Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
the primary role is to release energy stored in glucose
molecules to produce ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
use oxygen gas to break glucose to produce ATP
mostly animals and photosynthetic organism
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
can yield ATP molecules without oxygen
mostly microbes
MITOCHONDRIA
“Powerhouse of the cell”
site of cellular respiration
STRUCTURE OF
MITOCHONDRIA
Chemical reaction that Power
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
chemical reaction that involves the transfer of
energy in the form of electrons from glucose
PHOSPHORYLATION
addition of Phosphate group to any molecule
DEPHOSPHORYLATION
removing of Phosphate group to any molecule
Chemical reaction that Power
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
3. Enzyme Actions
specialized protein that speeds up chemical reaction
Most enzymes will not be able to work if there are no cofactors (inorganic
substances) and coenzymes (vitamins or derivative vitamins) to help them
GLYCOLYSIS
1. Phosphorylation of Glucose
This is the first step of the
preparatory phase where glucose is
activated by the involvement of the
enzyme called hexokinase and
converted into glucose 6 phosphate.
An ATP molecule is used during this
step as a phosphate donor.
Hexokinase requires Mg2+ to
catalyze the reaction.
GLYCOLYSIS
2. Conversion of Glucose 6
Phosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate
Phosphohexose isomerizes (Phosphogulco
isomerase) catalyze the reaction in the
presence of Mg2+ which leads to reversible
isomerization of glucose 6 phosphates
(aldose) to fructose 6 phosphate (ketos).
This isomerization plays an important role
in completing the overall pathway of
glycolysis. The rearrangement of the
carbonyl and hydroxyl group at C1 and C2
is a crucial step to carry forward the
pathway further.
GLYCOLYSIS
3. Phosphorylation of Fructose 6
phosphate
This step utilizes ATP as a phosphate donor
and by the help of the enzyme
phosphofructokinase – 1 (PFK-1) enzyme
(which catalyzes the reaction), one
phosphoryl group is transferred to fructose 6
phosphate and produces fructose 1,6 bis-
phosphate. This is an irreversible reaction
that occurs at the cellular level and it is also
considered as the first committed step
towards glycolysis as glucose 6 phosphate
and fructose 6 phosphate has other different
involvement while fructose 1, 6 bis-
phosphate is targeted only for glycolysis.
GLYCOLYSIS
6. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3
phosphate to 1,3, Bisphospho
glycerate
3 Phosphoglycerate is produced in
this step by the involvement of the
enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase.
The enzyme transfers the high
energy phosphoryl group from the
carbonyl group of 1,3
bisphosphoglycerate to ADP. It leads
to the formation of ATP.
GLYCOLYSIS
8. Conversion of 3 phosphoglycerates to
2 phosphoglycerate
9. Dehydration of 2 phosphoglycerates
to Phosphoenolpyruvate
1. Formation of Citrate
2. Formation of Isocitrate
The citrate is rearranged to form an
isomeric form, isocitrate by an
enzyme acontinase.
In this reaction, a water molecule is
removed from the citric acid and
then put back on in another location.
The overall effect of this conversion is
that the –OH group is moved from
the 3′ to the 4′ position on the
molecule. This transformation yields
the molecule isocitrate.
KREB CYCLE / CITRIC ACID
GLYCOLYSIS
CYCLE
3. Oxidation of Isocitrate to α-
Ketoglutarate
In this step, isocitrate dehydrogenase
catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation
of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate.
In the reaction, generation of NADH
from NAD is seen. The enzyme isocitrate
dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation
of the –OH group at the 4′ position of
isocitrate to yield an intermediate which
then has a carbon dioxide molecule
removed from it to yield alpha-
ketoglutarate.
KREB CYCLE / CITRIC ACID
GLYCOLYSIS
CYCLE
4. Oxidation of α-Ketoglutarate
to Succinyl-CoA
Alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized,
carbon dioxide is removed, and
coenzyme A is added to form the 4-
carbon compound succinyl-CoA.
Malate is oxidized to
produce oxaloacetate, the starting
compound of the citric acid
cycle by malate dehydrogenase.
During this oxidation, NAD+ is
reduced to NADH + H+.
KREB CYCLE / CITRIC ACID
GLYCOLYSIS
CYCLE