Model Answer: Winter-2018

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter- 2018
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 17421
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scheme.
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equivalent concept.
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 1 A) Attempt any SIX of the following : 12
(a) State the difference in behavior of liquid with solids (any two
points).
Ans. Sr. No. Liquids Solids
The distance space
between molecules is Molecules are very closely
1
large as compared to spread spaced to each other. 1 2
solids. Mark
each
Intermolecular cohesive Intermolecular cohesive
2 (any
force is less force is lrge two)
Liquids cannot resist Solids can resist tensile
3
tensile force compressive force
Liquids take the shape
4 of the container in Solids have definite shape
which it stored.
e.g. Water, Petrol,
5 e.g. Metal, Timber, concrete
Kerosene
(b) State the Newton’s law of viscosity.

Ans. It states that “The shear stress between adjacent fluid layers is
proportional to velocity gradient between the two layers.on a layer of
a fluid is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain”.
2 2
OR
The shear stress on a layer of a fluid is directly proportional to the
Velocity gradient.
ς α (v/y) = μ x (v/y)
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Q.1 (c) Convert :
i) 10 N/cm2 in meters of water
ii) 03 m of mercury in N/m2
Ans.
P  10 N / cm 2  10 104 N / m 2
i) SWater = 1 1
P = γ Water ×h Water
P = SWater × γ Water × h Water 2
1.0×9810×h Water = 10 10 N / m 4 2
h Water = 10.19m
ii) h mercury = 03m, Smercury = 13.6

P = γ mercury ×h mercury 1
P = Smercury × γ Water × h mercury

P = 13.6×9810×03
P= 400248N/m 2
(d) State any two advantages of simple U tube manometer over a

piezometer. 1
Ans. Mark
1. It is suitable for measurement of high pressure
each
2. It is suitable for measurement of negative pressure
(any 2
3. It requires a short U tube containing mercury in it.
two)
Write expression for minor losses in
(e)
i) Sudden Enlargement ii) Exit
Ans. 1
1. Minor Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
V V 
2
HL = 1 2 2
2g
2. Minor Loss of head due to Exit 1
V2
HL =
2g
(f) Define i) Hydraulic Gradient Line ii) Energy Gradient Line 1

Ans. Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL) is defined as the line which gives
the sum of pressure head and datum head of a flowing fluid in a pipe
with respect to some reference line. 2
Total Energy Gradient Line is defined as the line which gives the 1
sum of pressure head, datum head and velocity head of a flowing fluid
in a pipe with respect to some reference line.
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Q.1 g) Define:
i) Coefficient of contraction (Cc)
ii) Coefficient of velocity (Cv)
Ans. 1. Coefficient of contraction (Cc)
The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the jet at vena contracta 1
to the cross-sectional area of the orifice is called coefficient of
contraction.
2
2. Coefficient of velocity (Cv)
The ratio of actual velocity of the jet at vena contracta to 1
the theoretical velocity of the jet is called coefficient of
velocity.
List any two velocity of flow measuring devices. 1

h) Mark 2
1)Current meter 2)Single float or surface float
Ans. each
3)Double float or subsurface float 4)Rod float or velocity float
5) Pitot tube
(any
two)
Attempt any TWO of the following: (8)
B)
a) If the density of liquid is 800 kg/m3and its kinematic viscosity as
1.73 cm2/sec. find its
i) Specific weight ii) Dynamic velocity
iii) Specific volume iv) Specific gravity
Mass Density=ρ=800Kg/m3
Ans. Kinematic Viscosity=J=1.73cm 2 /sec=1.73×10-4 m 2 /sec
Specific Weight=γ=Mass Density×g
1
γ=800×9.81
γ=7848N/m3
1 1
Specific Volume= 
ρ 800
Specific Volume=1.25×10-3m3 /kg
1 4
ρ
Specific Gravity= l
ρw
ρ w =1000Kg/m3 ρl =800Kg/m3 1
800
Specific Gravity= =0.8
1000
μ
Kinematic Viscosity= =
ρl
1
Dynamic Viscosity=μ= ×ρ l =μ=1.73×10-4 ×800
Dynamic Viscosity=μ=0.1384N-S/m 2
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Q.1 b) Define the following and state their SI units:
i) Dynamic Viscosity ii) Weight Density
Ans. i) Dynamic Viscosity: It is defined as shear stress (τ) required to 1
produce unit rate of shear strain (du/dy). It is denoted by (μ).
Unit = N.sec/m2 1
ii) Weight Density: It is defined as the weight per unit volume at
standard temperature and pressure 1 4
OR
It is defined as ratio of weight to volume.
1
S.I. Unit: N/m3
c) Explain the concept of pressure diagram and state its use.

Ans. Pressure diagram is defined as “It is the graphical representation of
variation of pressure on the surface with depth”. The total pressure per 1
unit length is the area of pressure diagram. The position of center of
the pressure is the position of center of gravity of the pressure
diagram.
1 4
Uses:
1) To Calculate pressure exerted by liquid on the one side of
1
surface. Mark
2) To Calculate pressure due to liquid on both the side of surface each
3) To Calculate pressure on vertical and inclined faces of dam. (any
4) To Calculate pressure on sluice gate, side and bottom of water two)
tank.
5) To find position of centre of pressure.
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Q.2 Attempt any FOUR of the following: ( 16 )
a) A rectangular plane surface is 2 m wide and 3 m deep. It lies in
vertical plane in water. Determine the total pressure and position
of centre of pressure on the plane surface when its upper edge is
horizontal and 2.5 m below the free water surface.
Ans.

P    A y
A  b  d  2  3  6m 2
 3
y  2.5   4m
2
P  9810  6  4  235440 N  235.44kN 1
 I G  sin 
2 
h 
y
Ay
bd 3 2  33
IG    4.5m 4 1
12 12
  90 0
 4.5 1
h  4  4.18m
6 4 1

h  4.18m
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Q.2 b) A square tank 2 m side and 2 m depth contain water to a depth of
1m and light liquid of specific gravity 0.80 on the water to a depth
of 0.60 m. find the magnitude and location of pressure force on
one of the vertical side and bottom of the tank.
Ans.
for Water,
P  Pressure intensity at bottom
P  w h ½
P1  9.811
P1  9.81kN / m 2
P1  9810 N / m2
for Oil ,
P2  Pressure intensity at bottom
½
P2   oil  h
P2  Soil   water  0.6
P2  0.8  9810  0.6
P2  4708.8 N m2
P  P1  P2
½
P  14518.8 N / m2
Total pressure force  p  Area
Total pressure force  14518.8  2  2  58075.2 N  58.075kN
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Model Answers Marks
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Q.2 b)
Pside  Pressure per meter on one side of wall

1 1
y1   h1  1  0.333m
3 3
1 1
a1    1h1  h1   9810 11  4905m 2
2 2
1 1
y2   h1  1  0.5m
2 2
a2   2 h2  h1  0.8  9810  0.6 1  4708.8m 2
1 1 ½
y3   h2  h1   0.6  1  1.2m
3 3
1 1
a3    2 h2  h2   0.8  9810  0.6  0.6  1412.64m 2
2 2
  a y    a2 y2    a3 y3 
y 1 1
a1  a2  a3
4

y
 4905  0.33   4708.8  0.5  1412.64 1.2 
4905  4708.8  1412.64

y
1618.65   2354.4   1695.17 
11026.44 ½

y  0.514mfrombase
Pside  Pressure per meter on one side of wall

1  1 
Pside     1  h12     2  h1  h2      2  h22 
2  2 
1  1 
Pside    9810 12    0.8  9810  1 0.6     0.8  9810  0.62 
2  2 
Pside  4905  4708.8  2825.28
½
P2  12439.08 N m
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Model Answers Marks
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Q.2 c) A partition wall 2 m long divides a storage tank. On one side there
is liquid with specific gravity 0.87 upto a depth of 1.5 m. on the
other side there is another liquid with specific gravity 0.80 stored
to a depth of 1 m . Determine the resultant pressure on the
Ans. partition wall and the position of at which it acts.
Pressure due to liquid of sp.gr. 0.87

1
P1 = ×γ L ×h1×h1
2
1
P1 = ×SL ×γ w ×h 1 2
2
1 ½ 4
P1 = ×0.87×9.81×1.52
2
P1 = 9.6015kN/m
Pressure due to liquid of sp. gr. 0.8
1
P2 = ×γ L ×h 2 ×h 2
2
1 ½
P2 = ×SL ×γ w ×h 2 2
2
1
P2 = ×.80×9.81×1.02
2
P2 = 3.924kN/m
Resultant Pressure ½
P = P1 - P2
P = 9.6015 - 3.924
P = 5.6775 kN/m ½
And for 2 m lenght pressure will be
P = 2 5.6775 = 11.355kN
Position of center of pressure 1
from base ½
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Q.2 d) A simple U- tube manometer is used to measure water pressure in
pipe. The left limb of manometer is connected to pipe and right
limb is open to atmosphere. The mercury level in left limb is 120
mm below the centre of pipe and in right limb 80 mm above the
centre of pipe . Calculate the water pressure in pipe.
Ans.
S1  1
h1  120mm  0.12m
S 2  13.6
h2  200mm  0.20m 1
4
hp  ( S1  h1 )  ( S 2  h2 )
hp  (13.6  0.20)  (1 0.12)
1
hp  2.6m
Pp   w  hp
Pp  9.81 2.6
Pp  25.506 kN m 2 1
OR Or
Pp
 (0.12 1)  (0.20 13.6)  0 1
w
Pp
 2.6m
w
PA  2.6   w
PA  25.506 kN m 2 1
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Q.2 e) Define the following types of flow:
i) Gravity Flow ii) Steady Flow
iii) Uniform Flow iv) Laminar Flow
Ans. 1) Gravity flow: If the flow of water under gravitational force is
1
called gravity flow
2) Steady flow: - If the depth of flow, the discharge and mean
1
velocity of the flow at any section does not change with respect to
time, the flow is called as steady flow
4
3) Uniform flow: - If the depth of flow, the discharge and mean
1
velocity flow at a given instant do not change along the length of
channel, the flow is called as Uniform flow
4) Laminar flow: If fluid particles flows parallel to each other then
1
flow is called laminar flow.
OR
If Reynold’s number is less than 2000 then the flow is called as

laminar flow.
f) State Bernoulli’s theorem with its assumption and equation.

Ans. It states that in an ideal incompressible fluid when the flow is steady
& continuous, the total energy of each particle of the fluid is the same.
(Provided that no external energy enters or leaves the system at any
point) 2
OR
It states that in an incompressible fluid, when the flow is steady and
continuous the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential
energy (or datum energy) remains constant.
P1 V12 P V2 2
+ +Z1 = 2 + 2 +Z2
γ L 2g γ L 2g
Where,
P1 P
and 2 = Pressure head or Pressure Energy per unit weight at section 1-1 and 2-2
γL γL
V12 V2
and 2 = Velocity head or kinetic energy per unit weight at section 1-1 and 2-2
2g 2g
Z1 and Z2  Datum head or Potential Energy per unit weight at section 1-1 and 2-2
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Q. 3 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16
a) A pipe line carrying an oil of specific gravity 0.9 has a diameter
250 mm at A which is gradually increase to a diameter of 500 mm
at B, which is 5 m above A. if the pressure at A and B are 125 KPa
and 75 Kpa respectively and discharge is 225 Litres per second ,
Find the loss of head and the direction of flow.
Ans.
Given,
Specific Gravity of oil-= 0.9
DA= 250 mm= 0.25 m DB = 500 mm= 0.5 m
ZA= 0 ZB = 5 m
PA= 125KPa = 125 x 103 Pa PB=75KPa= 75 x 103 Pa
Q = 225 lit/sec
Loss of head = ? Direction of flow = ?
Q = 225 Lit/sec= 225/1000 m3/sec = 0.225 m3/sec
 ½
Q  a Av A  0.225   0.252  v A
4
VA  4.586m / s

Q  a B vB   0.52  vB ½
4
vB  1.146m / s
4
Total Energy at A
PA vA2
TE A    zA 1
 2g
125 103 4.5862
TE A    0  15.2299m
 0.9  9810  2  9.81
Total Energy at B
PB vB 2
TEB    zB
 2g 1
75 103 1.1462
TEB    5  13.562m
 0.9  9810  2  9.81
Loss of Head  TE A  TEB  15.2299  13.562 1
Loss of Head  1.6679m
As TE A is greater than TE B direction of flow is from A to B
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Q.3 b) Define following terms :
i) Reynolds Number ii) discharge
iii) Flow net iv) Stream line
Ans.
i) Reynolds Number- It is defined as the ratio of Inertia force to 1
Viscous Force.
ii) Discharge – It is defined as the quantity of liquid flowing per 1
second through a section of pipe or a channel.
iii) Flow net- a grid obtained by drawing a series of streamlines and 1 4
equipotential lines is known as known as Flow net.
iv) Stream line- It is defined as imaginary line within the flow so that
the tangent at any point on it indicates the velocity at that point. 1
c) Three pipes having same length , same friction factor , but

different diameters as 250 mm , 100 mm and 50 mm are
connected in parallel . if the total discharge through these pipe is
500 Litres per second. Calculate the discharge through each Pipe.
Ans.
d1 = 250 mm= 0.25 m
d2 = 100 mm= 0.10 m
d3 = 50 mm= 0.05 m
Q = 500 lit/sec = 0.5 m3/sec
f1 = f2 = f3
l1 = l2 = l3
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Q. 3 c)
1
Q = Q1 + Q2+ Q3
Q = A1 V1 + A2 V2 + A3 V3
4
0.5 = 0.08675 V2
V2 = 5.763m/s
V1 = 1.58 V2
V1 = 9.112 m / sec
Q1 = A1 V1
Q1 = A1 V1
Q1 = 0.4469 m3 / sec 1
V3 = 0.707 V2
V3 = 0.707 x 5.763 1
V3 = 4.0744 m/sec
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Q.3 d) Explain Water hammer in a pipe with its effects and remedial
measure.
Ans. Water hammer- In a long pipe, when flowing water is suddenly
brought to rest by closing the value or by any similar cause, there will
be sudden rise in pressure as the momentum of water is being 2
destroyed. A pressure wave is a transmitted along the pipe. A sudden
rise in pressure has the effect of hammering action on the walls of the
pipe . this phenomenon of sudden rise in pressure is known as water
hammer or hammer blow. 4
The magnitude of pressure rise depend on – speed at which valve is
closed, velocity of flow, length of pipe, elastic properties of pipe
material.
Effect:
1. Noise (Roaring Noise) is created.
2. Pipe may burst. 2
Remedial Measures:
1. Close the valve gradually.
2. Rise in pressure should be gradual.
A horizontal pipe of 150 mm diameter is suddenly enlarged to 200

e) mm diameter. Calculate the loss of head if 12 litres per second of
water flows from smaller to larger section . also calculate the loss
of head if the direction of flow is reversed. Take Cc= 0.62 .
Ans. Q = 12 Lit/sec
Loss of head in sudden expansion= ?
Loss of head in sudden contraction = ?
Cc= 0.62
Q = A1V1=A2V2 = 12 lit / sec = 0.012 m3/sec 1
V1= 0.6794 m/sec

Q = A2V2 1
V2 = 0.3822 m/sec
Loss of head due to sudden expansion =
1
4
Loss of head when direction of flow is reversed that is due to sudden
contraction = hconc
1
Hconc = 0.0088277 m
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Q. 3 f) Define the following terms:
i) Wetted area ii) Wetted perimeter iii) Hydraulic mean depth
iv) Open channel flow.
Ans. Wetted area-
It is wetted cross sectional area of flow section of the channel 1
Wetted perimeter –
It is length of channel boundary in contact with the flowing water /
liquid at any section. 4
1
OR
It is perimeter of the section getting wet during the flow
hydraulic mean depth –
it is the ratio of wetted area to wetted perimeter. 1
Open channel flow-
It is defined as a passage in which liquid flows with its upper surface 1
exposed to atmosphere.
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Q. 4 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16)
a) Define most economical channel section and state the conditions
for a trapezoidal section to be most economical.
Ans. Most economical channel section –
A channel section is considered to be the most economical when it can
pass a maximum discharge for a given cross sectional area, resistance
coefficient and bottom slope.
Or 2
The most economical channel section is the one which gives
maximum discharge for a given amount of excavation.
Conditions for a trapezoidal section – 4
1. Half of the top = Length of the sloping side
1
Mark
each
b = bottom width, side slope 1 vertical to n horizontal, y= depth of
flow
2. Hydraulic Radius = R = y / 2
b) A rectangular channel 6 m wide carries water at a rate of 10

m3/sec. calculate the slope required to maintain a depth of 1.5 m.
A rectangular channel section
Ans.
b= 6m
Q = 10 m3/sec
y =1.5 m
slope = ?
P = b+ y+ y = 9 m
1
A = b x y = 6 x 1.5 = 9 m2 4
R = A/ P = 9 / 9 = 1
Q = A. V 1
Assume C = 60
1
S = 0.0003422 or 1 in 2916 1
(Note : If students assume suitable value of C , appropriate marks
should be given)
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Q. 4 c) Explain the phenomenon of hydraulic jump and its occurance in
field.
Ans. Hydraulic Jump and its occurrence in the field:
Hydraulic jump is defined as sudden and turbulent passage of water
from super critical state to subcritical state. It is rapidly varied flow.
It occurs where there is change in depth of flow from rapid to tranquil 1
state is in abrupt manner over a relatively short distance.
The flow in hydraulic jump is accompanied by the formation of
turbulent rollers and there is dissipation o f energy. 4
Occurrence- 1
Mark
1. In a canal below a regulating sluice
each
2. At the foot of spillway (Any
3. Where steep channel bottom slope suddenly changes to flat two)
slope
d) i) Define Froud’s number and state its significance.

ii) Write chezy’s equation and Manning’s equation used for
determination of velocity of flow through open channel.
i) Froud’s number- It is defined as the square root of the ratio of
Ans.
Inertia force and gravity force.
1
Where, v = mean velocity of flow g = Gravitational acceleration

D = Hydraulic depth 4
Significance-
If Fr > 1 It is supercritical force
If Fr = 1 It is critical flow
1
If Fr < 1 It is subcritical force
Frouds number is used to identify the type of flow
ii) Chezy’s equation
1
C = Chezy’s constant R = hydraulic mean depth
S = bed slope
Manning’s equation
1
V   R 2/3  S 1/2
N
N = Manning’s constant R= hydraulic radius S= bed slope 1
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Q.4 e) Explain the working of venturimeter with neat sketch.
Ans. Venturimeter is practical application of Bernoulli’s theorem. It is an
instrument used to measure discharge in a pipeline, generally permanently
fixed in pipe line.
It consists of three parts a) Convergent Cone b) Throat c) Divergent Cone
h = shows pressure difference between inlet and throat
Working :
1) The Venturimeter consist of a short converging tube leading to a

cylindrical portion called throat.
2) The angle of convergent cone is 21° and the angle of divergent

cone is from 7° to 15°.
2
3) The angle of divergent cone is smaller because when water is
passing through throat, its velocity is more, since area of throat is
less.
4) As this water passing through diversion cone there is chance of

separation of fluid flow from boundary of diversion cone causing
cavitation.
5) The pressure difference from section 1 and section 2 is measured

by U-tube manometer.
6) The axis of Venturimeter may be horizontal or vertical or incline.
Fig: Venturimeter
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Q. 4 f) A sharp edged orifice has a diameter of 25 mm and coefficient of
velocity and coefficient of contraction are 0.98 and 0.62
respectively. The jet drops 1 m in horizontal distance of 2.5 m
.Determine the flow in m3/sec and head over the orifice.
Ans. Cc =0.62 Cv = 0.98 d1 = 25 mm y = 1 m x = 2.5 m
x
Cv 
4 yH
0.98
Squaring on both sides

4H = 6.5077
1
H = 1.626 m= Head over the orifice
Cd = 0.98 x 0.62 = 0.6076 1

Actual discharge = Cd x Theorotical discharge
1
3
Q = 0.0016837 m /sec
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 5 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16)
a) A reservoir has catchment area of 20 km2 .The intensity of
maximum rainfall over the catchment area is 2.5 cm/hr, 40% of
which flows to the reservoir over the weir .Using Francis formula,
Find length of weir. The head over the weir does not exceed 80
Ans. cm.
Area = 20 km2=20 x106 m2
Discharge =(20 x 106 x 2.5) / (100x60x60)
=138.89 m3/s 1
Discharge over weir 40%= 40/100 x 138.89
= 55.55 m3/s
We know 1 4
L = 42.38 m
Sketch and describe cup type current meter.

b)
Ans.
(Note: 1 mark for sketch and 1 mark for labeling.)

Working:
4
1. In a cup type current meter the wheel or revolving element has the
form of a series of conical cups, mounted on a spindle. Spindle is
held vertical at right angle to the direction of flow.
2. Current meter is used to find out velocity of water. Current meter 2
consist of a wheel containing blades on cups.
3. These cups are vertically immersed in stream of water. The thrust
exerted by water on the cups.
4. The number of revolutions of the wheel per unit time is
proportional to the velocity of flow.
5. The revolution counter operated by dry cell. The counter is
calibrated or a calibration curve is provided to read velocity.
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 5 c) Determine the discharge through 600 triangular notch in m3/sec
under the head of 0.16 m. If cd = 0.6.
Ans.
Ө = 600
H = 0.16
Cd = 0.6
2 4
Q = 8.380x 10-3 m3/sec
A centrifugal pump has 70% efficiency. It is used to deliver 25

d)
lit/sec of water a static head of 17 m. The delivery and Suction
pipe together are 90 m long and are 100 mm diameter and f= 0.04
for both pipes. Calculate the power of pump.
Ans. Q = 25 lit/sec = 25 x 10-3 m3/sec
η = 70%
f= 0.04
D = 0.1 m
H = 17
V = 3.183 m/sec
Head loss due to friction
1
hf = 18.59 m
Total manometric head = Hm = 17 +18.59 1
= 35.59 m
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 5 d)
P = 12469.21 watt = 12.469 kW 4

OR
If sunction head is considered
1
Total manometric head = Hm = 17 +18.59 + 0.516

= 36.106 m 1
P = 12649.99 Watt = 12.649 kW

(Note- if students consider minor losses = 10% of major loss, then
appropriate marks should be given. )
e) Enlist any four component parts of centrifugal pump with their

function.
Ans. The following are the main component parts of centrifugal pump.
1. Impeller 2
2. Casing
3. Suction pipe with a foot valve and strainer
4. Deliver pipe
1. Impeller: the rotating part of the centrifugal pump is called
impeller. It consists of series of backward curved vanes. The
impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an
electric motor. 4
2. Casing: It is as air tight passage surrounding the impeller and is
designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of water discharged at
the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the
casing and enters the delivery pipe.
3. Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer: A foot valve 2
which is a non- return valve or one any type of valve is fitted at the
lower end of the suction pipe. The foot valve opens only in the
upward direction. A strainer is also fitted at the lower end of the
suction pipe.
4. Delivery pipe: A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of
the pump and other delivers the water at the required height is
known as delivery pipe.
Page No. 22 / 27
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 5 f) Define : Turbine and state its necessity and types.
Ans. Turbine-
A turbine is defined as machine that converts hydraulic energy into 1
mechanical energy.
Necessity-
Turbines are quite essential to convert water power into mechanical
1 4
power . Mechanical power further converted into electric power using
generator. Hydroelectric project provide cheap electric power.
Types-
1. Francis Turbine
2. Pelton wheel 2
3. Kaplan Turbine.
Page No. 23 / 27
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: (16)
a) Explain construction and working of Bourdon’s pressure gauge
with a neat sketch.
Ans.
(Note: 2 marks for sketch and 2 marks for labeling.)
Construction and Working:

Bourdon tube pressure gauge is used to measure high pressure. It
consists of tube as shown in fig. having elliptical cross section. This
tube is called as Bourdons Tube. One end of this tube is connected the 4
point whose pressure is to be measured and other end free. When fluid
enters in the tube elliptical cross section of tube becomes circular. Due
to this the free end of tube shifts outward. This motion is transferred
through link and pointer arrangement. The pointer moves over a
calibrated scale, which directly indicates the pressure in terms of N/m2
or m head of mercury.
As the pressure in the case containing the bourdon tube is usually
atmospheric, the pointer indicates gauge pressure.
Page No. 24 / 27
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 b) Two reservoirs are connected by siphon pipe, the vertex of which
is 2 m above the level of water in the higher reservoir. The length
of pipe from inlet to vertex is 600 m and from vertex to outlet is
800 m. The pipe diameter is 1000 mm. If the pressure at the vertex
is 2.5 m of water absolute. Find the discharge and level difference
between the reservoir. Take f = 0.04. The pressure is 10.33 m of
water absolute.
Ans.
Pressure at vertex 2.5 m water absolute = 2.5 – 10.33 = -7.83 m gauge 1 8

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between P and C
1
V = 2.138 m/s
Considering all losses
1
H = 13.05 + 0.05 = 13.10 m

1
Discharge = Q = A.V 1
1
Q = 1.68 m3/s
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 c) Design a section of an unlined channel to carry a discharge of 6
m3/sec with bed slope of 1 to 3600 and side slope 1.5 H :1 V . The
average velocity of flow is not to exceed 0.667m/s. Take N = 0.025.
Ans.
Given,
Q = 6 m3/sec V = 0.667 m/s N = 1.5/ 1
We know Q = A.V
6 = A x 0.667 1
A = 9 m2
But, Area of trapezoidal A = bd + nd2
9 = d(b + nd) …………………….(1)
Now, We know Manning’s equation
1
R=1
But,
P=9 1
But,
b = 9 – 3.6d…………………………………(2) 1
Putting value of b from equation 2 in equation 1
d (9 – 3.6d + 1.5d) = 9
d ( 9-2.1 d) = 9
1
9d – 2.1 d2 = 9
2.1d2- 9d + 9 = 0 1
d =2.68 m or d = 1.595
But if we put d = 2.68 in equation 2 becomes negative
d=1.595 m
1
b = 1.8 x 1.595 = 3.25m
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Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 c)
OR
If student consider the section as most economical then,
Sloping side = ½ x Top width and R = d/2
1
1
1.8d = (b +3d) / 2 1
b = 0.6d
8
2
A = 2.1d 1
Applying Manning’s formula
1
d = 2.12 b = 1.272 1
(Note : Base width to depth ratio is not given in numerical
therefore students may solve the problem by considering most
economical channel section. Consider this and give appropriate
marks.)
Page No. 27 / 27

Model Answer: Winter-2018

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Important Instructions to examiners:

(b) State the Newton’s law of viscosity.

Que. Sub. Total

ii) h mercury = 03m, Smercury = 13.6

P = Smercury × γ Water × h mercury

(d) State any two advantages of simple U tube manometer over a

(f) Define i) Hydraulic Gradient Line ii) Energy Gradient Line 1

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List any two velocity of flow measuring devices. 1

c) Explain the concept of pressure diagram and state its use.

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Pside  Pressure per meter on one side of wall

Pside  Pressure per meter on one side of wall

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Pressure due to liquid of sp.gr. 0.87

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If Reynold’s number is less than 2000 then the flow is called as

f) State Bernoulli’s theorem with its assumption and equation.

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c) Three pipes having same length , same friction factor , but

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A horizontal pipe of 150 mm diameter is suddenly enlarged to 200

V1= 0.6794 m/sec

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b) A rectangular channel 6 m wide carries water at a rate of 10

d) i) Define Froud’s number and state its significance.

Where, v = mean velocity of flow g = Gravitational acceleration

h = shows pressure difference between inlet and throat

1) The Venturimeter consist of a short converging tube leading to a

2) The angle of convergent cone is 21° and the angle of divergent

4) As this water passing through diversion cone there is chance of

5) The pressure difference from section 1 and section 2 is measured

6) The axis of Venturimeter may be horizontal or vertical or incline.

Squaring on both sides

Cd = 0.98 x 0.62 = 0.6076 1

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Sketch and describe cup type current meter.

(Note: 1 mark for sketch and 1 mark for labeling.)

Que. Sub. Total

A centrifugal pump has 70% efficiency. It is used to deliver 25

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P = 12469.21 watt = 12.469 kW 4

Total manometric head = Hm = 17 +18.59 + 0.516

P = 12649.99 Watt = 12.649 kW

e) Enlist any four component parts of centrifugal pump with their

(Note: 2 marks for sketch and 2 marks for labeling.)

Construction and Working:

Pressure at vertex 2.5 m water absolute = 2.5 – 10.33 = -7.83 m gauge 1 8

H = 13.05 + 0.05 = 13.10 m

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