MANDALUYONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFECT TO THE LABORATORY

PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 12 FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICES
STUDENTS OF MANDALUYONG HIGH SCHOOL
A Researcher Paper Presented to

the Faculty of Senior High School Department of

Mandaluyong High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigation, Immersion (III)

Researchers:

Agbayani, Jessica U.
Amorganda, Jose G. JR
Benzon, Arvin O.
Honorato, Ranette P.
Magamay, Ricamay F.
Parducho, Sheryl Mae B.
Reyes, Sarah Joy D.
MARIA CRISTINA M. CAMANGEG
Research Adviser
Second Semester
Sy: 2018-2019

Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
MANDALUYONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

As determined by Yargo (2010), many students find that taking a part-time
or full-time job is necessary. Student's workload can mean more than 40 hours of
classes, homework, study and other responsibilities, striking a balance between
work and school is challenging. Both working and attending school full-time can
result in burnout, leaving the student exhausted and incapable of doing either
well.

Since K-12 is now implemented, the financial problems arose. Based on

the news report when the implementation of K-12 is not yet official, some
students see the additional 2 years as hindrance because instead of entering
college as soon as they graduated in high school, they are now obligated to take
a strand or track for two years. Those extra years are big thing for the students
and for the parents especially if they entered the field of cooking. Not just
because of the needed ingredients but also with the required complete outfits
and considering the money that the students can’t avoid to spend every day for
transportation and allowance.

Students who took Food and Beverage Services as strand for Senior High
School have two major subjects which are Cookery and Bread and Pastry
Production. Usually, the students are having their laboratory activities every week
in both subjects. In this case, spending money for the needed ingredients is
necessary because if the student would not comply, their grades will probably get
lower. There are instances that while the students are performing inside the
laboratory, they tend to lose their confidence to perform well because of being
incapable to pay which can proceed to consequences. This can lead to financial
stress.

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Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact of Fiscal

Status to the Laboratory Performance of Grade 12-Food and Beverage Services
students of Mandaluyong High School.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to know the financial management and its
effect to the laboratory performance of Grade 12 Food and Beverage Services of
Mandaluyong High School.

This research sought to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age

1.2. Gender

2. Is there a significant effect on the fiscal status to the laboratory

performance of Grade 12 Food and Beverage Services students of
Mandaluyong High School?
3. Based on the findings, what are the flexible strategies that can be done to
help the students provide for the laboratory expenses?
HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant effect on the financial management to the

laboratory performance of Grade 12 Food and Beverage Services students of
Mandaluyong High School

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is conducted to be able to identify The Effect of Financial

Management to the Laboratory Performance of Grade 12 Food and Beverage

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Services students of Mandaluyong High School. The researchers will seek for the
effective coping strategy on fiscal status.

This study will be beneficial to the following group of people:

Students - This study may guide them on how to prepare for the possible
expenses for laboratory activities. This may also help them to save money for
other school activities.

Parents - This study can be an eye-opener to the parents to support the needs
of their children in their laboratory activities for them to perform well.

Teachers - The study can help the teachers to be considerate to the financial
needs of their students in terms of laboratory activities.

School Administrator - They may be able to find ways on how to help the
students in their expenses in laboratory activities.

Future Researchers- The findings of this study will rebound to the benefit of
future researchers considering that school finances play an important role in
technical vocational livelihood track specifically in cookery or food and beverage
services strand. This study will help the future researchers that are seeking for
data about financial status. They can use this study for their review of related
literature.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study aims to identify The Effects of Financial Management to the

Laboratory Performance of Food and Beverage Services students of
Mandaluyong High School. This research mainly focuses on the grade 12
students under Food and Beverage Services strand. The time frame for this
study is 2018-2019. This research is designed to have a thorough knowledge
about the hindrance of taking this strand.

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Conceptual framework

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFECT TO THE LABORATORY

PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 12 FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICES
STUDENTS OF MANDALUYONG HIGH SCHOOL

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Assessment of Impact of
Student’s
data through Financial
Demographic
the following Management
Profile
Survey to the
Age
questionnaire Laboratory
Gender
Figure 1
Statistical Performance

Research Paradigm

As shown in the Figure 1, it indicates the Input, Process and Output (IPO).
The input shows the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of Age and
Gender. The process indicates the method of gathering and assessing data from
respondents. It is through the method of distributing survey questionnaire and
using statistical treatment. The output represents the effect of Financial
Management to the Laboratory Performance of the Grade 12-FBS students.

Definition of Terms

These are the terms that you will encounter in this study. The
definitions are provided to help you in understanding the commonly used terms.

Cookery - Food production and its related operations are integral elements of
hospitality management hotel management and restaurant business.

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Financial Management - Refers to the capability of students to pay for school

purposes.

Financial Stress - Hindrance to the students’ performance wherein he cannot

afford something that is required

Financial Support - Used to done something using money to support someone.

Food and Beverage Services – This is a strand under Technical Vocational

Livelihood which has something to do with cooking, baking and serving.

Laboratory Performance - Refers on how the students work or perform inside

the laboratory which is under the specialized subject.

Sponsorship – One of the ways to help the students in their laboratory activities
in terms of providing the expenses for the needed ingredients.

Strand – Aims to give you mastery of skills. Learning, and readiness to help you
join the workforce or move on to college.

Technical Vocational Livelihood - One of the learning areas of the Secondary

Education Curriculum used in Philippine Secondary Schools.

Track – This equips you with knowledge and skills that will help you prepare
better for your chosen path.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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This chapter includes the ideas and related literature from finished thesis,
and other reading materials. Those that were included in this chapter helps in
familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Financial Management

As stated by Diola (2015), government can achieve inclusive economic

growth in part by "improving the country's education system and increasing the
focus on vocational and technical education." It also said that the Philippines
should capitalize on the population's high sense of purpose to improve financial
well-being and "address the effects of rising inequality, poverty and
underemployment."

According to Cepeda (2017), the DepEd initially proposed P612.117 billion

for its budget for next year, the highest among all government agencies. But the
House of Representatives realigned P30 billion of the DepEd's budget to the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) to help fund Republic Act No. 10931
or the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act. Lawmakers are finding
ways to fund the free tuition law, which needs P51 billion in its first year of
implementation alone. CHED did not include funds for the law's implementation
in its 2018 proposed budget because President Rodrigo Duterte was not
expected to sign the measure into law. "The wisdom of Congress is that we have
the voucher program of tech-voc, which means we have to shift from DepEd
providing the laboratory services to a private institution providing it instead," said
Sevilla. The DepEd official, however, said they will be holding several meetings
with lawmakers in the next weeks to lessen the budget cut's impact on the
technical-vocational strand under the Kindergarten to Grade 12 (K to 12)
program. "We are working with Congress if it would be possible that not entirely
the P30 billion will be from the tech-voc labs. Maybe we can look into other

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programs," said Sevilla. In a separate press conference, CHED Chairperson

Patricia Licuanan urged legislators to also consider other ways of funding the
free tuition law without further burdening students. "Congress has to proceed
very carefully here. This is a very good fund [for the free tuition law]. But to take
[the budget away] from another very important program and then to put it there,
in the end, students will also suffer," said Licuanan. CHED stands to receive
billions of pesos in additional budget for its free tuition law implementation.
Senators already plan to add another P1.6 billion to CHED's budget next year for
state universities and colleges' expenses on infrastructure, equipment, and free
internet services.

As stated by Doyo (2015), with cash-strapped parents and feeling

hopeless, a poor student could cave in and say goodbye to life. No money and
no one to turn to—that’s major for a young person. Compare them with their
counterparts in affluent countries who wallow in utter despair and end it all
because of family and societal pressure on them to achieve academic
excellence. “School authorities need to do a lot of soul-searching,” Romulo said,
pointing out that college students are at a vulnerable age and can be easily
overwhelmed by hard times, especially if they have nobody else to run to for
help. “SUCs have to assure indigent students that they can obtain immediate
financial relief from a highly responsive support system.” Assurance, that is a
major boost. But the faster the better. Romulo said that the CHEd and the SUCs
have ample funds to support financially distressed students. He added hthat this
year alone the national government is spending some P7.7 billion for post-high
school scholarships. SUCs have a combined P3.5 billion available for
scholarships. This is apart from the CHEd’s P2.2-billion allotment for student
financial aid. The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority has
another P2 billion for its Training for Work Scholarship Program. Romulo

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sponsored the House-approved Unified Financial Assistance System for Higher

and Technical Education (UniFAST), which aims to enable a greater number of
college students from disadvantaged families to access state-sponsored financial
assistance.

As stated by Pather (2015), financial stress is a reality. The vast majority –

94% – of the students involved needed external funding like student loans,
bursaries and scholarships to support their university life. Some had even
enrolled for degrees without having funding confirmed – so their days were
consumed by worries about finance. One said: When I left my job to study full
time it was not easy, my money saved paid for my registration fees and res
[residence], yeah, but that was, like, it. I couldn’t pay for food, clothes, books,
transport or anything and then I applied for [a bursary scheme] and [it] didn’t take
me. So right now, I’m not paying, literally. I am just staying at rest. So, I’m not
paying there and I’m not paying my fees because I thought if I get the bursary,
it’s going to come through but it didn’t come through. I have to think of a way to
pay for my studies! Most of these students cannot rely on their families for
financial support. Parents’ jobs influence the amount of financial support that they
can offer their children. In the study sample, only 24.45% of fathers and 22.2% of
mothers had professional occupations and could offer their children some help
with money. Students keenly felt this lack of support, with one saying: If I had the
financial support from my family, I would have done much better in maybe some
of the work [academic work]; it’s no excuse, I could do better if I had this support.
In total 41% of the participants received some form of financial support from their
parents, 53% relied on external funding – 10% received student loans and 43%
obtained student bursaries – and 6% paid for their own studies. Across the
board, the students’ main priority was to desperately secure financial aid before

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focusing on academic activities. Only once they were able to deal with this
stumbling block did they shift focus to their studies.

According to Marc Adrian (2017), while millennials may be generally

pictured as affluent young professionals by many — an image highly influenced
by the western culture, it is far from the truth in the Philippines. The country is
overpopulated by young adults, who are neither affluent nor the stereotypical
millennial, generalizing them as such is a mistake. Not all Filipinos who fall under
that age group or generation fits its description. They’re usually the breadwinners
of their family and even supporting their parents financially or financing the
education of their siblings. Many of them just fall under the age requirement, but
many are nothing like the affluent youth, who just worries about ticking off their
next travel goals or those who lives a hipster lifestyle because they can. More
and more young Filipinos are burdened by financial responsibilities simply by
inheriting them from their parents, such as family debts, tuition expenses of their
younger siblings, and even the retirement of their parents, to name a few.

As reported by VM Sathish (2015), student suicides are sometimes

reported from various schools and colleges due to financial problems and
depression. Children of OFWs who are enrolled in expensive schools sometimes
end up in financial problems when their regular allowances are stopped due to
irregular or non-payment of salary in the foreign countries.

Grabmeier (2015) stated, “The number of students feeling financial stress

is striking,” said McDaniel, who is associate director of research and data
management at The Ohio State University’s Center for the Study of Student Life.
The findings come from the National Student Financial Wellness Study, which
surveyed 18,795 undergraduate students at 52 colleges and universities across
the country. It included students from four-year and two-year private and public
institutions. “We need to help students manage their stress so they can be

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conscientious about their financial decisions, but not so overwhelmed that it hurts
their academics or health,” added co-author Catherine Montalto, an associate
professor of human sciences at Ohio State. Catherine Montalto Catherine
Montalto. The study was conducted by a research team from Ohio State’s Office
of Student Life and College of Education and Human Ecology. The survey found
that despite the stress of paying for college, more than three-quarters of students
think college is a good investment for their financial future and believe they will
be able to support themselves after graduation. “Students feel good about their
decision to go to college and think it will pay off in the end,” Montalto said.

Staff (2013), not being able to pay your bills may affect more than just
your credit, a new study suggests. According to a new study led by Harvard,
Princeton and Warwick University scientists, financial hardship may directly
influence a person’s cognitive ability. The study followed Indian farmers that are
paid once a year upon selling off their harvest and found the farmers’ cognitive
abilities to be compromised significantly before receiving their pay. The farmers
were tested at a moment of accumulating debt before selling their harvest and
once again after receiving a lump sum for the year. The results were that once
their financial worries had been resolved, the same farmers scored much higher
than they had previously. The study connects poverty to low cognitive ability and
concludes that financial stress affects a poor individual’s IQ more than a well-off
individual. Valentina Lee, Assistant Professor of Psychology at FIU, studies
stress and its effects. Lee refers to two different types of stress: stressors and
strains. Stressors are the conditions that require some sort of adaptation from the
individual and strains are the consequences of facing those stressors. “Financial
stress is, like many others, a significant stressor, not only among students but
also working professionals. We would expect it to have similar psychological,
physical, and behavioral strains to that of many other commonly studied

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stressors such as workload or conflict at work.” said Lee in an email statement.

Lee refers to commonly experienced strains, such as depression, and affirms
that any form of stressor can have an impact on a person’s cognitive resources.
She cites sleeplessness as a common strain experienced among many as a
stressor that can leave someone unable to function at full mental capacity at
work or school. As a professor, Lee sees that some students appear tired and
have difficulty with time flexibility, something she tries to accommodate by
offering plentiful opportunities for extra credit points and exam reviews. “I
understand that people who walk in late to class, leave early or even fall asleep
are not always doing so out of being disrespectful. Many times, there are
students who are working full time and are doing the best they can,” said Lee.
Meagan Tarantelli is a junior and communication arts major working part-time
and going to school full-time. “You don’t sleep very much,” said Tarantelli when
asked how she manages to perform well in school while working part-time. She
remembers the start of her college career, when she wasn’t worried about her
finances and didn’t have the stress of having to work. “During that time, I took
four to five classes, I was vice president of my campus and I was involved in
many clubs. That stress is nothing compared to what it is like having to work,”
said Tarantelli. Now, Tarantelli takes half of her classes online, to accommodate
her schedule, and admits that juggling online, in-person classes and a work
schedule can be difficult and may affect IQ. “I absolutely agree that financial
stress affects cognitive ability because it affects your ability to focus if you are
worried about more pressing issues,” said Tarantelli. Daniel Fonseca, a junior
majoring in international relations, is an exclusively online student, taking five
classes while working full-time. “Having to work is an added distraction that is
always on the back of your mind and doesn’t facilitate learning,” said Fonseca.
Fonseca has forced himself to prioritize with school and work, allowing other
obligations to take a backseat. He has had to become extremely organized to

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keep track of due dates but admits that working affects his ability to perform. “I
work on projects and if something goes wrong, it stays with me after the clock
ends, so that preoccupation of not having enough money is replaced by the
preoccupation of the problems at work,” said Fonseca

Laboratory Performance

According to Grasgreen (2012), finances are affecting students' academic

experience, with ability to get a job as a big factor in deciding on a major,
according to this year's National Survey of Student Engagement. The recession
may be over, but as tuition and debt continue to rise, many students are still
under extreme pressure to make ends meet – and for some, it’s at the expense
of academic pursuits. In part responding to critics who wondered why they hadn’t
explored this earlier, the creators of the National Survey of Student Engagement
this year asked how finances were affecting students’ academic activity. The
results, NSSE director Alexander C. McCormick said, are “not too surprising, but
worrisome.” About 60 percent of full-time seniors who work more than 20 hours
per week said it interfered with their academic performance, but just as many
said they frequently looked into working more hours to cover costs. Further, 32
percent of first-year students and 36 percent of seniors said financial concerns
interfered with their academic performance. And 27 percent of freshmen and 34
percent of seniors said they “often” or “very often” chose not to purchase required
academic materials because of the cost. “You have to wonder what the impact
is,” said McCormick, who is also an associate professor of educational leadership
and policy studies at Indiana University at Bloomington. Ones hopes that
students are renting textbooks or borrowing from a friend rather than simply
going without, but even then, he said, if a student can’t open a textbook
whenever needed, it’s not ideal. Perhaps it’s also not surprising, then, that when
asked whether a series of factors “substantially” influenced their choice of major,

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55 percent of seniors said “yes” to having the ability to find a job (with more
minority than white students saying so), and 52 percent noted potential salary.
Nearly 59 percent pointed to career mobility or advancement, and 41 percent
said potential for management positions. Still, academic interest and personal
talents won out, with 89 percent of seniors answering in the affirmative to both.

The Nigerian National Policy on Education (2014), recognized education

as an expensive social service that requires adequate financial provision from all
tiers of government for its successful implementation. The role education play in
economic development cannot be overemphasized, hence the need for all hands
to be on deck for proper development of the educational system. Finance has
been identified as one of the major challenges to educational achievement and
development for both individuals and the society at large. This research is
conducted to determine the impact of finance on student's academic
performance/achievement in secondary schools. The research design adopted
for this study is a survey research design. Three hypotheses are stated, to guide
the researchers in reaching the needed conclusion for the study. SS II students
in Akwanga LGA, of Nassarawa State, Nigeria made up the population for the
study. The instruments adopted for the collection of data are structured
questionnaires which were administered to elicit responses from the respondent,
with respect to their financial disposition and an achievement test, to determine
the students' academic performance. Chi-square () was used in testing the
hypotheses. The study put forward some recommendations, among which are;
for government to make provision for adequate infrastructures and facilities
needed for smooth operations of the school system, be it boarding house, public
and or private so as to create balance among the students, there is need for the
provision of scholarship especially for student from low socioeconomic
background, learners are also encouraged to engage in collaborative studies

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among their peer so as to enable them tap from the experience of each other not
minding their background.

Jimwellstema (2017) many students believe that financial problems are

having an adverse effect on their academic performance, a survey of University
of Central England undergraduates has shown. The survey, carried out by UCE's
Centre for Research into Quality (CRQ), found that 51.9 per cent of the 1,139
full-time undergraduates polled believed their academic performance was
suffering and 15.1 per cent believed that there was a major negative impact. Lee
Harvey, senior research fellow at CRQ and co-author, with Selena Mason, of the
report, believes that UCE students are reasonably representative. The survey
had been constructed so as to minimize overstatement of financial and academic
difficulties. Just over 20 per cent said that their financial status had a positive
impact on their academic performance. Students who also had part-time jobs
were more likely to think that financial problems were affecting their academic
work, with proportions rising to more than 60 per cent for those working 11 or
more hours per week, against 49 per cent for those with no part-time job. The
report found an overwhelming lack of confidence in the current higher education
funding system, with 92.2 per cent calling for reform against only 2.7 per cent
wanting to leave things as they are. Asked about alternative sources of funding,
students drew a clear distinction between tuition and maintenance. Seventy-one
per cent believe that Government should continue to contribute 100 per cent of
tuition costs, but 44 per cent were prepared to accept either a student or a
graduate contribution to maintenance. Professor Harvey said: "But in many cases
they were prepared to say that this should be 50 per cent or more of the
maintenance cost." The report argues that it is the current student loan system of
maintenance rather than the idea of student contributions in themselves that
makes students unhappy.

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To sum it up, financial stress is a reality. Nowadays, most of the students

believe that taking a part-time job is necessary for academic/laboratory
compliance. Some students really need to find a job because they can’t rely on
someone even in their families. There are learners who are working while
studying because their parents are unemployed. Some are already the
breadwinner of the family at the young age. Working students are struggling
because they don’t know how to finish all the tasks in their job, in school or even
in their homes. In their situation, sleeping with enough time is hard to achieve. It
is one of the reasons why they came late to school and there are some instances
that they can’t focus inside the class because of being so tired, lack of sleep and
worrying about their obligations as a student or as sons/daughters. Unfortunately,
their worries may lead to stress and worse depression but the worst is suicidal.
Having a job, having workloads or requirements for school purposes and being
the breadwinner of the family is extremely hard and maybe they can’t find a way
out of it. Perhaps, these students can’t find hope for their situation. On the other
hand, there are working students who are still doing their best and find their
financial status as motivation to strive harder. Financial status has two sides. It
can be a hindrance or it can be a motivation. It’s up to you on how you are going
to see it and deal with it.

Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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This study used quantitative method of research which focuses on

gathering numerical data through collected survey questionnaires. The
questionnaires were used in collecting data from the respondents.

Research Design

In order to determine the effect of financial management to the laboratory

performance of grade 12 Food and Beverage Services students of Mandaluyong
High School, Quantitative Research Method and descriptive research were used.

According to Lerari Enzo (2014), Descriptive research is aimed at the

definition of the competitive structure of market/segment; or the description of the
behavior of organizations or groups of consumers.

Quantitative research concerns upon quantity and amount which

compares upon the past records and project for future period. This study has
been done with the use of survey questionnaires and observation within the
school premises. This used descriptive method to classify the demographic
profile of the respondents and determine the perceptions or opinions of Senior
High School FBS students of grade 12 upon financial management and its effect
to the laboratory performance of grade 12 Food and Beverage Services students
of Mandaluyong High School.

Population and Sampling

The population in this study is consisted of Senior High School

Grade 12 Food and Beverage Services Students of Mandaluyong High
School with 89 Students.

Table 1

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Distribution of Respondents

Grade and Section N n

12 FBS-A 23 19
12 FBS-B 24 20
12 FBS-C 21 17
12 FBS-D 21 17
TOTAL 89 73

Table 1 shows the sample and sample size of Grade 12 FBS students.
Grade 12 FBS A has 23 respondents with the sample size of 19. FBS B has 24
respondents with the sample size of 20. FBS C and D both have 21 respondents
with the sample size of 17. The total number of respondents is 89 with the
sample size of 73 respondents.

The sample was drawn from 89 Grade 12 Food and Beverage Service
students for the SY. 2018-2019 of Mandaluyong High School. The Slovin’s
Formula was used to compute for the sample and Stratified Random Sampling
Technique was used in selecting the sample size or the respondents that will be
part of the study. Also, stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure
an equal representation of the variables for the study.

Slovin’s Formula:

Where:

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n= sample size
N= population size
e= margin of error
1= constant

Sample Size Formula

Where:

n= sample size

N= population size

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the Senior High School students of
Mandaluyong High School. The respondents of this study are the Grade 12 Food
and Beverage Services students consisting of seventy-three (73) respondents.

Research Instrument

For gathering data for this study, the researcher used survey questionnaire to
determine the financial management and its effect to the laboratory performance
of grade 12 Food and Beverage Services students of Mandaluyong High School.
The survey questionnaire has two parts; the first part of the survey questionnaire

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was the demographic profile of the respondents including their (1.1) Age and
(1.2) Gender. On the other hand, the three variables of the study are stated on
the second part such as (2.1) Financial Management and (2.2) Laboratory
Performance. In order to test the validity and reliability of the survey
questionnaire it was validated by the Senior High School teachers.

Validation of the Questionnaires

The questionnaire was content validated by three Senior High School

Teachers. Comments were made in the final copy of the questionnaire which was
conducted by the researchers. After preparing the final draft of the questionnaire,
it was pilot tested for reliability and validity using 20 Grade 11 students from Food
and Beverage Services that were not included in the sample. Then the
researchers were given the go signal to start with the distribution of the
questionnaires.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers conducted a letter for the Principal of Mandaluyong High

School that allowed the researchers to distribute the survey questionnaires. The
researchers went from one section to another on collecting the accomplished
questionnaires.

Statistical Treatment and Data

In analyzing the data gathered, the statistical tool used are as follows:

To answer statement of the problem no.1, frequency was used to

determine the number of respondents who provided the answers in the survey
questionnaire. Percentage was used to find out the percentage of the
respondent’s profile according to their age, gender and grade level.

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Formula:

Where:

% - Percentage
f – Frequency
N – No. of respondents

The researchers used Weighted Mean to answer the questions number 2

and 3 from the statement of the problem.

Formula:

WM

Where:

WM – Weighted Mean
F – Frequency
x – rating
N – no. of respondents

For the response on financial management and its effect to the laboratory
performance of Food and Beverage Services students of Mandaluyong, the four-
point Likert scale was used for interpretation.

The sample was drawn from 89 Grade 12 Food and Beverage Service
students for the SY. 2018-2019 of Mandaluyong High School. The Slovin’s

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Formula was used to compute for the sample and Stratified Random Sampling
Technique was used in selecting the sample size or the respondents that will be
part of the study. Also, stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure
an equal representation of the variables for the study.

Slovin’s Formula:

Where:

n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error
1 = constant

Sample Size Formula

Where:

n = sample size

N = population size

TABLE 2

Four-point Likert scale

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MANDALUYONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Scale Numerical Value Description Value

4 3.50 – 4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.50 – 3.49 Agree

2 1.50 – 2.49 Disagree

1 1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree

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MANDALUYONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

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