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3. What is photosynthesis?
Ans: Plants are called producers because they make or produce food. Roots
absorb water and minerals from the soil, and leaves absorb a gas called carbon
dioxide (CO2) from the air. They use energy from sunlight to transform these
ingredients into food. This process is called photosynthesis, which means "to
make light". Food is called glucose and starch.
Ans:
a) The following sentence is false.
b) The following sentence is true.
c) The following sentence is true.
d) The following sentence is false.
e) The following sentence is false.
8.
a. Name a gas used in photosynthesis.
Ans: Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil.
Ans: The synthesis of plant food takes place in the leaves. So all raw materials
(water, carbon dioxide, sunlight) have to go there.
16.Name the bacteria which convert nitrogen gas of air into nitrogen
compounds.
Ans: Bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds such
as ammonia are called nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
23.Name four foods made by plants which are an important part of our
diet.
Ans: Food grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables are all plant-based. Plants also
provide different oils for cooking foods such as mustard oil, and sunflower oil.
24.The heterotrophic plants can be divided into two groups on the basis
of their mode of nutrition. Name these two groups.
Ans: The heterotrophic plants can be divided into two groups based on their
mode of nutrition are insectivorous plant symbiotic plants.
e. The leather objects that are left in hot and humid weather for long are
spoiled due to the growth of fungus.
Explanation: Fungal spores are airborne and grow on items that are exposed to
hot and humid weather for extended periods (such as pickles, leather shoes, and
clothing). During the rainy season, they land on moist and warm surfaces and
germinate and grow.
Explanation: They oxidise water in plant cells. Giving up electrons while carbon
dioxide is being reduced. Receive electrons. Water turns into oxygen and
carbon dioxide turns into glucose.
l. The bodies of living organisms are made up of tiny units called cells.
Explanation: Living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic structure of
all living things. Cells make up the structure of the body, absorb nutrients from
food, and perform vital functions.
Column-I Column-II
Nitrogen Heterotrophs
Animals Leaf
Insects Parasite
Ans:
Column-I Column-II
Chlorophyll Leaf
Amarbel Parasite
Animals Heterotrophs
28.What is special about the leaves that they can synthesise food but
other parts of a plant cannot?
Ans: Leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll that helps them capture
energy from sunlight and synthesise food. Other parts of the plant lack
chlorophyll and therefore cannot synthesise food.
29.In addition to carbon dioxide and water, state two other conditions
necessary for the process of photosynthesis to take place.
Ans: The presence of sunlight and the green pigment chlorophyll are two other
requirements for the process of photosynthesis.
31.Why do organisms need to take food? What are the two main modes
of nutrition in organisms?
Ans: Organisms need to ingest food to build and grow, repair damaged parts of
their bodies, and get the energy to carry out their daily activities. The two main
modes are autotrophic and heterotrophic feeding.
and energy. Seaweeds, like most autotrophs, generate energy through a process
called photosynthesis.
extreme harm to the host. Dodder (Cassytha spp., Cuscuta spp.) and red rattle
(Odontites vernus) are generalised parasites.
40.
a. Name the large, spherical structure usually located in the centre of a
cell.
Ans: The nucleus is a large spherical structure present in almost all eukaryotic
cells. It contains the genetic information of an organism as DNA. It is usually
found in the centre of animal cells and peripherally in plant cells.
d. Name any two parts which are present in plant cells but not in
animal cells.
Ans: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialised plastids, and
a large central vacuole that is not found in animal cells. The cell wall is a hard
shell that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives it shape.
42.
Image: Tiny pores called stomata are present on the surface of leaves (one pore
is called stoma).
43.Describe briefly how nutrients are replenished in the soil? How is the
growing of a leguminous crop in the fields beneficial to the farmer?
Ans: Phytonutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are naturally
present in the soil. As plants grow, they absorb nutrients from the soil, further
reducing the number of phytonutrients in the soil. For this reason, plant
nutrients (or minerals) are replenished in the soil in two ways:
a) Nutrients are replenished in the soil by adding fertilisers and manures:
Adding manure or compost to the soil in the field enriches the soil with
nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Then the crops will
grow well in this soil. Fertilisers and manures provide essential nutrients
for plant growth so you can have healthy plants. The two most commonly
used to supply plant nutrients (or minerals) two fields Fertilisers are NPK
and urea.
• NPK fertilisers provide nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)
to the field soil, while urea only provides nitrogen.
• Field-grown crops need as much nitrogen as possible to make protein.
b. Nitrogen can be replenished in the soil by growing Leguminous Crops:
There is a lot of nitrogen gas in the air, but plants cannot use it. Plants
need nitrogen as water-soluble compounds (such as nitrates). Plants such
as gram (chana), peas, legumes (such as mung), and beans are called
legumes (or legumes). Legumes have nodules containing rhizobia.
• Rhizobium can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into nitrogen
compounds (such as nitrates). When legumes are grown in the field, root
nodule bacteria in the legume tubers convert nitrogen gas from the air
44.
a) A person observes that some plants have deep red, violet and brown-
coloured leaves. Can these leaves carry out photosynthesis? Give a
reason for your answer.
Ans: Deep red, purple, or brown leaves have these colours because of the
presence of carotenoid or xanthophyll pigments. However, these leaves also
contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which allows them to carry out
photosynthesis. The colour of such leaves is not green because they have more
carotenoids and xanthophyll pigments than chlorophyll, but photosynthesis
continues anyway.
45.
a) What are the various modes of nutrition in plants? Give one example
of each.
Ans: Nutrients allow an organism to build its body, grow, repair damaged body
parts, and provide energy to carry out life processes. This is how it is used
inside the body. Autotrophic (auto = self; Trophos = food) Nutrition refers to
the method of nutrition in which an organism produces its food from simple
substances. Therefore, plants are called autotrophs. Animals and most other
organisms consume food made by plants. They are called heterotrophs (heteros
= other).
Explanation: Stomata gets the carbon dioxide from air in photosynthesis. Plants
absorb carbon dioxide through tiny openings called stomata on the surface of
leaves.
d) Alga plant
Ans: Correct option: c. Cuscuta
Explanation: They have suckers called suckers. These plants are parasitic and
depend on other (host) plants for food. The sucking (sucking) roots of such
plants help absorb nutrients such as water and food by penetrating the host
plant's conductive blood vessels.
61.The green insectivorous plant trap insets, kill them and digest them
to obtain mainly:
a) Glucose
b) Starch
c) Nitrogen
d) Oxygen
Ans: Correct option: c. Nitrogen
Explanation: To compensate for their lack of nitrogen, they catch insects and
use their protein. Therefore, they are also known as insectivorous plants.
64.The tubes (or pipes) which transport water and dissolved minerals
from the soil to the leaves of a plant are called:
a) Xylem
b) Phloem
c) Epidermis
d) Stomata
Ans: Correct option: a. Xylem
Explanation: The tubes (or pipes) that carry water and dissolved minerals from
the soil to the leaves of plants are called xylem. Xylem, the vascular tissue of
plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of
the plant and also provides physical support.
d) Water
Ans: Correct option: b. Oxygen
Explanation: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesise food
using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Oxygen (O2) is released as a waste product during the process. Therefore,
oxygen is not essential for the process of photosynthesis.
A. Branches
B. Roots
C. Leaves
D. Stem
a) A and B
b) B and C
c) C and D
d) A and D
Ans: Correct option: A and D
Explanation: Cacti, like other plants, produce food through photosynthesis. The
difference from cacti, which makes food from another plant, is that cactus
leaves are reduced to spines, so their stems contain chlorophyll, and
photosynthesis takes place through the stems.
b. What are
i.Food C
ii.Food E
Ans: In photosynthesis process carbon dioxide turns into glucose. Glucose is
converted to starch by a process called polymerisation. During polymerisation,
several simple, soluble glucose molecules assemble into complex, insoluble
starch molecules.
i.Food C is glucose.
ii.Food E is starch.
e. Name the pigment present in leaves which helps in carrying out the
food-making process D.
Ans: Chlorophyll is the pigment present in leaves which helps in carrying out
the food-making process. The role of chlorophyll in plants is to absorb light,
usually sunlight. It transfers energy absorbed by light to two types of energy
storage molecules. Through photosynthesis, plants use stored energy to convert
carbon dioxide (obtained from the air) and water into glucose (a type of sugar).
Ans: In cacti, the leaves turn into spines. This is to prevent water loss through
transpiration. Stems are green with chloroplasts. Therefore, the stems carry out
photosynthesis in succulents.
c. How does the photosynthesis in this desert plant differ from those of
ordinary plants found in a garden?
Ans: In terrestrial plants, photosynthesis takes place with the help of leaves
containing chlorophyll, with the help of water and carbon dioxide in the
presence of sunlight.
• Desert plants turn their leaves into spines to prevent water loss.
Therefore, CAM (Crassulaceae Acid Metabolic) photosynthesis takes
place in desert plants.
• When water flows into the guard cells, the cells swell and buckle,
opening the pore.
• When guard cells lose water, they shrink, straighten, and close their
stomata.
74.The lamina of the leaf of a plant P is modified into a hollow tube. The
leaf apex forms a kind of lid which can open or close the mouth of
hollow tube. When an organism Q falls in the hollow tube, the lid
closes automatically killing the organism. The walls of hollow tube
secrete digestive juices which digest the complex substances R
present in the body of the organism to form simpler substances S.
These simpler substances are then absorbed by the walls of the
hollow tube and used by the plant P.
a) What could the plant P be?
b) Name the organism Q.
c) What could the complex substances R be?
d) Name the simpler substances S.
e) What is the general name of plants like P?
Ans:
a) P is Nepenthes, a carnivorous plant. Pitcher plants are a variety of
carnivorous plants with modified leaves known as pitfalls.
b) The organism Q is an insect. When an organism Q (insect) falls in the
tube, the lid closes automatically killing the organism.
c) R is chitin, the exoskeleton of insects, made from the monomer N-acetyl-
glucosamine, a nitrogen-rich compound.
d) A simpler substance than S is N-acetyl-glucosamine, a modified
monosaccharide.
e) These plants, commonly known as carnivorous plants, live in nitrogen-
poor soils and receive nitrogen from insects.