Lucas, Ramil S.

GLYCOLYSIS
1. Indicate whether the pathway is anabolic or catabolic.
 Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway where the process is releasing energy.

2. Importance of the pathway.

 Glycolysis is important because it is the primary metabolic pathway of glucose, and produces
ATP that provides energy. It is also important because it is the process where the release of
energy happens that our cell needs this energy in order to function properly.

3. What is the starting molecule for the pathway?

 Glucose is the starting molecule for the glycolysis.

4. Enumerate the reaction steps in each pathway and give the ff:
a. general reaction for each step (example: Isomerization reaction)
Stage 1: Preparatory Phase

 Step 1: Phosphorylation reaction of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

 Step 2: Isomerization reaction of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
 Step 3: Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
 Step 4: Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into GA3P and DHAP
 Step 5: Isomerization reaction of DHAP to GA3P
Stage 2: Payoff Phase

 Step 6: Oxidation reaction of GA3P to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

 Step 7: Phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
 Step 8: Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
 Step 9: Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphenolpyruvate
 Step 10: Transfer of phosphate group from phosphenolpyruvate to ADP

b. enzyme involved and the enzyme classification

 Step 1: Hexokinase/Glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) - an enzyme belong to transferase family where it
transfer a specific functional group from one compound to another, shortly this is the step where
it phosphorylate the glucose. Hexokinase has a molecular weight of 40 to 120 kDa. Hexokinase
has one isoform which is the glucokinase and mainly found in the liver.
 Step 2: Phosphoglucose isomerase (EC 5.1.3.9) – is an enzyme belong to isomerase family that
changes the isomerism of a compound, this is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of
glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, and this enzyme has a molecular weight of 55 kDa.
 Step 3: Phosphofructosekinase-1 (EC 2.7.1.56) – is the most effective enzyme in regulation, it is
also an allosteric enzyme with 4 subunits, this enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the
phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
 Step 4: Aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) – is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzing the cleavage of fructose
1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) and dihydroxy acetone phosphate
(DHAP), and aldolase has a molecular weight of 160 kDa.
 Step 5: Triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) – is an enzyme belongs to isomerase family,
responsible for catalyzing the conversion of isomerization of dihydroxy acetone phosphate to
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and it is approximately 28 kDa.
 Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) – is belong to dehydrogenase
family that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen, this enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the
conversion of GA3P to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, and has a molecular weight of 144 kDa.
 Step 7: Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) – is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the
phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, and it is approximately
45 kDa.
 Step 8: Phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.12) – is an enzyme from isomerase family, it is
responsible for catalyzing the isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate, and
has a molecular weight of 541 kDa.
 Step 9: Enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) – a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-
phosphoglycerate to phosphenolpyruvate, and has a molecular weight of 80-100 kDa.
 Step 10: Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) – is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the transfer of
phosphate group from phosphenolpyruvate to ADP, and has a molecular weight of 228 kDa.

5. Which reaction step is the key regulatory step? or indicate key control and regulation for the
pathway.
 The Step 3, Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate catalyzes by an
enzyme called Phosphofructosekinase-1. The Phosphofructosekinase-1 is the most important
control enzyme owing to the fact that it has 4 subunits and has many activators and inhibitors.
When there is an increase in level of ATP the Phosphofructosekinase-1 will be inhibited, also
there is a lowering of affinity in fructose 6-phosphate. When there is an increase of the enzymatic
activity the ATpor Amp is lowered. Lastly, Phosphofructosekinase-1 can be inhibited by lowering
the pH. The other regulatory step is Step 1, where it uses hexokinase/ glucokinase and these
enzymes are for hormonal regulation. As well as Step 10, where the pyruvate kinase is also an
enzyme for regulation of the cell metabolism.

6. What is the net reaction equation for the pathway?

7. What is the product molecule of the pathway? Indicate other pathways that the product/s can
enter into. This shows a link of the pathway to other metabolic pathways
 The products are 2 pyruvate, 2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 2 hydrogen ion, 2 adenosine
triphosphate and 2 water molecules. The pyruvate will lead the anabolic pathway for
gluconeogenesis,and kerb cycle while the other products can be reused.
GLUCONEOGENESIS
1. Indicate whether the pathway is anabolic or catabolic.
 Gluconeogenesis is an anabolic pathway where it is forming a new glucose.

2. Importance of the pathway

 Gluconeogenesis satisfies the body's glucose demands because there isn't enough sugar in the
diets or glycogen stores. Using lactic acid, amino acid (ex. Alanine), and glycerol it will be
converted into pyruvate then it can proceed gluconeogenesis.

3. What is the starting molecule for the pathway?

 Pyruvate is the starting molecule for the gluconeogenesis

4. Enumerate the reaction steps in each pathway and give the ff:
a. general reaction for each step (example: Isomerization reaction)
 Step 1: Carboxylation reaction of Pyruvate to Oxaloactate to Malate in Mitochondria, and
Oxidation reaction of Malate to Oxaloacetate outside the Mitochondria
 Step 2: Phosphorylation and Decarboxylation of Oxaloacatate to Phosphoenolpyruvate
 Step 3: Conversion of phosphenolpyruvate to 2-phosphoglycerate
 Step 4: Isomerization of 2-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
 Step 5: Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
 Step 6: Conversion of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 2 GA3P, and Isomerization reaction of 1 GA3P
will be converted into DHAP
 Step 7: Combination reaction of DHAP and GA3P to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
 Step 8: Conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
 Step 9: Isomerization reaction of fructose 6-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate
 Step 10: Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose in Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

b. enzyme involved and the enzyme classification

 Step 1: (1) Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) – an enzyme from ligase class that catalyzes the
carboxylation of Pyruvate to Oxaloactate, and has a molecular weight of 130 kDa.
(2) Malate Dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) – an enzyme from dehydrogenase family that
catalyzes the oxidation of Malate to Oxaloacetate or Oxoloacetate to Malate, and has a molecular
weight of 30-35 kDa.
 Step 2: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.49) – an enzyme from lyase family that
converts Oxaloacetate to Phosphoenolpyruvate, and has a molecular weight of 71.7 kDa.
 Step 3: Enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) - a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of
phosphenolpyruvate to 2-phosphoglycerate, and has a molecular weight of 80-100 kDa.
 Step 4: Phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.12) - is an enzyme from isomerase family, it is
responsible for catalyzing the isomerization of 2-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, and
has a molecular weight of 541 kDa.
 Step 5: Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) - is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the
conversion of 3-phosphoglycerateto 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, and it is approximately 45 kDa.
 Step 6: (1) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) – is belong to
dehydrogenase family that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen, this enzyme is responsible for
catalyzing the conversion of GA3P to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate and reverse, and has a molecular
weight of 144 kDa
(2) Triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) - is an enzyme belongs to isomerase family,
responsible for catalyzing the conversion of isomerization of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to dihydroxy acetone phosphate and reverse, and it is approximately 28
kDa.
 Step 7: Aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) - is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzing the combination
reaction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) and dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP) into
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and aldolase has a molecular weight of 160 kDa.
 Step 8: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) – an enzyme that converts fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, and has a molecular weight of 38-41 kDa.
 Step 9: Phosphoglucose isomerase (EC 5.1.3.9) - is an enzyme belong to isomerase family that
changes the isomerism of a compound, this is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of
fructose 6-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate, and this enzyme has a molecular weight of 55 kDa.
 Step 10: Glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) – an enzyme located at the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate into glucose, and it has a
molecular weight of 194 kDa.

5. Which reaction step is the key regulatory step? or indicate key control and regulation for the
pathway.
 The Step 2, which an enzyme involved is Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase which is
responsible for conversion of Oxaloacatate to Phosphoenolpyruvate where it is regulated by
Acetyl-CoA. The step 8, where the Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is involved and responsible for
converting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate which is negatively regulated and
inhibited by AMP and fructose-2,6-bP. The Step 10 where Glucose 9-phosphatase was involved
and responsible for converting glucose 6-phosphate into glucose, and controlled by substrate level
regulation. These enzymes were inhibited when there is an excess energy, as well as the
gluconeogenesis.

6. What is the net reaction equation for the pathway?

7. What is the product molecule of the pathway? Indicate other pathways that the product/s can
enter into. This shows a link of the pathway to other metabolic pathways
 The glucose will be the main product molecule, the glucose molecule from gluconeogenesis can
enter another pathway like glycolysis again, and pentose phosphate pathway.