3

(d) vescape = ~2GM = 2G(Nm/V)( 47l:R /3) = ~(87l:/3)G(N /V)mRz

R R
Vescape =~(87l:13)(6.673xlO-ll N ·mzJkgz)(50x106 m-3)(1.67xlO-z7 kg)(lOx9.46xlO15 m?

Vescape = 650 m/s. This is lower than Vrms and the cloud would tend to evaporate.
(e) In equilibrium (clearly not thermal equilibrium), the pressures will be the same; from pV = NkT,

k~SM (N /V)ISM = kTnebula (N /V)nebula and the result follows.

(f) With the result of part (e),
6 3
T. =T ((V/N)nebula)=(20K)( 50x10 m )=2X105K
ISM nebula l (V / N)ISM l (200xlO-6 m3 r1 '

more than three times the temperature of the sun. This indicates a high average kinetic energy, but the thinness of
the ISM means that a ship would not bum up.
EVALUATE: The temperature of a gas is determined by the average kinetic energy per atom of the gas. The
energy density for the gas also depends on the number of atoms per unit volume, and this is very small for the ISM.
18.92. IDENTIFY: Follow the procedure of Example 18.4, but use T = To - ay .
SET UP: In(l + x) "" x when x is very small.

EXECUTE: (a) ddPy= - PRM ' which in this case becomes dp = - Mg ~ . This integrates to
T P R To-ay

In( l!...-) = Mg In(l- ay), or P = po(l- ay)MglRa

lpo Ra To To

(b) For sufficiently small a, In(l- i) ""-i'

o 0
and this gives the expression derived in Example 18.4.

z 3 2
(c) (1- (0.6xlO- CO/m)(8863 m)) = 0.8154 Mg = (28.8xlO- )(9.80 m/s ) - 5.6576 and
l (288K) , Ra (8.3145J/mol·K)(0.6xlO-2Co/m)

Po(0.8154)56576 = 0.315 atm, which is 0.95 of the result found in Example 18.4.
EVALUATE: The pressure is calculated to decrease more rapidly with altitude when we assume that T also
decreases with altitude.
18.93. IDENTIFY and SET UP: The behavior of isotherms for a real gas above and below the critical point are shown in
Figure 18.7 in the textbook.
EXECUTE: (a) A positive slope g~ would mean that an increase in pressure causes an increase in volume, or

that decreasing volume results in a decrease in pressure, which cannot be the case for any real gas.
(b) See Figure 18.7 in the textbook. From part (a), P cannot have a positive slope along an isotherm, and so can

have no extremes (maxima or minima) along an isotherm. When ~~ vanishes along an isotherm, the point on the
z
. a P- V d'lagram must b'e an m fl'ectlOn pomt,
curve III . an d a Pz
av = 0.

nRT an2 ap nRT 2anz az p 2nRT 6an2 .

(c) P=----2 . -=- 2 +-3-' --2 = 3 ---. Settmg the last two of these equal to
V -nb V aV (V -nb) V av (V -nb) V4
zero gives V3nRT = 2an2 (V - nb)z and V4nRT = 3anz (V - nb)3 .
(d) Following the hint, V = (3/2)(V - nb), which is solved for (V /n)c = 3b. Substituting this into either of the last
two expressions in part (c) gives ~ = 8a/27 Rb.
RT a R(8aI27Rb) a a
(e) Pc = (V/n)c -b - (V/n)c 2b - 9b2 = 27bz'
(f) R~ (8a/27b) 8
pc(V/n\ (a/27bz)3b 3
(g) H2: 3.28. Nz: 3.44. HzO: 4.35.
EVALUATE: (h) While all are close to 8/3, the agreement is not good enough to be useful in predicting critical
point data. The van der Waals equation models certain gases, and is not accurate for substances near critical points.
18.94. IDENTIFY and SET UP: For N particles, vav 1>
= __
N
i and Vrms J¥v
= --'
N
2

EXECUTE: j
(a) 1 ~
vav =z(vj +v2), Vrms= Ji"vj +v2 and

22122122 122 1 2
Vrms-Vav =-(Vj +V2)--(Vj +V2 +2vjv2)=-(Vj +V2 -2vjv2) =-(vj-v2)
2 4 4 4
This shows that Vrms;;::vav' with equality holding if and only if the particles have the same speeds.

(b) v~s = N~1 (Nv~ +u2),v:v = N~1 (Nvav +u), and the given forms follow immediately.

(c) The algebra is similar to that in part (a); it helps somewhat to express
I
v:~= 2 (N((N + 1) -1)v;v + 2Nvavu + ((N + 1) - N)u2) •
(N +1)
'2 N2 N 2 212
Vav =--Vav + 2 (-Vav +2vavu-u )+--U
N+1 (N + 1) N+I
Then,
'2 '2 N 2 2 N 2 2 N 2 2 N 2
Vrms- Vav= (N + 1) (vrms -vav) + (N + 1)2 (Vav - 2vavu + u ) = N + 1 (vrms - VaV)+ (N + 1)2 (Vav -u) . If vrms > V.V' then

this difference is necessarily positive, and v;", > v: v'

(d) The result has been shown for N = 1, and it has been shown that validity for N implies validity for N + 1; by
induction, the result is true for all N.
EVALUATE: vrms > vav because Vrmsgives more weight to particles that have greater speed.