Riemann Mapping Theorem

Semester III Seminar Project

Kanak Dhotre
M.Sc II - 20MAT208

09/12/2021

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Midsemester Recap

1 Fractional Linear Transformations

2 The Extended Complex Plane Ĉ
3 Analytic Isomorphisms & Biholomorphisms

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Conformal Maps

f : C → C with f (z) = z 2 .

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 f : C → C with f (z) = z 2 .

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 g : C → C with g (z) = z.

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 g : C → C with g (z) = z.

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Two Key Observations
1 f (z) = z 2 preserves magnitude and orientation (except at (0, 0))
2 g (z) = z preserves magnitude but not orientation.

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Definition (Oriented Angle)
Given z, w ∈ C \ {0}, the oriented angle between z and w is the unique real value
wz
θ = θ(z, w ) ∈ [0, 2π) such that exp(iθ) = .
|z||w |

Definition (Conformal Map)

Let U, V be open subsets of C. Let γ1 and γ2 be two continuously differentiable
curves in U such that γ1 (t1 ) = z0 = γ2 (t2 ) and γ10 , γ20 6= 0. We say f : U → V is
conformal at z0 if θ(γ10 , γ20 )|z0 = θ(f (γ10 ), f (γ20 ))|f (z0 ) .

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 ?
Analyticity ⇐⇒ Conformality

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Theorem (Analyticity =⇒ Conformality)
The mapping defined by an analytic function is conformal, except at points where
the derivative vanishes.

Theorem (Conformality =⇒ Analyticity)

Every conformal map with real and imaginary parts having continuous partial
derivatives satisfies the C-R equations (and hence is analytic).

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 What happens to the oriented angle at critical points?

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 f : C → C with sin(z)

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 f : C → C with sin(z)

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Theorem (Angle Magnification Theorem)
Let f be a map defined by an analytic function. If f 0 (z0 ) = · · · = f n−1 (z0 ) = 0
and f n (z0 ) 6= 0, then for any two curves γ1 and γ2 intersecting at z0 we have
θ(f (γ10 ), f (γ20 ))|z0 = n · θ(γ10 , γ20 )|z0 .

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An Interesting Cayley Transform

z −i
φ(z) =
z +i

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A Few Natural Questions

For an arbitrary open set in C ...

1 When does such a map exist?
2 When is such a map unique?
3 Can we always find such a map explicity?
4 Does the map suggest any relation between the domain and the co-domain?

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Riemann Mapping Theorem

Theorem (Riemann Mapping Theorem)

Every simply connected, non-empty, proper and open subset of C is analytically
isomorphic to the open unit disc.

Normality Condition: For a fixed z0 in the domain there exists a unique injective
holomorphic map f such that f (z0 ) = 0 and f 0 (z0 ) > 0.

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Sketch of the Proof I

F = {f : U → B(0, 1) : f is injective and f (z0 ) = 0}

1 Prove that F is non-empty

2 Prove the existence of an f ∈ F with maximum possible local magnification
3 Prove the surjectivity of f

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Montel’s Theorem

Theorem (Montel’s Theorem)

Let F be a family of analytic functions defined on a domain D ⊂ C. If F is
normally bounded and is equicontinuous on D then every sequence of functions
(fn ) in F has a subsequence (fnk ) which converges normally.

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Hurwitz’ Theorem

Theorem (Hurwitz’ Theorem)

Let U be an open set and let (fn ) be a non-constant sequence of holomorphic
functions defined on U such that (fn ) converges normally to f , if the elements of
(fn ) have no zeros in U, then either f = 0 on U or f has no zeros in U at all.

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Sketch of the Proof of II

Theorem (Schwarz’ Lemma)

If f is an analytic automorphism of B(0, 1) that fixes the origin then |f 0 (0)| ≤ 1
and ∀z ∈ B(0, 1) we must have |f (z)| ≤ |z|. Moreover |f (z0 )| = |z0 | for some
z0 6= 0 if and only if f (z) = λz where |λ| = 1.

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Schwarz-Christoffel Mappings

Sπ/4 → H → B(0, 1)

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 Z z n−1
Y
f (z) = A + C (ζ − zk )αk −1 dζ
k=1

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A Few Examples

√

f (z) = k arcsin z

Figure: T.A. Driscoll, Schwarz-Christoffel Mappings

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A Few Examples

Z z
dw √ √ √
f (z) = p = 2F( z + 1, 1/ 2)
2
w (1 − w )

Figure: T.A. Driscoll, Schwarz-Christoffel Mappings

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 Can we find an analogue in Ĉ?

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Riemann Surfaces

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Definition (Coordinate Chart)
Given a fixed z0 on a surface S ⊂ R3 and a homeomorphism φ : D → ∆ between
a neighbourhood D ⊂ S of z0 and ∆ ⊆ C we call the pair (D, φ) a coordinate
chart of S at z0 .

Definition (Atlas)
A collection of coordinate charts is called an atlas.

Definition (Riemann Surface)

We say that a surface S is a Riemann surface if for an arbitrary indexing set I ,
there exists an atlas of compatible charts {(φα , Uα ) : α ∈ I } that covers X .

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S2 as a Riemann Surface

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Bibliography

[1] S Kumaresan, ”A Pathway to Complex Analysis”, 2021

[2] Ahlfors, Lars V., ”Complex Analysis: An Introduction to the Theory of
Analytic Functions of One Complex Variable.”, 1978
[3] James Brown, Ruel Churchill, ”Complex Variables and it’s Applications”, 1943
[4] John B. Conway, ”Functions of One Complex Variable”, 1973
[5] Venkata Balaji T.E, ”Advanced Complex Analysis I”, 2015
[6] Venkata Balaji T.E, ”An Introduction to Riemann Surfaces and Algebraic
Curves”, 2015
[7] Tobin A. Driscoll, Lloyd N. Trefethen, ”Schwarz-Christoffel Mappings”, 2002

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 Thank You! :)

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