Brian Harold Y.

Jogno
Environmental Management Bureau
Region 3
 Outline
• What is Climate Change?
• Cause / Effects of Climate Change
• Manifestations/Signals of Climate Change in
the Philippines
• Solutions and Programs in Adapting to Climate
Change
• Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's
global climate or in regional climates over time
• It describes changes in the variability or average
state of the atmosphere over time scales, ranging
from decades to millions of years.
• These changes can be caused by processes internal
to the Earth, external forces and, more recently,
human activities.
 The Scenario
- Global average surface temperature increased by 0.74°C in
1960-2005, from 0.60°C in 1901-2000;

- Global average sea level rose due increase in the global

average surface temperature, at an average rate of 1.8 mm
per year;

- There are projected increases for further warming from

1.4°C to 5.8°C during the 21st century, leading to an
increase in the sea level from 18-59 cm by 2100;

- The rise in the temperature has been caused by human

activity and due to increases in the release in the
atmosphere of excessive greenhouse gases;
CLIMATE CHANGE = CHANGE IN CLIMATE
attributable directly to human activity that alters the composition of
the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods.

CLIMATE CHANGE

GLOBAL WARMING
(Increase in Global Temperature)

GLOBAL WARMING
(Increase in Green House Gasses)
GLOBAL WARMING SCENARIO MODEL
 2°C Temperature increase

• 1-2.8 billion people will suffer severe

water shortage
• Europeans / residents of northern
hemisphere will die of heatstroke
• Forests ravaged by fire
• Stressed plants begin to emit carbon
rather than absorb it
• A third of all species faces extinction

15°C Temperature rise

Melting of the Greenland ice sheet

• Fresh water eliminated from a third of

the world’s land surface;
• Low lying areas flooded;
• Deserts on the other hand will reappear;

dust and sandstorms turn day into night

and engulf miles of former prairies,
farmlands and towns/ cities
It is the increase in the average temperature of
the Earth's near-surface air and oceans.

This is caused by burning of fossil fuels and

excessive greenhouse gases.
 What is the Greenhouse Effect?
The rise in temperature that the Earth
experiences because of certain gases in the
atmosphere (water vapor,carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide, methane,etc.)
•Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from energy-
related and land-use activities

•Methane (CH4) = 21x GWP*from

landfills, coal-mining, livestock, fuel
combustion,wastewater treatment

•Nitrous Oxide (NO2) = 310x GWP

from agricultural soils, adipic &
nitric acid production,
fossil fuel combustion,human sewage

•Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) = 600x GWP

from:
•electricity transmission and distribution,
•magnesium productions

•Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
•Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
•Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
substitutes for ozone-depleting
substances,
semi-conductor mfg
(Philippines)
Sources of Greenhouse Gases
 Carbon dioxide

CO2  burning of carbon based fuels

 Methane
•CH4  anaerobic bacteria in rice fields, cows, landfills
 Nitrous Oxide
•N20  smokestacks, cars, fertilizers
HydroFluoroCarbons
•CFCs  refrigeration and spray cans
When Do You Send GHGs in the
Air?
Source: National Geographic Magazine (2004)
Source: National Geographic Magazine (2004) PAGASA/DOST
Source: National Geographic Magazine (2004)
Melting of Polar Ice Caps
 On Human Health…
• Increase in Health Problems and Death due to greater
frequency and severity of heat waves and other
extreme weather events;

• Largely to be affected are those suffering from

respiratory and cardiovascular disorders;

• Change in weather pattern leading to increase in the

distribution of dengue, malaria and other diseases
 On Agriculture and Food Security
• Drier soil
• Water Shortages
• Poor livestock production
• Expanded range of weeds, insects and
diseases.
 On Biological Diversity and
Ecosystems
• Erosion of coastal areas;
• Rise in Sea Level
• Increased Flooding
• Saltwater Intrusion
• Tsunami, Storm Surge, High Tides
MANIFESTATIONS/SIGNALS OF GLOBAL
WARMING IN THE PHILIPPINES

– Increasing number of hot days and warm nights, but

decreasing number of cold days and cool nights;
MANIFESTATIONS/SIGNALS OF GLOBAL
WARMING IN THE PHILIPPINES

– Extreme weather/climate events like intense typhoons w/

torrential rains, that are more frequent;
MANIFESTATIONS/SIGNALS OF GLOBAL
WARMING IN THE PHILIPPINES
– Substantial amount of coral reefs in the country have been
found to be affected by bleaching due to events of warmer sea
surface temperatures, these results to the loss of essential algae
that serves as food for marine life.

BEFORE (1998) BEFORE (2008)

MANIFESTATIONS/SIGNALS OF GLOBAL
WARMING IN THE PHILIPPINES
– High Frequency of Tropical Cyclones and Floods
– High Variability of Rainfall
Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events
• The Ormoc catastrophic flash
flood (November 5, 1991): More than
5000 people perished. Unusually
heavy, continuous rains brought by
Trop.Storm Uring caused landslides
and flashfloods and dam-break-like
effect at the collapse of Anilao Bridge
• Cherry Hill tragedy (August 1999):
Three consecutive days of persistent
moderate to heavy rains caused mud to
cascade into the Cherry Hill leaving 378
houses damaged and 58 people killed
• Baguio-La Trinidad landslides
(July 2001): A record-breaking 24-hour
rainfall of 1085.8 millimeters was
Payatas garbage-slide (July registered at Baguio City causing
10, 2000): Continuous moderate to widespread landslides and flashfloods,
heavy monsoon rains over Metro killing 85 persons in Baguio and La
Manila for several days caused the Trinidad area alone.
collapse of the Payatas garbage pile,
resulting in 224 deaths and 100
houses destroyed
 Extreme Weather Events: Tragedies after tragedies…
• Camiguin flashfloods (November 7, 2001):
Heavy continuous rains for about 10 hours
caused flashfloods carrying landslide
debris of boulders, uprooted trees, loose
soil, etc. rushing from the mountainside
burying 134 residents alive and damaging
vegetation and structures.
• Southern Leyte-Surigao disaster
(December 2003): Several landslides and
flash-floods in Mindanao and Southern
Leyte caused by days of persistent rains
resulted in 198 deaths in S. Leyte and
Mindanao (Agusan- Surigao)
• Aurora-Infanta floods (November-
December 2004): Heavy rains triggered
major landslides; cleansed the forests of
its debris resulting in heavy damage and
casualty downstream along rivers and
coastal areas in eastern Luzon (1,068 dead,
damage estimate - P7,615.98M)
 Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events

TYPHOON ONDOY
In less than seven hours, the rainfall equivalent for one month poured down causing
Extreme floods in San Mateo Rizal, Marikina, Bulacan, Pasig….
 Katipunan

Buendia
Taft
 Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events

TYPHOON PEPENG
Bringing torrential rains, the typhoon pepeng brought excessive flooding to
northern and central luzon, causing landslides, damage to properties and deaths
1.Cagayan
2.Albay
3.Ifugao
4.Sorsogon
5.Kalinga
6.Ilocos Sur
7.Ilocos Norte
8.Camarines Norte
9.Mountain Province
10.Camarines Sur
11.Northern Samar
12.Catanduanes
13.Apayao
14.Pampanga
15.La Union
16.Nueva Ecija
17.Pangasinan
18.Masbate
19.Tarlac
20.Western Samar
1.Sulu
2.Basilan
3.Maguindanao
4.Lanao Del Sur
5.Lanao Del Norte
6.Davao Del Sur
7.Misamis Occidental
8.Sarangani
9.Zamboanga Del Sur
10.South Cotabato
11.Zamboanga Del Norte
12.North Cotabato
13.Sultan Kudarat
14.Siquijor
15.Tawi-tawi
16.Negros Oriental
17.Camiguin
18.Davao del Norte
19.Misamis Oriental
20.Bukidnon
1.Albay
2.Pampanga
3.Ifugao
4.Rizal
5.Cavite
6.Sorsogon
7.Laguna
8.Biliran
9.Batangas
10.Pangasinan
11.Masbate
12.Metro Manila
13.Tarlac
14.Nueva Ecija
15.Northern Samar
16.Aklan
17.Capiz
18.La Union
19.Western Samar
20.Romblon
 1.Sulu
2.Basilan
3.Lanao Del Sur
4.Maguindanao
5.Lanao Del Norte
6.Davao Del Sur
7.Zamboanga Del Sur
8.Tawi-tawi
9.Misamis Occidental
10.Camiguin
11.Siquijor
12.Misamis Oriental
13.Cebu
14.Agusan Del Norte
15.Zamboanga Del Norte
16.Albay
17.Sarangani
18.Negros Oriental
19.Negros Occidental
20.Ifugao
1.Ifugao
2.Albay
3.Pampanga
4.Sorsogon
5.Rizal
6.Cavite
7.Sulu
8.Biliran
9.Laguna
10.Northern Samar
11.Batangas
12.Pangasinan
13.La Union
14.Basilan
15.Nueva Ecija
16.Metro Manila
17.Western Samar
18.Tarlac
19.Masbate
20.Camarines Sur
 Updates

United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COPENHAGEN SUMMIT)
• 15th Conference Of Parties on Climate
Change (COP 15)

• 5th Meeting Of Parties on Kyoto Protocol (MOP 5)

• 192 Countries
 The Outcome
• The goal of keeping temperature rises below 2°C

• Pledge of US$ 30 billion to the developing world over the

next three years, rising to US$ 100 billion per year by 2020, to
help poor countries adapt to climate change.

• An agreement was also reached that would set up a deal to

reduce deforestation in return for cash from developed
countries.
 Carbon Offset
• The principle of carbon offset is fairly simple: a business decides that it doesn't want
to contribute further to global warming, and it has already made efforts to reduce
its carbon (dioxide) emissions, so it decides to pay someone else to further reduce its
net emissions by planting trees or by taking up low-carbon technologies. Every unit
of carbon that is absorbed by trees—or not emitted due to funding of renewable
energy deployment—offsets the emissions from fossil fuel use. In many cases,
funding of renewable energy, energy efficiency, or tree planting—particularly in
developing nations—can be a relatively cheap way of making an event, project, or
business "carbon neutral". Many carbon offset providers—some as inexpensive as
$0.10 per ton of carbon dioxide—

• Many businesses are now looking to carbon offset all their work. An example of a
business going carbon neutral is FIFA: their 2006 World Cup Final will be carbon
neutral. FIFA estimate they are offsetting one hundred thousand tons of carbon
dioxide created by the event, largely as a result of people travelling there.

• Other carbon neutral companies include the bank HSBC, the consumer staples
manufacturer Annie's Homegrown, world leading society publisher Blackwell
Publishing, and the publishing house New Society Publishers. The Guardian
newspaper also offsets its carbon emissions resulting from international air travel.
 WHAT YOU CAN DO?
1. REDUCE YOUR IMPACT AT HOME
Replace a regular incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent
light bulb (cfl)

Clean or replace filters on your air conditioner.

Cleaning a dirty air filter save 350 pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

Unplug electronics from the wall when you’re not using them
Even when turned off, things like hairdryers, cell phone chargers and
televisions use energy. In fact, the energy used to keep display clocks lit and
memory chips working accounts for 5 percent of total domestic energy consumption
 WHAT YOU CAN DO?
• Choose energy efficient appliances when making new purchases
Look for the Energy Star label on new appliances to choose the most
models
Be sure you’re recycling at home
You can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide a year by recycling half of the
waste your household generates.

Plant a tree
A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon dioxide over its lifetime. Shade
provided by trees can also reduce your air conditioning bill by 10 to 15%.

• Switch to green power

In many areas, you can switch to energy generated by clean, renewable
sources such as wind, hydro, geothermal and solar.

• Buy locally grown and produced foods

Buying locally will save fuel and keep money in your community.
 WHAT YOU CAN DO?
• Buy fresh foods instead of frozen
Frozen food uses 10 times more energy to produce.

Seek out and support local farmers markets

They reduce the amount of energy required to grow and transport the food to you
by one fifth.

• Buy organic foods as much as possible

Organic soils capture and store carbon dioxide at much higher levels than
soils from conventional farms.

• Avoid heavily packaged products

You can save 1,200 pounds of carbon dioxide if you cut down your
garbage by 10%.
 WHAT YOU CAN DO?
Eat less meat
Methane is the second most significant greenhouse gas and cows are
one of the greatest methane emitters. Their grassy diet and multiple
stomachs cause them to produce methane, which they exhale with
every breath.

REDUCE YOUR IMPACT WHILE ON THE MOVE

Reduce the number of miles you drive by walking, biking, carpooling or taking mass
transit wherever possible
Avoiding just 10 miles of driving every week would eliminate about 500 pounds of
carbon dioxide emissions a year!
Keep your car tuned up
Regular maintenance helps improve fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. When just
1% of car owners properly maintain their cars, nearly a billion pounds of carbon dioxide
are kept out of the atmosphere.
WHAT YOU CAN DO?
Check your tires weekly to make sure they’re properly
inflated
Proper inflation can improve gas mileage by more than 3%. Since
every gallon of gasoline saved keeps 20 pounds of carbon dioxide out
of the atmosphere, every increase in fuel efficiency makes a difference!

When it is time for a new car, choose a more fuel

efficient vehicle
You can save 3,000 pounds of carbon dioxide every year if your new
car gets only 3 miles per gallon more than your current one. You can get
up to 60 miles per gallon with a hybrid!
 HELP BRING ABOUT CHANGE LOCALLY,
NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY
• Encourage your school or business to reduce emissions
You can extend your positive influence on global warming well beyond your home by
actively encouraging others to take action.
• Encourage the switch to renewable energy
• Protect and conserve forest
• Make your city cool
Cities and Mun. should consider actions to stop global warming by passing innovative
transportation and energy saving legislations
• Consider the impact of your investments
If you invest your money, you should consider the impact that your investments and savings
will have on global warming.
• Tell Congress to act
• Make sure your voice is heard!
We must have a stronger commitment from our government in order to stop global warming
and implement solutions and such a commitment won’t come without a dramatic increase in
citizen lobbying for new laws with teeth
 TAKE ACTION!
• There is no doubt we can solve this problem. In fact, we have a moral obligation
to do so. Small changes to your daily routine can add up to big differences in
helping to stop global warming. The time to come together to solve this problem
is now.

Are you ready to change the way you live?

The climate crisis can be solve
Here’s how to start
go to

www.climatecrisis.net
Thank you !