Question 1

(1/1 point)

Based on the charts (red tabs), pass-through is significantly higher in the EU than in the US most
likely because:

The EU has high ad valorem taxes. The EU has high ad valorem taxes. - correct The EU
produces less oil annually than the US. MENA and CCA oil-exporting countries are able to
better price discriminate in the EU countries. The EU has less access to international oil
markets.
You have used 2 of 3 submissions

Question 2

(1/1 point)

Consider the case of Afghanistan. What pattern in gasoline prices do you notice?

Fuel prices seem to be extremely volatile reflecting low subsidies from the government
Fuel prices seem to be stable from year to year, with only infrequent changes reflecting low
subsidies from the government. Fuel prices seem to be stable from year to year, with only
infrequent changes reflecting high subsidies from the government. Fuel prices seem to be stable
from year to year, with only infrequent changes reflecting high subsidies from the government. -
correct
You have used 2 of 3 submissions

Question 3

(1/1 point)

In terms of domestic fuel prices, what do you notice in the case of oil exporting countries?

Most oil exporting countries are heavily intervening to stabilize fuel prices in the local market. -
This answer is correct.
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Question 4A

(1/1 point)

Fill in the blank in the following statement:

In the data, a relatively ______________ pass-through suggests that prices are market
determined (apart from perhaps the occasional tax adjustment).

stable - This answer is correct.

You have used 1 of 3 submissions

Question 4B

(1 point possible)

Based on your response to Q4A, prices in which of the following countries may be more market-
based? (Check all that apply).

Armenia Jordan Iran Kyrgyz Republic United Arab Emirates

Question 5

(1/1 point)

Which of the following countries spent the most on gasoline subsidies on a net basis in 2011?

Georgia Iran Egypt Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia - correct

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Question 6

(1/1 point)

Of the following countries, which spent more than 5% of GDP on fuel subsidies in 2011? (Check
all that apply)

Iraq Mauritania Saudi Arabia Egypt Armenia Yemen Syria

Turkmenistan United States
Iraq , Saudi Arabia, Egypt , Yemen , Syria , Turkmenistan , - This answer is correct.
You have used 2 of 3 submissions

Question 7

(1/1 point)

Which category of countries most heavily subsidizes energy? (See results in "Net subsidies_A")
 MENAP oil exporters MENAP oil exporters - correct MENAP oil importers CCA
oil and gas exporters CCA oil and gas importers

Case Study Question 1

(1/1 point)

What were the main obstacles to the reform of electricity subsidies in Mexico in 1999? (Check
all that apply)

legal impediments opposition from interest groups lack of public awareness

political impasse
legal impediments , opposition from interest groups , lack of public awareness, political impasse,
- This answer is correct.
You have used 1 of 3 submissions

Case Study Question 2

(1/1 point)

What were the main obstacles to the reform of electricity subsidies in Mexico in 2001? (Check
all that apply)

the presence of strong interest groups against the reform political fragmentation, which
jeopardized the consensus about the reform high levels of the consumer price index the
absence of a mechanism to compensate the needy through cash transfers
the presence of strong interest groups against the reform , political fragmentation, which
jeopardized the consensus about the reform, - This answer is correct.
You have used 2 of 3 submissions

Case Study Question 3

(1/1 point)

What were the main obstacles to the reform of electricity subsidies in Mexico in 2002?

The inefficient system of mitigating measures, which led to higher subsidies The inefficient
system of mitigating measures, which led to higher subsidies - correct The absence of
commitment to sound macroeconomic policies The lack of investment in infrastructure
The increase in the level of poverty
Case Study Question 4

(1/1 point)

What were some reasons why the government of Nigeria initiated the Subsidy Reinvestment and
Empowerment (SURE) Program? (Check all that apply)

Subsidies led to an unsustainable economic burden. Subsidies did not reach intended
beneficiaries, and they benefit the rich mostly. Subsidy administration has been beset with
inefficiencies, leakages and corruption. Subsidies caused smuggling to neighboring
countries. Subsidies discouraged competition and stifled private investment in downstream
petroleum.
Subsidies led to an unsustainable economic burden. , Subsidies did not reach intended
beneficiaries, and they benefit the rich mostly. , Subsidy administration has been beset with
inefficiencies, leakages and corruption. , Subsidies caused smuggling to neighboring countries.,
Subsidies discouraged competition and stifled private investment in downstream petroleum., -
This answer is correct.
You have used 2 of 3 submissions

Case Study Question 5

(1/1 point)

What were the main reasons of the failure of the 2011 subsidy reform? (Check all that apply)

the presence of strong interest groups against the reform the absence of broad popular
consultation the government didn’t campaign for removal of the subsidies the absence of
a mechanism to compensate the needy through cash transfers
the presence of strong interest groups against the reform , the absence of broad popular
consultation, - This answer is correct.
You have used 3 of 3 submissions

Case Study Question 6

(1/1 point)

The claim that subsidies mostly benefited the poor had been based on:

mainly anecdotal evidence - This answer is correct.

Case Study Question 7

(1/1 point)

What were the main pillars of the privatization strategy undertaken by the government in the
early 1990s? (Check all that apply)

to close unprofitable mines to reduce employment levels to improve labor productivity

to import coal to make the mining sector profitable to eliminate the sector’s
overcapacity
to close unprofitable mines, to reduce employment levels to improve labor productivity, to make
the mining sector profitable, to eliminate the sector’s overcapacity, - This answer is correct.
You have used 1 of 3 submissions

Case Study Question 8

(1/1 point)

What were the main obstacles to the reform of the coal sector in the early 1990s? (Check all that
apply)

the incomplete implementation of the reform agenda the resistance from unions against
proposed wage cuts or reductions in employment the high level of coal demand in the local
market the government provided insufficient resources to finance mine closures and social
programs
the incomplete implementation of the reform agenda, the resistance from unions against
proposed wage cuts or reductions in employment, the government provided insufficient
resources to finance mine closures and social programs , - This answer is correct.
You have used 1 of 3 submissions

Case Study Question 9

(1/1 point)

After the initital attempts at reform, the 1998-2002 hard coal reform turned out to be much more
successful. What were the main factors of success of the 1998–2002 coal reform? (Check all that
apply)

restructuring of the mining companies' debt—financed by the private sector closing of

the underperforming mines an increase in employment and capacity, which allowed for the
reduction of production costs closer cooperation with unions supporting programs from
some international organizations implementing social and labor market programs (welfare
benefits, soft loans for the establishment of a business, and training and other support to ease the
transfer to other sectors)
closing of the underperforming mines, closer cooperation with unions, supporting programs from
some international organizations, implementing social and labor market programs (welfare
benefits, soft loans for the establishment of a business, and training and other support to ease the
transfer to other sectors), - This answer is correct.