Naughty or Nice?

1. What do you think is human nature?

2. Do we do nice things because we know we would be rewarded in the
end?
3. DO you think you were born with natural sins and through divine
intervention can you be save?
4. We inherit most of our qualities form our parents, do we also inherit
negative traits and values?
The Nature of Variables
What are variables?

• a quantity or measurement which can take any of a specified

set of values
• An object that we seek to measure, count, observe or
compute
• a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values
• According to Cristobal and Cristobal (2017), a variable is any
factor or property that a researcher measures, controls,
and/or examines
Six Major Variables

1.Dichotomous Variables
2.Polychotomous Variables
3.Qualitative Variables
4.Quantitative Variables
5.Independent Variables
6.Dependent Variables
1. Dichotomous Variables

“dikho”
Comes from the Greek word meaning “two” and
“temnein” meaning “to cut”
Binary or two variables
Observations that occur in two possible states
Will be or will not be
2. Polychotomous Variables

“Poly” means “many” and “chotomous” means

“to cut or divide”
Variables that can have more than two possible values or
categories.
3. Qualitative Variable

They are categorical or non-numerical.

Can be counted and ranked
4. Quantitative Variable

Numerical Variables
Variables that are measured on a
numeric or quantitative scale.
5. Independent Variables

The presumed cause in an experimental study.

All other variables that may impact the
dependent variable are controlled.
6. Dependent Variables

The presumed effect in an experimental study. The

values of the dependent variable depend upon
another variable, the independent variable.
Variables According to Continuity of Values
Variables According to Continuity of Values
Discreet
• They are variables whose
values or levels cannot take
the form of decimals. They
can also assume values that
can be counted.
• Values are whole numbers
• Counted
Continuous
• They are variables whose levels
can take continuous values.
They can also assume an
infinite number of values
between any two specific
values.
• Values are Fractional numbers
• Measured but continuously
changing
Variables According to Scale Measurement
Variables According to Scale Measurement

1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio
 Variables

Quantitative
Qualitative Variables
Variables

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Category Level No true Zero Has true zero

Discreet or Continuous
 Variables According to Scale Measurement

A. Nominal Scale
Nominal means name
They are variables that are classified into various distinct categories in
which ordering of label or assign numbers to things is not implied.
does not express any values or relationships between variables
often referred to as a categorical scale

For example: labeling men as ‘1’ and women as ‘2’ which is the most
common way of labeling gender for data recording purpose does not
mean women are ‘twice something or other’ than men. Nor it suggests
that men are somehow ‘better’ than women.
 Variables According to Scale Measurement

B. Ordinal Scale
Kind of variable wherein the data classified into distinct categories in
which ordering of label or assigning of numbers to things is implied.
ranking of items along the continuum of the characteristic being
scaled
the items are classified according to whether they have more or less
of a characteristic
categories have a logical or ordered relationship
For example, The Place finished in a Race:
1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place
 Variables According to Scale Measurement

C. Interval Scale
the numbers are used to rank attributes such that numerically equal
distances on the scale represent equal distance in the characteristic being
measured.
One of the ordered scales in which the difference between measurements
provides a meaningful quantity or intervals between scale points. No
absolute zero or absence of a meaningful zero is a key characteristic of
interval data.
they don’t have a “true zero.” 

For example: Score equivalent of exams temperature in Celsius and

Fahrenheit, IQ and EQ.
 Variables According to Scale Measurement

C. Interval Scale
1. Time of each day in the meaning of a 12-hour
clock.
2. Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius
(but not Kelvin).
3. IQ test (intelligence scale).
4. Test scores such as the SAT and ACT test scores.
 Variables According to Scale Measurement

D. Ratio Scale
One of the ordered scales in which the difference between the
measurements involves absolute zero which means it possesses a
meaningful zero that represents the absence of the quantity being
measured. Examples are age, height, weight, Kelvin temperature, money.
Differences are meaningful (like interval),
ratios are meaningful
there is a true zero point
For example, the difference between 10 and 15 minutes is the same as the
difference between 25 and 30 minutes and 30 minutes is twice as long as 15
minutes
 Variables

Quantitative
Qualitative Variables
Variables

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Category Level No true Zero Has true zero

Discreet or Continuous
Ask me Anything…

1. Each student is asked to formulate a maximum of 10 questions

about Variables According to Scale Measurement.
2. He/she will then ask one of his classmates to answer.
3. If not answered correctly he/she could ask another student until
it is answered correctly.
4. Points will vary on the no. of correct answers