HAMPIPILA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

WEEK 2 (2ND SEMESTER)
TITLE: DESCRIBING SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND SAMPLE
LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:

EXPLORE!
Directions: Pretend that you are cooking a meal for your family. You are preparing
your specialty dishes－pork adobo and sinigang na bangus－and, of course, steamed
white rice to complete the meal. You are almost finished, but you want to check if
everything tastes good and has been cooked just the way your family likes it. What will
you do?

Guide Questions:

1. Of course, you do not eat everything to find out how the dishes taste. But
how much do you need to eat to find out whether or not the dishes are as
desired?
2. The rice and even the adobo are more or less homogeneous. What about the
sinigang and its multiple ingredients? How do you check if it is well done and
tasty?

3. How do you think is this activity related to research?

LEARN!
HISTORY OF SAMPLING

The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the early political activities of
the Americans, in 1920 when Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the
American citizens’ favorite among the 1920 presidential candidates. This was the
very first survey that served as the impetus for the discovery by academic
researchers of other sampling strategies that they categorized into two classes:
probability sampling and non-probability sampling. (Babbie 2013)
Brown (2006) summarizes the advantages of sampling in the following points

a. Makes the research of any type and size manageable;

b. Significantly saves the cost of the research;
c. Results in more accurate research findings;
 d. Provides an opportunity to process the information in a more efficient way;

e. Accelerates the speed of primary data collection (Dudovskiy, 2016)

DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING PROCEDURE

There are numerous ways of getting a sample, but here are the most commonly
used sampling methods.
Probability Sampling Methods

1. Simple Random Sampling

2. Systematic Random Sampling

3. Stratified Random Sampling

4. Cluster Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling Methods

1. Convenience Sampling

2. Purposive Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Volunteer Sampling
5. Snowball Sampling

1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

Probability sampling is a type of sampling in which all the members of an entire

population have a chance of being selected. This is also called as scientific
sampling, and is commonly used in quantitative research.
a. Simple Random Sampling is a method of choosing samples in which all
the members of the population are given an equal chance of being selected.
It is an unbiased way of selection, as samples are drawn by chance. There
are various ways of obtaining samples through simple random sampling
(Treece & Treece, 1986). These include the roulette wheel, fishbowl method,
and the use of table of random numbers.
Example: Observe the following steps using the fishbowl method:
i. The sampling frame, or a list of all the subjects or elements of the
population in question, should be prepared.

ii. All the names of the subjects or elements should be written down on strips
of paper (one name per strip of paper).
iii. The strips of paper with the listed names are then placed in a bowl or
container.
iv. Samples can be drawn as desired.
 b. Systematic Random Sampling is a method of selecting every nth element
of a population, e.g., every fifth, eighth, ninth, or eleventh element until the
desired sample size is reached.
Example: If you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of
numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students, take every 15 th
name on the list until you complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample.

c. Stratified Random Sampling is a method where the population is divided

into different strata (groups), and then the sampling follows. Age, gender,
and educational qualifications are some possible criteria used to divide a
population into strata.
Example: A researcher will study the common effects of smoking on high
school students. The researcher decides to select equal numbers of students
from the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior levels.

d. Cluster Sampling is used in large-scale studies. Clusters are

representative samples of the population as a whole. After the clusters are
established, a simple random sample of the clusters is drawn and the
members of the chosen clusters are sampled. Sampling procedures are
difficult and time-consuming.
Example: A researcher wants to interview 100 teachers across the country.
It will be difficult and expensive on their part to have respondents in 100
different cities or provinces. Cluster sampling is helpful for the researcher
who randomly selects the regions (first cluster), then selects the schools
(second cluster), and then the number of teachers.

2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

Non-Probability Sampling disregards random selection of subjects. The subjects are

chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in some cases,
on the sole discretion of the researcher. This is not a scientific way of selecting
respondents, and is commonly used in qualitative research.
a. Convenience Sampling involves choosing respondents at the convenience
of the researcher. It is also called accidental or incidental sampling.
Example: A researcher intends to study the elementary students of a
particular school and has determined the desired sample size. Due to the
study’s constraints, the elementary pupils who are present at the time of the
researcher’s visit to the school will be chosen as respondents.

b. Purposive Sampling involves handpicking subjects, usually to suit very

specific intentions. This is also called judgmental sampling.
Example: In a study about honor students, the researcher uses a list of
honor students and chooses the necessary number of respondents, to the
exclusion of all other students.
 c. Quota Sampling is somewhat similar to stratified sampling, in that the
population is divided into strata, and the researcher deliberately sets specific
proportions in the sample, whether or not the resulting proportion is
reflective of the total population. This is commonly done to the ensure the
inclusion of a particular segment of the population.

Example: A researcher wants to survey the employees of a company

regarding their thoughts on the company’s new policies. The researcher
intends to have representatives from all departments in his sample, but one
department is so small that doing random sampling might result in that
department not being represented. The researcher then sets a quota of
respondents from that department to ensure their inclusion in the sample.
d. Volunteer Sampling involves people who self-select into the survey.
Often, these folks have a strong interest in the main topic of the survey.

Example: A noontime show like ‘It’s Showtime asks viewers to participate in

an online poll, or to vote for the winner in “Tawag ng Tanghalan.” This would
be a volunteer sample since the sample is chosen by the viewers, not by the
survey administrator.
e. Snowball Sampling does not give a specific set of samples, similar to
snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly. This is true for a study involving
unspecified group of people. Dealing with varied groups of people such as
street children, drug dependents, gang members, informal settlers, street
vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of non-probability sampling.
A snowball sample is achieved by asking a participant to suggest someone
else who might be willing or appropriate fro the study.

STRATEGIES TO OBTAIN A QUALITY SAMPLE

1. Focus on the study - Make certain that the research question is feasible and the
study answers a question with clear variables.
2. Find a representative sample - Determine the necessary addition and omission
criteria for the study population such that findings cane exactly generalize or
identify results to the target group.
3. Determine a recruitment strategy - Spell out a plan to identify and enroll
study participants. This may entail screening or establishing criteria fro number,
location, and sampling method.
4. Consult with the community to identify and recruit potential participants
- Study existing infrastructure to discover venues of contacting suitable samples.
Researchers must also be considerate and receptive to the recommendation of local
experts and leaders.
5. Avoid selection bias - It is also essential to recruit a fitting comparison group.
6. Do not give up after the first attempt to recruit a potential participant -
Follow-up using various communication strategies, including personal, written, or
electronic messaging. The importance of personal contact should not be
undervalued.
7. Allow flexibility in the process - If existing recruitment strategies are resulting
to inadequate enrollment of participants or modifications are made in criteria of
participants, the solution may be to change the sampling plan.
8. Consult with the community to identify and recruit potential participants
- Study existing infrastructure to discover venues of contacting suitable samples.
Researchers must also be considerate and receptive to the recommendation of local
experts and leaders.
9. Avoid selection bias - It is also essential to recruit a fitting comparison group.
10. Do not give up after the first attempt to recruit a potential participant
- Follow-up using various communication strategies, including personal, written, or
electronic messaging. The importance of personal contact should not be
undervalued.
11. Allow flexibility in the process - If existing recruitment strategies are
resulting to inadequate enrollment of participants or modifications are made in
criteria of participants, the solution may be to change the sampling plan.

ENGAGE!
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer corresponding to the
statements.

A B
1. A group of entrepreneurs is asked to a.
probability fill out a survey
2. A sampling method where all members b. quota
of the population are given equal chances
to be included in the sample.
3. This number of elements generally forms c. systematic
an adequate sample
4. A sampling method which uses every nth d. respondents
element of the population
5. Every person who enters the gate is e. 30
included in the sample
6. Intentional choosing of sample f. cluster
7. Origin of sampling g. simple random
8. The researcher made sure to include h.
population 15 honor students in his sample of 100
students i. non-probability

9. Names are put into a bowl, and the j. 1920 Literary

Digest and the researcher draws them at random
to generate a sample
 10. Group by group selection k. convenience

APPLY!
Directions: Write P if the sentence talks about probability sampling;
otherwise, write NP.
1. Checking every 10th student in the list
2. Interviewing some persons you meet on the campus
3. Dividing 100 persons into groups
4. Choosing subjects behaving like the majority members
5. Choosing a group of subjects among several groups
6. Choosing subjects capable of helping you meet the aim of your study
7. Choosing samples by chance but through an organizational pattern
8. Letting all members in the population join the selection process
9. Having people willing to be chosen as respondents
10. Matching people’s traits with the population members’ traits.

Prepared by: Jenusse Rian L. Adolfo- Teacher

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