drainage basin = area of land drained by the river and Its tributaries

watershed = border /edge of a

drainage basin
catchment area =
the area within a drainage basin

source = beginning of the river

mouth = end of the river

confluence = when two rivers or streams join

tributary =
a stream or a smaller river join a smaller river

4 main processes

hydraulic action = Force and impact of flowing water

corrasion = effect of load grinding away at the bed and banks of a river

attrition when rocks that knock each other and

became carrying against
=
a river is

smaller and rounder

solution =
some rocks dissolve in water Ces .
limestone)

solution load = minerals are dissolved and carried in solution (requires the least

energy)
suspension load =
very light materials are carried near the surface giving
the river its colour

saltation load = small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

traction load heavy materials rolled along the riverbed (requires the most

energy
=

.
drainage basin = area of land drained by the river and its tributaries

watershed = border /edge of a

drainage basin
catchment area =
the area within a drainage basin

source = beginning of the river

mouth = end of the river

confluence = when two rivers or streams join

tributary =
a stream or a smaller river join a smaller river

4 main processes

hydraulic action = Force and impact of flowing water

corrasion = effect of load

grinding away at the bed and banks of a river

attrition when rocks that knock each other and

became
carrying against
=
a river is

smaller and rounder

solution =
some rocks dissolve in water Ces .
limestone)

in river valleys vertical erosion → the bed is eroded , lowers the river channel

lateral erosion → the river erodes its banks , it widens the channel

solution load = minerals are dissolved and carried in solution (requires the least

energy)
suspension load =
very light materials are carried near the surface giving
the river its colour

saltation load = small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

traction load heavy materials rolled along the riverbed (requires the most

energy
=

Waterfall retreats meander =

winding courve or bend
<
Of a river
Hard rock
River oxbow lake = U -

shaped Lake that

topples over

Hard rock
Fornes when a ri =

< Overhang collapses Ver Menander is cut

Off

Pebbles
Soft rock Plunge ,

pool stones and delta = deltas are formed

>

Undercutting <
boulders
when the river deposits
steep-sided gorge all of its material at
¥ :{Yara its mouth and blocks
its main channel
to to the sea , the
get
river divides into

distributaries
 >
Flooding and erosion

FLOODING
prevention → detention basin

vegetation
higher river banks /walls

protection →
syrens
store of sand / sandbags

study
case

Elbe river

24 million people in its drainage basin

floods in 2013 after 2 days of much rainfall (up to 250 mm in some areas )
25 deaths
→ sirens and warnings
→ river walls

→
protective metal barriers

EROSION

bay•%ᵗH
sand spit =
long narrow piece of land

sand bar = when a sand spit extends across a

tombolo =
when a sand spit joins up with an offshore island

barrier islands =
island parallel to the coastline

saltmarsh =
coastal ecosystem that floods at high tide

prevention → sea walls → build to prevent erosion and

flooding (expensive and high maintenance
"
)
built at angle to trap the
groyens → usually wooden walls an
→

sediments (expensive)
→ rock armour → Large boulders to absorb the wave
energy
→ revetments → wooden barriers an stats LT) placed at the top
of beaches to protect the cliffs ( not expensive)

gabions metal cages with rock en side to absorb the wave

energy
→ -
s

(not too expensive but unattractive)

offshore
→ offshore breakwaters
Large → blocks and boulders located

to reduce wave
energy
CEE-eneer.org) -
> beach nourishment →
replacing eroded beach material

→
managed retreat → controlled erosion /Flooding Clasaano fare usually
,

low value Lands )

study
case

Mauritius
21 beaches in Mauritius experience coastal erosion
to they considered both soft and hard
manage the erosion engeneering