6/17/2010

Air Pollution Control

Maria Carmela Q. Capule

June 24, 2010

Overview of Presentation

q Types and Sources of Air Pollutants

q Air Pollution Control (Particulates)
q Air Pollution Control (Sulfur Dioxide)
qAir Pollution Control (Nitrogen Dioxide)
qAir Pollution Control (Other Pollutants)

Sources of Pollution

CRL Environmental Corporation

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Types and Sources of Gaseous Air

Pollutants
Common Gaseous Pollutants

Sulfur Oxides of Ozone & other

Carbon
Dioxide Nitrogen Monoxide
Hydrocarbons photochemical
(NO & NO2) oxidants

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emission Sources

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emission Sources

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Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Emission Sources

Types and Sources of Gaseous Air

Pollutants

Common Non-Gaseous Pollutants

Dust Fume Mist Smoke Spray

Common Sources of Aerosol Emissions

• Waste incineration
• Coal combustion
• Combustion of heavy (bunker-grade) oil
• Smelting
• Agricultural operations (dry land farming)
• Construction, demolition
• Road traffics

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Basic Meteorology and Air Pollution

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Cleansing the atmosphere

Effect of gravity

Surface sink
absorption

Precipitation

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Air Pollution Control

Particulates

CRL Environmental Corporation

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Air Pollution Control

qPollution Control
Figure shows five air emissions
control possibilities:
a. Source
b. Collection
c. Cooling
d. Treatment
e. Dispersion

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……………….Air Pollution Control

Water
•Changing&or eliminating
Wastewater Quality
a process that produces
a polluting air emission is easier than trying to
Monitoring
trap the pollutant
Quality Control Requirements
•Processes may also be modified to reduce air
Source pollution
Correction •Controls – measure of process change, raw
material substitution and equipment
modification to meet emission standards
•Abatement – refers to all devices and methods
for decreasing the quantity of pollutant reaching
the atmosphere
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……………….Air Pollution Control

Water & Wastewater Quality

• Most serious problem in air pollution control
Monitoring
Collection
Quality Control
• Automobile exhaust is Requirements
a notorious polluter
* difficult to trap and treat
of
• Process exhaust gases are easy to collect
Pollutants

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……………….Air Pollution Control

qCooling
-drops the temperature
below the condensation
point of some pollutants

Methods of cooling:
- dilution
- quenching
- heat exchange

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……………….Air Pollution Control

Water & Wastewater Quality

• Device not effective for all pollutants coming
from the sameMonitoring
stack due to:
* chemical behavior
Quality Control Requirements
* orders of magnitude (from ideal gas molecules
Treatment to macroscopic particles)

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Industrial Dust Collectors

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Baghouse Dust Collectors

Source: BPA Air Quality Solutions LLC

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

q Fabric Filter

- use for controlling

particulate matter

- efficient collectors even

sub-micron sized particles
- widely use in industrial
applications

- HEPA filters use for

controlling radioactive
particulate emissions

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

qCyclones

- most common and

economical mean of
controlling particulates

- efficient for large particle

collection and used as the
first stage of dust removal

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Cyclone Dust Collectors

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

q Wet Collectors

- spray tower or scrubber

•Effectively remove large
particles

- The more violent the

encounter, the smaller the
gas bubbles or water
droplets, the more
effective the scrubbing

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

q Wet Collectors
Advantages:

- High temperature gases are quenched with water and scrubbed

- Scrubbers are less expensive in initial capital cost than baghouses or

Electrostatic Precipitators

- Reduction of odors

- Combustible and explosive materials are safely collected & neutralized

- Systems are compact in size than dry systems

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

q Wet Collectors

- Venturi Scrubber
•Effectively remove particles
greater than 5 µm in diameter

-Disadvantages of wet scrubbers:

•Use a large amount of water
•Spent water requires further
treatment
•Limited use after being used to
scrub dirty gas
•Construction and operation are
expensive (use energy)
•Produce a visible plume of water
vapor

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Electrostatic Precipitators

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

q Electrostatic
Precipitator

- widely used to trap fine

particulate matter, when wet
scrubber is not appropriate

-Common industries that use

this device
•Coal burning electric
generating plants
•Smelters
•incinerators

- Operating cost is high

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Summary)

q Comparison of Particulate Control Devices

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Air Pollution Control

Sulfur Dioxide

CRL Environmental Corporation

……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

q Control of Gaseous Pollutants

- Trapping
- Chemical change
- Change in the process that produces them
- Incineration or flaring

Technologies:
• Wet scrubbers – remove pollutants by dissolving
them in scrubber solution
• Packed scrubbers more efficient than ordinary
wet scrubber

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Treatment)

q Control of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Change to low-
Desulfurization
sulfur fuel

Flue gas
desulfurization

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Flue Gas Desulfurization

Source: Clean Coal Technology, US DOE et.al. (June 1999)

Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization

Source: Clean Coal Technology, US DOE et. al (June 1999)

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……………….Air Pollution Control (SO2 Removal)

q Other Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Removal

Processes

Furnace Economizer
Dust Injection Injection Injection

ADVAnced
Duct Spray E-SOx
siliCATE
Drying
(ADVACATE)

Hybrid Pollution
Abatement System
(HYPAS)
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Air Pollution Control

Nitrogen Dioxide

……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2)

q NOx from combustion

Three mechanisms:

• Thermal NOx
Thermodynamics & kinetics; temperature & concentration influenced the
amount of Nox

• Prompt NOx
Less temperature dependence on NOx concentrations near the flame zone for hydrocarbon fuels

• Fuel NOx
Coal-fired burners, fuel-NOx falls from 50 to 70% NOx emissions. Nitrogen in the fuel
reacts with oxygen regardless of flame temperature or excess oxygen
concentration

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……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2)

q Control Techniques

Two primary categories of control

techniques for NOx emissions

• Combustion Controls

• Flue Gas Treatment

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……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2 Removal)

q Combustion Control Techniques

Low-excess Flue Gas Reduce Air

Air Firing Recirculation Preheat

Water/Steam Reduce
Over fire Air Firing Rate
Injection

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……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2 Removal)

q Combustion Control Techniques

Burners out Low-NOx

of Service Burners
(BOOS)

Ultra Low-
Reburn
NOx Burners
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……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2 Control)

Ø Low Excess Air Firing

- Tuning the combustion requires minimal capital

investment, some
instrumentation, fan or damper controls
- Requires operator’s attention and maintenance to
keep the system in optimal condition
- Produce NOx reduction of 0 to 25%
- Advanced optimization systems result in NOx
reductions of 15 to 55%.

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……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2 Control)

Ø Flue Gas Recirculation

-Some of the flue gas is re-circulated to the

combustion air.
Two effects:
1) Oxygen in flame zone decreases
2) Additional nitrogen absorbs heat

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……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2 Control)

Ø Reduce Air Preheat

-Combustion air is preheated in recuperator

with the heat from flue gas.
- Reducing air preheat lowers the flame
temperature to reduce formation of NOx

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……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2 Removal)

q Flue Gas Treatment Techniques

Selective Non- Selective

Catalytic Catalytic
Reduction (SNCR) Reduction (SCR)

Low-Temperature
Corona-Induced Catalytic Oxidation with
Plasma Absorption Absorption

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Selective Catalytic Reduction Flow Diagram

……………….Air Pollution Control (NO2 Combustion Control)

q Wet Collectors

- spray tower or scrubber

•Effectively remove large
particles

- The more violent the

encounter, the smaller the
gas bubbles or water
droplets, the more
effective the scrubbing

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Air Pollution Control

Other Pollutants

……………….Air Pollution Control (VOCs & Odor)

q Control of Volatile Organic Compounds

and Odors

VOCs and odors are controlled by:

• Thorough oxidation
- incineration
- catalytic combustion
• Slightly soluble in aqueous scrubbing
media

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Moving Sources)

q Control of Moving Sources

Mobile sources such as light-duty trucks, heavy

trucks, diesel engine vehicles are controlled by:
• Evaporation of hydrocarbons (HC) from the fuel
tank
• Evaporation of HC from the carburetor
• Emission of unburned gasoline and partly
oxidized HC from the crankcase
• CO, HC and NO/NO2 from the exhaust

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Moving Sources)

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……………….Air Pollution Control (Moving Sources)

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Thank you for your kind

attention!

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