1.

WEB TECHNOLOGY
KCS-602
Web technologies
• Web technologies are the various tools and techniques that are
utilised in the process of communication between different types of
devices over the internet.
• The "Web," short for "World Wide Web" which gives us the acronym
www, is the name for one of the ways that the internet lets people
browse documents connected by hypertext links.
• The principle of the Web is based on using hyperlinks to navigate
between documents (called web pages) with a program called a
browser(User agent).
A Brief History of the Internet and the World
Wide Web
• The Internet has its roots in the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency (ARPA) project begun in or around 1960.
Among the project’s goals was the ability to network computers quickly
and across great distances.
• In 1969, the ARPANet was born, connecting several key universities. The
network continued to grow, with more and more universities coming
online.
• One of the goals of the initial project — robust, nearly fail-safe
performance — was realized via the Internet Protocol (IP). This protocol
enabled communication packets to find various routes to a destination
in case one or more of the routes became unstable.
• This communication protocol became the backbone of today’s Internet,
and is how the Internet got its name.
• The Transmission Control Protocol was joined with the IP to provide a
robust transmission suite.
• By 1992, the Internet was far and away the most popular network in
the world. During this time, Tim Berners-Lee, a British software
engineer and computer scientist, created HyperText Markup
Language to create documents, a protocol — HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) — to send such documents, and the first browser
editor, called the WorldWideWeb (later renamed to Nexus to avoid
confusion between the software and the World Wide Web).
• The ‘‘Web’’ soon came to the attention of the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), where a programming team
decided to create a better browser.
• Thus was Mosaic born, the first browser to support a high degree of
multimedia.
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) enables web servers and
browsers to exchange data over the Internet or an intranet.
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international community
that develops standards, is responsible for revising and maintaining
this protocol.
• To locate a resource, an Internet user would click a link that contains
a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or enter one in the Location box of
his/her browser.
• Here are two examples of URLs:
• http://google.com/index.html
• http://facebook.com/index.html
• A web browser loads a webpage using various protocols:
• It uses the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol to convert a domain
name into an IP address.
• It uses the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to request the
webpage contents from that IP address.
• It may also use the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to serve
the website over a secure, encrypted connection.
• The web browser uses these protocols on top of the Internet
protocols, so every HTTP request also uses TCP and IP.
steps involved with the web application development
process
1. Define the problem you are solving
• Defining the problem is critical. It is your North Star and provides direction. Your solution
is born from your problem.
2. Plan the workflow of your web application
• Once you know your solution, map out the workflow of how it will work. What needs to
happen within your web application for it to solve the problem?
3. Wireframe/prototype your web application
• Transform your workflow into a wireframe. Your wireframe is simply a tool for
communicating your solution to your target user.
4. Receive Validation
• Present your wireframe to potential users of your new web application. Record feedback
and iterate on the design until you, and your potential users are happy.
5. Choose your firepower
• You will use different tools/platforms/frameworks to build your web application. It’s
important to choose a tool that fits the job (in this case your web application) and not to
go with what is popular. Example - for a simple to-do app, Django combined with React
might be overkill.
6. Build your web application
• Database
• Determine what data you need to store in your database and also your data types.
Then build your database.
• Frontend
• You will likely build your frontend and backend at the same time. Your frontend will
loosely mirror your wireframe/prototype you validated earlier. The frontend
consists of HTML, CSS, and JS - like one of our frontend frameworks below.
• Backend
• Building your backend is one of the toughest parts of the web application
development process. The primary functions of the backend is to provide HTTP
endpoints for your frontend (remember CRUD!), authenticate users, authorization,
and to serve the frontend.
7. Test your web application
• Testing your web application is an ongoing process and usually happens during and
after the building phase. You can automate testing or do it manually. During the
testing phase you should try to cover functionality, usability, compatibility, security
and performance testing.
8. Host and deploy your web application
• Hosting involves running your web application on a server. You will need to buy a
domain and choose a cloud hosting provider.
Connecting to the Internet
There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these
connection types available:
• Dial-up Connection
• ISDN
• DSL
• Cable TV Internet connections
• Satellite Internet connections
• Wireless Internet Connections
Dial-up Connection
• In the past, the internet is connected by the dial-up lines.
• The dial-up line uses PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
• PSTN may be of the telephone line, fiber optic, Microwave
transmission or communications satellite.
• Dial-up internet connections are connected through a telephone line.
• For accessing the internet, you have to dial a specific number, and
Your ISP will open the internet line for you.
• Here is the same line for internet and telephone, so at a time only
one task can take place either you can run internet or talk on the
telephone. It is the main disadvantage of a Dial-up connection.
• It is the most inexpensive form of the internet connection, apart from
it, its speed is also very slow from 28 Kbps to 56 Kbps.
The following diagram shows the accessing
internet using modem:
ISDN
• ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network.
• ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64Kbps(64,000 bits per second).
• Typically an ISDN connection has some Bearer-channels (B-Channel),
which are the main data channel and some delta channels
(D-channel), the channel that carries control and signaling
information.
• The following are the interfaces of ISDN:
• Basic Rate Interface (BRI) --
• Two 64 kbit/s bearer (B) channels (For data)
• One 16 kbit/s signaling (D) channels ( For call setup and breakdown)
• Primary Rate Interface (PRI) –
• 23B Channel- 64 Kbits/s (Mainly uses in North America)
• 1D channel- 64 Kbits/s (signaling and setup)
DSL
• In a DSL internet connection, both voice and internet data can flow over
the same telephone line at the same time.
• It has a DSL modem which filters the voice and data.
• DSL represents a high-speed connection, much fast than the ancient dial-up
connection, but it is not as fast as a cable connection.
• So due to DSL modem, you can go on the internet and talk on the phone at
the same time (Modem convert analog signal to digital signal).
• Speed of DSL varies; depending upon the place where you live, but on an
average, download speed varies from 5Mbps to 100 Mbps.
• Types of DSL internet:
• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): In this internet connection
downloading speed is considerably faster than the uploading speed.
• It is mostly used at home because at home we download more as
compare to upload. Moreover, it is the cheapest form of DSL.
• SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line): In SDSL connection,
Download and upload speed are equal. It is typically used in
businesses.
• VDSL (Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line): it is the fastest form
of the DSL. It is fast because, in its line, copper wire is used. Due to
copper, it is only installed for limited distances.
• On an average VDSL is 3 times faster than the ADSL.
Cable TV Internet Connection
• Broadband Cable is typically provided by the same provider that
provides cable television to its customers.
• Here we use cable modem/wifi router combo.
• Because of the connection of your neighbors and you are on the
same cable line so during the peak hours you have experienced slow
speed. The reason behind is that your neighbors are also using at the
same time.
Fiber
• A fiber internet connection provides the fastest internet speed today.
It can provide download and upload speed of up to 1000 Mbps.
• It uses light to transfer the data through the optical fiber cable.
• In other forms of internet, connection data is transferred in electrical
form, so signal get weaker and weaker at large distances because
singles in the copper cable can be affected by electromagnetic
interference.
• But in the fiber optic cable, signal transfers in the glass in the form of
light, it can travel to long distances without any losses.
• Fiber is more expensive than the DSL and cable.
Satellite Internet Connection
• Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the
internet. There are two types of satellite internet connection: one
way connection or two way connection.
• In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to
upload, we need a dialup access through ISP over telephone line.
• In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the
satellite. It does not require any dialup connection.
Cellular
• In this network, radio waves are used for transfer signal to and from the
mobile phone.
• In cellular technology geographic area is divided into hexagonal cells, with
it each cell having its tower and frequency slot.
• Generally, these cellular towers are connected through a wire or more
specifically optical fiber cable. These optical fiber cables are laid under the
ground or ocean for providing national or international connectivity.
• During the use of the internet; Smartphone transmits a signal in the form
of electromagnetic waves.
• The electromagnetic wave produces by your phone are picked up by the
tower and system on the tower convert them high-frequency light pulses.
• These light pulses are further transferred to the base transceiver for the
further signal transferring.
• After that signal transferred to the destination server, for what you
searched, after that reverse process takes place.
Wireless Internet Connection
• The wireless network is built with the help of several hardware
components like wireless access point or router and user devices like
mobile phone, tablets, laptop, etc. which are equipped with the wifi
adaptor.
• On the other hand, a wireless router is connected to the internet via a
physical connection i.e. with the fiber cable or analog line which uses
a telephone and modem, after that connected to the router.
• The wireless router is then connected to the devices via radio waves
established an end to end internet connection.
• A router receives the data from the internet and translates it to a
radio signal and sends it to the wireless network to the connected
devices.
• The identical process also happens in reverse.