Reg. No.

:
*X10164*

Question Paper Code : X10164

B.E./B.Tech. Degree Examinations, april/may 2021
Sixth Semester
Biomedical Engineering
bm 8651 – biomechanics
(Common to Medical Electronics)
(Regulations 2017)
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks
Answer all questions
Part – A (10×2=20 Marks)

1. What is Newtonian fluid ?

2. Define dynamic viscosity.

3. List the various types of heart valves.

4. Define Reynolds number.

5. Draw the stress strain curve of a soft tissue.

6. What is the analogy between the spring and the dashpot ?

7. Define cadence in gait.

8. What is a synovial joint ?

9. What is ergonomics ?

10. What do you mean by hand-arm vibration syndrome ?

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Part – B (5×13=65 Marks)

11. a) i) List the two types of force plates with their merits and demerits. (4)
ii) A laboratory crash test is set up to measure the endurance of seat belts
for automobile passengers (Fig. 1). The initial horizontal speed of the test
vehicle carrying a 70-kg dummy is set to 100 km/h. The speed of the vehicle
and the dummy is brought to zero in a time interval of 0.1 s. Assuming that
the frictional effects are negligibly small, determine an average horizontal
force applied by the dummy on the seat belt. (9)

Fig. 1
(OR)
b) i) Consider an athlete wearing a weight boot (Fig. 2), and from a sitting
position, doing lower leg flexion/extension exercises to strengthen quadriceps
muscles. The weight of the athlete’s lower leg is W1 = 50 N and the weight
of the boot is W2 =100 N. As measured from the knee joint at point O, the
center of gravity (point A) of the lower leg is located at a distance a = 20 cm
and the center of gravity (point B) of the weight boot is located at a distance
b = 50 cm. Determine the net moment generated about the knee joint when
the lower leg is extended horizontally (position 1), and when the lower leg
makes an angle of 30° (position 2), 60° (position 3), and 90° (position 4) with
the horizontal. (9)

Fig. 2
ii) State and explain work energy theorem. (4)
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12. a) i) Write a note on blood rheology. (4)
ii) A patient has atherosclerosis, which produces a stenosis of his aorta of
16% diameter reduction. (a) What is the resultant reduction in flow rate ?
(b) Assuming laminar flow, how much pressure increase is necessary to
compensate for this reduction ? (9)
(OR)
b) i) With a simple sketch discuss the biomechanics of mitral heart valve. (9)
ii) Differentiate laminar and turbulent flow. (4)
13. a) i) Explain Kelvin-Voight empirical viscoelastic model. (6)
ii) Discuss the creep and recovery behavior in a viscoelastic material. (7)
(OR)
b) i) Discuss the mechanism of bone fracture. (6)
ii) Explain with a diagram the Hill’s model of muscle contraction. (7)
14. a) i) List out any 5 types of joints/supports found in our body. Give examples. (5)
ii) Consider a person standing on tiptoe on one foot (a strenuous position
illustrated). The forces acting on the foot during this instant are shown in
Fig. 3. Let W be the person’s weight applied on the foot as the ground reaction
force, FM be the magnitude of the tensile force exerted by the gastrocnemius
and soleus muscles on the calcaneus through the Achilles tendon, and FJ be
the magnitude of the ankle joint reaction force applied by the tibia on the
dome of the talus. The weight of the foot is small compared to the weight
of the body and is therefore ignored. The Achilles tendon is attached to the
calcaneus at point A, the ankle joint center is located at point B, and the
ground reaction force is applied on the foot at point C. For this position of the
foot, it is estimated that the line of action of the tensile force in the Achilles
tendon makes an angle q with the horizontal, and the line of action of the
ankle joint reaction force makes an angle b with the horizontal.
Assuming that the relative positions of A, B and C are known determine
expressions for the tensions in the achilles tendon and the magnitude of the
reaction force at the ankle joint. (8)

Fig. 3

(OR)
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b) i) Consider the arm shown in Fig. 4. The elbow is flexed to a right angle and
an object is held in the hand. The forces acting on the forearm are shown in
Fig. 4a, and the free-body diagram of the forearm is shown on a mechanical
model in Fig. 4b. This model assumes that the biceps is the major flexor and
that the line of action of the tension (line of pull) in the biceps is vertical.
Point O designates the axis of rotation of the elbow joint, which is assumed
to be fixed for practical purposes. Point A is the attachment of the biceps
muscle on the radius, point B is the center of gravity of the forearm, and point C
is a point on the forearm that lies along a vertical line passing through the
center of gravity of the weight in the hand. The distances between point O
and points A, B, and C are measured as a, b and c, respectively. Let WO be
the weight of the object held in the hand and W be the total weight of the
forearm . Let FM be the magnitude of the force exerted by the biceps on the
radius, and FJ be the magnitude of the reaction force at the elbow joint.
Notice that the line of action of the muscle force is assumed to be vertical.
The gravitational forces are vertical as well. Therefore, for the equilibrium
of the lower arm, the line of action of the joint reaction force must also be
vertical (a parallel force system). Determine the magnitudes of the muscle
tension and the joint reaction force at the elbow. (8)

Fig. 4
ii) List various sub-phases of stance phase in a gait cycle. (5)

15. a) i) What are nodes and elements in FEA ? (4)

ii) Discuss any 2 types of musculoskeletal disorders in detail. (9)
(OR)
b) i) Discuss the ergonomic factors to be considered for design of a computer
workstation. (9)
ii) List the different types of meshing used in FEA. (4)
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Part – C (1×15=15 Marks)

16. a) Consider a driver of a heavy vehicle whole body vibration assessment. The
purpose of the assessment was twofold : first, to determine whether the
driver would exceed the action and limit values from the Physical Agents
(Vibration) Directive during their typical 8-h shift, and second, to determine the
effectiveness of their seat in providing isolation from the vibration. Elaborate
how would you go about in the assessment ? (15)
(OR)
b) Discuss how the kinetic and kinematic data can be obtained from force plates
and motion analysis system. What are the kinetic and kinematic parameters
that can be obtained during this process and lists their application ? (15)

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