industrial and mobile hydraulic Auto Industry- Fuel, Lubes,
applications e.g. lifts, log Refrigeration coolants
splitters. Aviation service-Fuel transfer,
Acids and caustic, fuel oils and Deicing
lube oils, chemical mixing and LPG cylinder filling, Aqueous
blending. solution
3. Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) Draw a schematic diagram of hydraulic Jack and label the components. 4
(Autonomous)
b) Describe construction and working of pressure relief valve. 4

Answer: Construction and working of pressure relief valve:
This type of valves has two ports; one of which is connected to the pump and another is
connected to the tank. It consists of a spring chamber where poppet is balanced with a spring force.
Generally, spring is adjustable to set the maximum pressure limit of the system. 2
The poppet is held in position by combined effect of spring force and dead weight of spool. As
the pressure exceeds this combined force, the poppet raises and excess fluid by passed to the reservoir.
The poppet again resets as the pressure drops below the pre-set value. A drain is also provided in the
control chamber. It sends the fluid collected due to small leakage to the tank and there by prevents the
failure of the valve.
Fig. Pressure relief valve

c) What is FRL unit? Describe the function of each component. 4
Answer:
FRL unit: Filter, Pressure regulator, and Lubricator are combined in a unit. These three units 1
together are called FRL unit or Service unit. Compressed air from compressor comes in FRL unit
where in, air is filtered, controlled and lubricated. Such prepared and controlled air is delivered to the
pneumatic system.
Function of FRL Unit:- (Function of each component- 1 mark )

1) Filter:
a. To prevent entrance of solid contaminants to the system.
3
b. To condensate and remove the water vapour that is present in the air.
c. To arrest submicron particles that may pose a problem in the system components.
2) Regulator: To regulate the incoming pressure to the system so that the desired air pressure is
capable of flowing at a steady condition.
3) Lubricator: To provide lubrication for mating components of valves, cylinders etc.by forming
a mist of oil and air.
(Autonomous)
d) Draw symbols for- 4

i) Filter
ii) Unidirectional variable displacement hydraulic pump
iii) 3 X 2 DC valve
iv) Bi-directional air motor
Answer: (Each correct symbol - 1 mark)
Sr. Symbols
i) Filter
ii) Unidirectional variable displacement

hydraulic pump
iii) 3 X 2 DC valve
iv) Bi-directional air motor
B) Attempt any ONE of the following:: 6

a) Draw meter – in circuit and state its two applications. 6
Answer:
Applications of Meter in circuit: ( Any two-1 mark each)
1. Grinding machine 2
2. Milling machine
3. Meter in circuit are generally used when load characteristics are constant and positive
(Autonomous)
Construction and Working: The device consist of metallic tube, generally this cross section is
elliptical. One end of the tube is closed and another is fitted to the pipe where pressure is to be 3
measured. The dial and the pointer fitted over the mechanism.
As flowing fluid under pressure enters the tube, the tube tends to be straightening. This causes the
free end of the tube to move which is connected to pinion and sector arrangement. The pointer deflect
on the calibrated scale, which directly indicates pressure in the term of N/m2
Fig. Bourdon tube pressure gauge

Application : (Any two- 1/2 mark each)
1. For measuring high pressures e.g. in steam boilers, compressors.
2. For measuring pressures in vehicles tube tyre.
3. In hydraulic system. 1
b) i) Why priming is necessary in centrifugal pump? What are methods of priming?
8
ii) What factors are to be considered for selection of pump?
Answer: (Necessity of priming – 2 marks, Methods of priming- 2 marks)
i) Necessity of priming: The pressure developed by the impeller of the centrifugal pump is
proportional to the density of fluid in the impeller. It is thus obvious that if the impeller is running
in air, it will produce only negligible pressure which may not suck liquid from its source through
the suction pipe. To avoid this priming is necessary. Priming reduces the risk of pump damage 2
during start-up as it prevents the dry run. Pump runs smooth and delivers continuous discharge of
flow. Priming reduces noise, vibrations in pump.
Methods of Priming: (Any two)
1. Liquid pouring: Small pumps are usually primed by pouring the liquid through a funnel into
the casing from some external source. The air vent provided in the casing is opened to facilitate
the exit of the air. When all air has been removed from the suction pipe and the pump casing,
2
the air vent is closed and the pump is primed.
2. Casing evacuation: Large pumps are primed by evacuating the casing and suction pipe with
the aid of an air pump or stream ejector, the liquid is thus sucked into the suction pipe from the
sump.
3. Automatic priming: In some pumps, their internal construction is such that special
arrangement containing a supply of liquid are provided in the suction pipe which facilitate
automatic priming of the pump. Such pumps known as ‘Self primed pumps’.
(Autonomous)
ii) Factors to be considered while selecting a pump: (Any four)

1. Speed of Pump: When the specific speed is low and it is possible to increase the pump speed it
is better to use multi stage pump. The number of stages is decided on the basis of the head and
the type of the pump to be used.
2. Flow of pressurized Fluid: From the values of discharge (Q), head (H) and speed (N), values
of specific speed of the pump is calculated and subsequently the type of the pump can be 4
decided.
3. Availability and Cost of Pump: There is different variety of pumps available in market
according to application we can choose it by economical aspect cost of the pump and its spare
should be less.
4. Compatibility with working medium: The meaning of compatibility is nothing but acceptance
or familiar. Due to lack of proper working medium, pump will not give a good performance.
5. The type of impeller :
i) Impeller shrouded type - for pumping fresh clean water
ii) Impeller un-shrouded or propeller type for pumping solid - liquid mixture or near
plastic material
iii) Mixed flow impellers with diffuser vanes used for deep well or submersible pumps.
6. Head available.
c) Compare hydraulic and pneumatic circuits. 8

Answer: Comparison of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits (Any eight points- 1 mark each)
SR. Hydraulic circuit Pneumatic circuit

01 Used for circuits up to 700 bar pressure Operative below 10 bar pressure.
02 Uses hydraulic oil as a medium Uses air as a medium
03 Pump is used to pressurize the oil Compressor is used to pressurize the air.
04 Since hydraulic oil is reused in the circuit Air is taken from atmosphere and is vented to
hydraulic oil tank is a must and there are atmosphere after use. Hence no return lines.
return lines Air reservoir is used to store pressurized air.
05 The rigidity of the system using hydraulic The rigidity of the system using hydraulic
circuit is good. circuit is poor.
06 Moderate operating cost. Operating cost is low.
07 Maintenance is critical. Maintenance is simple. 8
08 Very suitable for accurate speed/feed No accuracy in movement.
movement of cutting tool mechanism.
09 The system using hydraulic circuit is not Pneumatic circuits are very clean.
clean due to oil leakages.
10 Weight to pressure ratio is small. Weight to pressure ratio is high.
11 Problem of cavitation is serious in No problem of cavitation.
hydraulic circuit.
12 Oil is changed as per schedule. No need of change of air as per schedule.
13 Hydraulic circuits are used in tackling Pneumatic circuits are used when loads are
heavy loads, hence used in earthmoving much lighter. Hence used in transferring the
equipments, CNC-VMC machines. light weight components, vacuum handling in
printing press, food industry.
(Autonomous)
Model Answer Subject Code: 17522
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
02
Figure Pneumatic filter

e) State different types of seals used in hydraulic circuit and explain ‘O’ ring with neat
sketch.
Answer:
The types of seals used in hydraulic circuits are 1) Static seals 2) Dynamic seals 02
Fig O ring
O-ring:- It is moulded synthetic rubber seal that has round cross section in free
state. It can be used for static as well as dynamic conditions. It gives effective
sealing strength through a wide range of pressures, temperatures and movements. It
02
provides sealing pressure in both directions as well low running friction on moving
parts. It is installed in an annular groove formed into one of the mating parts. When
the pressure is applied, the O-ring is forced against the third surface to create a
positive seal. Hence it is capable of sealing against high pressures.
4 A) Attempt any THREE of the following :
a) Describe the working of hydraulic jack with neat sketch.state its application.
Answer: (Sketch 02Marks, working 01 Mark and applications 01 mark)
Page No. 11/26

(Autonomous)
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and
model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme
1 ( a) Attempt any Three of the following.
( i) Define capillarity and Specific gravity along with their unit.
Answer: (Capillarity- 2 marks ; specific gravity- 2 marks) 02

Capillarity: Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface
in a small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held
vertically in the liquid. The rise of liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the
fall of liquid surface is known as capillary depression.
Figure- Capillary Rise
h= capillary Rise
Unit: mm or cm of liquid.
Specific gravity: It is defined as the ratio of the weight density (density) of a fluid
to the weight density (density) of a standard fluid. For liquids, the standard of fluid 02
Page No. 1/24

(Autonomous)
is taken as water and for gases, the standard fluid is taken as air. Specific gravity is
also called as relative density. It is denoted by S.
Weight density( density) of liquid

Mathematically, S ( for liquid) =--------------------------------------------
Weight density (density) of water
Weight density( density) of gas

Mathematically, S ( for gases) =--------------------------------------------
Weight density (density) of air
Unit: No unit.
( ii) State any two practical applications of seals and gaskets used in hydraulic
systems
Answer: (Any Two – 2 Marks for each)
(Due consideration shall be given for similar and other practical applications) 04
Application of Seals and gaskets: (Any two)
Static Seals: These seals are used in reservoirs, gear boxes, body and casing / cover
assembling of storage tanks etc.
Dynamic seals: These seals are used in applications where mating parts are having
relative motion. Hence the applications like piston and cylinder, rotating shaft and
body, oscillating or limited rotary hydraulic motors.
Cup seals are used where seals have to withstand higher operating pressure up to 700
bar.
v- packing and u packing seals are used as ID rod or OD piston seal.
O ring is used as static as well as dynamic seal.
General Applications where these all seals for different purposes are:
Hydraulic pump, hydraulic motors, hydraulic actuators, valves, filter, reservoir
( iii) Give classification of pneumatic actuators.

Answer: (4 marks) 04
Classification of pneumatic actuators
Pneumatic actuators
Linear Actuators (Air cylinders) Rotary Actuators (Air Motors)
Page No. 2/24

(Autonomous)
B Explain Construction and Working of Rotary Spool 4/3 valve with neat sketch.
Construction: 2 Marks and working: 2 marks 04
Answer: -
The rotary spool directional control valve has a round core with one or more passages or
recesses in it. The core is mounted within a stationary sleeve. As the core is rotated within
the stationary sleeve, the passages or recesses connect or block the ports in the sleeve. The
ports in the sleeve are connected to the appropriate lines of the fluid system.
Figure shows three different position of the core when the handle is rotated. Left most
envelope of DCV connects P to B and A to T. Middle envelope of DCV blocks all ports. Right
most envelope of DCV connects P to A and T to B.
C Classify valves on the basis of construction, function and application.
Answer: 02
Page No. 10/24

(Autonomous)
e) Explain with neat sketch proportional flow type filter.
Answer: (sketch : 2 marks and explanation : 2 marks)
Proportional flow filter :
Working principle: By reducing cross sectional area of flow passage, a pressure

Page No. 12/24
(Autonomous)
difference is created, due to which proportionate quantity of oil passes through filter
element.
Construction and Working: Main parts of Proportional flow filter are: Venturi passage,
Filtering element. In this filter main oil flow passes through venturi, which create
localize low pressure area inside the filter element. Outside of the filter element there is
high pressure oil, due to the pressure difference crated across filter element. The
propionate quantity passes through filter element. In this filter the pressure drop is very
low hence is having wide application.
4 Attempt any THREE of following.
i) What is Pascal’s law? State its application
Pascal’s law : 02
It states that “The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in all
directions”. In other words when a certain pressure is applied at any point in fluid at
rest the pressure is equally transmitted in all directions and to every other point in the
fluid.
Fig.
where, px = intensity of pressure in x direction; py = intensity of pressure in y direction;
pz= intensity of pressure in z direction.
Applications:- Hydraulic press, Hydraulic brakes, Hydraulic jack, hydraulic lift.

02
Page No. 13/24

(Autonomous)
ii) Explain working of single acting pneumatic cylinder with neat sketch
Answer: (sketch : 2 marks and explanation : 2 marks)

04
iii) Specify types of seals used in hydraulic system.

(Any 4 types – 4 marks)
According to nature of application: 04
a. The types of seals used in hydraulic circuits are static seals and dynamic seals
Static seals:- The seals used between the mating parts that do not move relative to
each other are termed as static seals. These seals are compressed between two rigidly
connected parts. These seals make leak proof joint because of pressure applied in
tightening the bolts. Under pressure the seal material flows and fills the irregularities in
the surface making the joint leak-proof. A static seal may often termed as gasket and is
usually cut from compressible flat sheet material like paper, cork, rubber or asbestos.
The thickness is ranging from 0.25 mm to 3 mm. Figure shows static flange joint and
rubber seal moulded in metal ring. O-ring static seal is the simple and most versatile
seal used for static applications. The O-ring can be made circular, rectangular or U-ring
in cross-section.
Dynamic seals:- The seal between the mating parts that move relative to each other is
called as dynamic seals. These seals are subjected to wear as one of the mating part
rubs against the seal. These seals prevents leakage around a moving component. Ex.
Piston rings, O- rings on rotating and reciprocating shafts.
Page No. 14/24

(Autonomous)
Types of dynamic seals 1)O-ring
2)Lipped seals
3)Piston cup packing
4)Piston rings
5)Wiper rings
According to sealing type:
1. Positive seal: when sealing is required for 100% leak proof and no oil is allowed
to leak.
2. Non positive seal: when sealing is allowed minute amount of oil leakage for
lubrication of spools and moving parts of valves.
iv) Draw general layout of pneumatic system and label the components.
(Layout – 2marks and labeling – 2marks )
04
(Note :-Credit shall be given to suitable sketch)
4 b) Attempt any ONE of the following

i) Draw and explain pneumatic meter-in circuit.
Answer: (Fig 3 marks and Explanation – 3marks)
Page No. 15/24

(Autonomous)
MODEL ANSWER
Subject Title: Hydraulic and Pneumatic Subject Code: 17522
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q. Sub Answer Marking
No. Q. N. Scheme
iii) State difference between poppet and spool type valve 04
S.N Poppet Type Valve Spool Type Valve
1 Construction is complicated. Construction is simple.
2 The valve finishing is difficult and The valve spool and bore 04
costly finishing is simple and less costly
Any four
3 Wear and tear is not uniform Wear and tear is uniform points
4 Valve Actuation possible is Actuation is easily adaptable
limited.
5 Rarely used Commonly used
6 Very minor leakage Leakage inside the valve is

possible
7 Suitable for very high pressure Suitable for low/medium pressure

applications applications
iv) Describe function of seals and gasket. State their applications in Hydraulic 04
and pneumatic circuits
Seals : A mechanical seal is a device that helps join systems or mechanisms 01
together for preventing leakage.
Gasket: A gasket is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more
mating surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects 01
while under compression.
Application of Seals and gaskets: (Any two)
01
Static Seals: These seals are used in reservoirs, gear boxes, body and casing /
cover assembling of storage tanks, pump flanges etc.
01
Dynamic seals: These seals are used in applications where mating parts are
having relative motion. Hence the applications like piston and cylinder, rotating
shaft and body, oscillating or limited rotary hydraulic motors.
General Applications of gasket for different purposes:
Page 2 of 19
(Autonomous)
MODEL ANSWER
Summer-18 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: Hydraulic and Pneumatics Subject Code: 17522
________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
scheme.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
concept.
Q. No. Sub Q. Answer Marking

N. Scheme
1 a) Attempt any THREE of the following. 12
(i) Define surface tension and viscosity with their unit 04
Ans Surface Tension: It is a tensile force acting on the surface of liquid in contact with air 01
(or gas), such that this surface behaves like elastic membrane under tension
01
S. I. unit is N/m
01
Viscosity: It is the property of fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one
layer of fluid over another adjacent layer.
S. I. unit is N-s/m2 01
(ii) Explain working of Bourdon tube pressure gauge with neat sketch 04
Ans Working: It is a device which is used for the measurement of high pressure as well as
pressure above or below the Atmospheric Pressure. The device consist of metallic
tube, generally this cross section is elliptical. One end of the tube is closed and another
is fitted to the pipe where pressure is to be measured. The dial and the pointer fitted
over the mechanism. As flowing fluid under pressure enters the tube, the tube tends to
be straightening. This causes the free end of the tube to move which is connected to
pinion and sector arrangement. The pointer deflect on the calibrated scale, which 02
directly indicates pressure in the term of N/m2
Page 1 of 21
(Autonomous)
MODEL ANSWER
________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
b) Explain cavitation and reasons for cavitations in pumps. 04
Ans Cavitation: It means formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region 02

where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure and sudden collapsing
of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher pressure.
When the vapour bubbles collapse, a very high pressure is created. The metallic
surfaces, above which these vapour bubbles collapse is subjected to high pressure
which causes pitting action on surfaces. Thus cavities are formed on metallic surface,
known as cavitation. Also considerable noise and vibrations are produced.
Causes of cavitation: (Any two) Cavitation in pumps is usually due to insufficient

NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) energy on the suction side of the pump. This can 02
be caused by:
1. Having the pump at too high of a distance above the fluid source
2. Having too small of a diameter of suction pipe
3. Having too long of a distance of suction pipe
4. Having too many fittings on the suction pipe
5. Handling a liquid with a low vapour pressure
6. Running the pump too fast
c) Explain working of internal gear pump with neat sketch. 4
Ans (Note: Credit shall be given to any equivalent sketch and relevant description)
02
Working: External gear (driving gear) drives the internal gear (ring gear). Portion
where teeth start meshing, tight seal is created. Near inlet port the vacuum is created 02
due to quick un meshing and oil enters from oil tank through inlet port. Oil is trapped
between the internal and external gear teeth on both sides of spacer (cresent) and then
carried from inlet to outlet port. Meshing of gear near outlet port reduces the volume
or gap and oil gets pressurized. These pumps can create pressure up to 350 bar and
one other specialty of this pump is that it makes very less noise.
Page 5 of 21
(Autonomous)
MODEL ANSWER
________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
Figure Hydraulic Jack

c) Explain hydraulic telescopic cylinder with neat sketch 4
Ans (Note: Credit shall be given to any equivalent sketch and relevant description)
Most telescopic cylinders are single acting. The telescopic cylinder is equipped with a
series of nested tubular rod segments called sleeves. These sleeves work together to
provide longer working stroke than possible with a standard cylinder. Up to four to 02
five sleeves can be used. The maximum load is exerted when the cylinder is collapsed.
In the extended position, the load is in function of the diameter of the smallest sleeve.
02
Figure: Telescopic cylinder
Page 8 of 21
(Autonomous)
MODEL ANSWER
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Attempt any FOUR of the following. 16
a) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of gear pump. 04
Ans construction and working of gear pump:

1) Internal Gear pump: It consists of one external and one internal meshing gear
pair. External gear is connected to electric motor and hence is driving gear. Internal
gear or ring gear is driven gear which rotates in same direction as that of external
gear. Between two gear a spacer called ‘crescent’ is located which is a stationary
pieces connected to housing. Inlet and outlet ports are located in end plates.
External gear (driving gear) drives the internal gear (Ring Gear). Portion where 02
teeth start meshing, a tight seal is created near port the vacuum is created due to
quick un-meshing and oil enters from oil tank through inlet port. Oil is trapped
between the internal and external gear teeth on both sides of crescent (spacer) and
is then carried from inlet to outlet port. Meshing of gear near outlet port reduces
the volume or gap and oil gets pressurized. These pumps make very less noise.
02
OR
2) External Gear Pump: One of the gears is connected to drive shaft which in
turn is coupled with prime mover. Second gear gets driven because of meshing
(spur gears). Suction side teeth gets unmeshed and discharge side teeth gets mesh.
Vacuum generation takes place due to evacuation of teeth. Line contact of the gear
02
teeth over one another prevents flow through the mesh & the close fitting of the
housing prevents flow back around the periphery.
Page 10 of 24

Winter - 14 Examination: Important Instructions To Examiners

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Winter - 14 Examination: Important Instructions To Examiners

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Important Instructions to examiners:

1. A) Attempt any three of the following 12

b) Write classification of control valves. 04

Figure: Sliding spool type 4/3 direction control valve

Figure: Sliding spool type 4/3 direction control valve

Figure: Sliding spool type 4/3 direction control valve

d) State the function of flexible hose and gaskets. 04

Function of gaskets: (any 02) 02

B) Attempt any one of the following 6

Relation among Cd, Cc and Cv:

Actual Area  Actual Velocity

Construction and working of single acting cylinder:

2. Attempt any four of the following 16

b) What factors will you consider while selecting a centrifugal pump? 04

Sr. Possible causes Remedies

ii) Produces noise (any 02)

d) Draw a labeled diagram of swash plate pump. 04

Answer: (02 marks for sketch & 02 marks for labeling )

e) Describe with neat sketch working of hydraulic ram. 04

Answer: Working of hydraulic ram:

3. Attempt any four of the following : 16

Sr. No. On the basis of Gear pump Vane pump 04

Construction and Working:

c) Draw a labeled sketch of sequence valve and describe its working. 04

Two materials of seals used in hydraulic systems.

Functions of components of F.R.L Unit:-

4. A) Attempt any Three of the following : 12

d) Draw a neat sketch of meter in circuit. 04

Figure: Meter- in Circuit

b) i) Identify the following circuit in figure No. 1 06

iii) Applications : (Any two)

5. Attempt any two of the following : 16

Sr. Factors Reciprocating Pump Centrifugal Pump

c) Explain hydraulic power steering with neat labeled sketch. 08

Reaction piston type hydraulic steering system

Figure: Reaction piston type hydraulic steering system

6 Attempt any two : 16

Figure: Double acting reciprocating pump

Figure: Pneumatic Circuit Using sequence valve

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Important instructions to examiners:

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

c) Give classification of hydraulic actuator. 4

d) Write the function of flexible hose, filters, lubricators and gaskets. 4

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

B). Attempt any one of the following : 6

Figure:Relationship between atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressures.

b)Write construction and working non-return valve with neat sketch. 6

Figure: Non-Return Valve

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

2. Attempt any four of the following : 16

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

2. Low efficiency: (Any two- 2marks)

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Figure: 4/2 DC valve

c) Give the classification of valves. 4

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

d) Explain full flow hydraulic filter with neat sketch. 4

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

e) Explain working of the FRC unit with neat sketch. 4

2. Relieving or Venting Type Pressure regulator: Outlet pressure is sensed by a diaphragm