Program: M .Tech.

Structural
Engineering
Class: M .Tech.

Course: Advanced Solid Mechanics

Course Code: PSE102

Unit: II
Lecture 01: Analysis of Strain

School of Engineering and Technology

 Outline

Analysis of Strain
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1D Strain

Strain is defined as the ratio of elongation with respect to the original length,

Consider a rod with initial length L which is stretched to a length L'.

The strain measure ( e),

a dimensionless ratio,

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Strain

In elementary strength of materials two types of strains were introduced:

(i) the extensional strain (in x or y direction) and

(ii) the shear strain in the xy plane.
In Fig. (a), the element undergoes an extension
in x direction.

The extensional or linear strain is defined as the

change in length per unit initial length.

If denotes the linear strain in x direction,

then

Similarly, the linear strain in y direction

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Strain

Figure (c) shows the shear strain in the xy plane

Shear strain is defined as the change in the initial right

angle between two line elements originally parallel to
the x and y axes. In the figure, the total change in the
angle is

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Strain

A third type of strain, called the volumetric strain, was also introduced in
elementary strength of materials. This is change in volume per unit original
volume.

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● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yZNKGxe0H8

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Strain
Suppose that point P in a body shifts to point P’ after deformation.

Let a point P belonging to the body and

having coordinates (x, y, z) be displaced
after deformations to P’ with coordinates (x’ ,
y’, z’ )

Since P is displaced to P’ the vector segment

PP’ is called the displacement vector and is
denoted by u

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Strain

The displacement vector u has components

along the x, y and z axes respectively

If r is the position vector of point P, and r’ that of

point P’, then

Displacement of point P to P’

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Strain
The infinitesimal strain-displacement relationships can be summarized as,

where u is the displacement vector, x is coordinate, and the two indices i and j can
range over the three coordinates {1, 2, 3} in three dimensional space.

Expanding the above equation for each coordinate direction gives,

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3D Strain Matrix
There are a total of 6 strain measures. These 6 measures can be organized into a
matrix

Or

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Strain
Strain displacement relations of Cauchy

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Question: The displacement field for a body is given by

What is the deformed position of a point originally at (3, 1, –2)?

Solution :
The displacement vector “ u ” at (3, 1, –2) is

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The initial position vector r of point P is

The final position vector r’ of point P’ is

Answer

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Question: Two points P and Q in the undeformed body have coordinates (0, 0, 1) and
(2, 0, –1) respectively. Assuming that the displacement field given by

has been imposed on the body, what is the distance between points P and Q after
deformation?

Solution :

The displacement vector at point P is

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The displacement components at P are

Hence, the final coordinates of P after deformation are

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Similarly, the displacement components at point Q are,

and the coordinates of Q’ are (6, 2, 3).

The distance P’Q’ is therefore

Answer

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Question: Consider the displacement field

What are the rectangular strain components at the point P(1, 0, 2)? Use only linear terms.

Solution

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The linear strains at (1, 0, 2) are

The shear strains at (1, 0, 2) are

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Answer

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H.W

Question: Consider the displacement field

What are the rectangular strain components at the point P(1, 0, 2)? Use only linear terms.

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Principal axes of strain and principal strains

When a displacement field is defined at a point P, the relative extension (i.e. strain) at P
in the direction PQ is given by

Then the existence of a non-trivial solution, the determinant of its coefficient

must be equal to zero, i.e.

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Expanding the determinant, we get

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In every state of strain there exist at least three mutually perpendicular principal axes and at
most three distinct principal strains.

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NOTE:

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Question: The displacement field in micro units for a body is given by

Determine the principal strains at (3, 1, –2) and the direction of the
minimum principal strain.

Solution
The displacement components in micro units are,

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The strain invariants

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The cubic from Eq. is

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After solving, check, the first invariant J1 is

The second invariant J2 is

The third invariant J3 is

Answer

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H.W

Question: The displacement field for a body is given by

What is the displaced position of a point originally at (1, 2, 3)?

Ans. [(1.0007, 2.0019, 3.0014)]

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Question: The non-zero components of the stress tensor are

What is the normal component of the stress on a plane

perpendicular to the vector (1,2,2).

Solution

Ans

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Question:

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Solution

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Ans

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References
● M. Filonenko-Borodich, 'Theory of Elasticity‟, University Press of the Pacific, 2003.
● L.S.Srinath, „Advanced Mechanics of Solids‟, 3rded., McGraw-Hill Education, 2009.
● S.P. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, 'Theory of Elasticity', 3rded., McGraw-Hill Education,
● Theory of Elasticity, Sadhu Singh, Khanna Publishers
● Mechanics of Materials, Swaroop Adarsh, New Age International Publishers
● https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/106/105106049/
● T.G.Sitharam & L.Govinda Raju ‘Applied Elasticity for Engineers’
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yZNKGxe0H8

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