Module 2 (Refrigeration Lecture Manual)

REFRIGERATION REVIEW MANUAL: (JRF, PME) MODULE II: VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION
Module II
VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

DEFINITON AND USEFUL INFORMATION
 Vapor-compression refrigeration system is a mechanical refrigeration system, which has four basic
components, namely: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve.
 This refrigeration system is divided into two divisions, the high-pressure side and the low-pressure
side.
 The high-pressure side of the system consists of the compressor, the discharge or “hot gas” line,
the condenser, the receiver tank, and the liquid line.
 The low-pressure side or part of the system consists of the refrigerant flow control (expansion
valve), the evaporator, and the suction line.
 The pressure on the low-pressure side of the system is called as ‘low side pressure”, or “evaporator
pressure”, or the “suction pressure”, or the “back pressure”.
 The high-pressure side of the system is called as the ‘condensing pressure”, or the “discharge
pressure”, or the “head pressure”.
 Figure 2.1 illustrates the schematic diagram of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle
Figure 2.1. Schematic Diagram of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
QR
Condenser
Expansion Valve
W
Evaporator
Compressor
QA
Basic Components of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System
1. Compressor – a component used to compress refrigerant vapor that causes the refrigerant to flow
in the system
2. Condenser – a component that condenses refrigerant vapor while rejecting heat to a cooling
medium (either air or water).
3. Expansion Valve – a component that reduces the pressure of the refrigerant in order to attain low
temperature condition in the evaporator.
4. Evaporator – a component used to evaporate liquid refrigerant while absorbing heat from the
surrounding.
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Figure 2.2. ph & Ts Diagrams of Vapor-compression Refrigeration

2
T
p
3 p=C 2 T=C 3
p=C T=C
4 1 4 1
h s
 Processes
 Process 1-2: Reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated vapor to the condenser
pressure (s = C)
 Process 2-3: Reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure, de-superheating and
condensation of refrigerant.
 Process 3-4: Irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy, from saturated liquid to the
evaporator pressure.
 Process 4-1: Reversible addition of heat at constant pressure in the evaporator to saturated
vapor.
Cycle Analysis
 Compressor Power or Compressor Work
Wc  m  h 2  h1  Total value
w c  h 2  h1 Unit mass
Where, Wc = compressor power, kW, Hp.

m = mass flow rate of refrigerant, kg/s, lb/min.
h1 = enthalpy of refrigerant at point 1 or compressor intake, kJ/kg, Btu/lb.
h2 = enthalpy of refrigerant at point 2 or compressor discharge, kJ/kg. Btu/lb.
wc = compressor work, kJ/kg, Btu/lb.
 Heat Rejected
Q R  m h 3  h 2  Total value
qR  h3  h2 Unit mass
Where, QR = heat rejected in the condenser, kW, Btu/min.

h3 = enthalpy of refrigerant at the condenser exit, kJ/kg, Btu/lb.
qR = heat rejected in the condenser, kJ/kg, Btu/lb.
 Cooling Water Requirement in the Condenser
mh 2  h 3 
mw 
c p t i  t o 
2
Where, mw = mass flow rate of cooling water required, kg/s, lb/min.

cp = specific heat of water, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-R.
ti = temperature of water entering, oC
to = temperature of water leaving, oC
 Expansion Valve Process
h 3  h 4  h f 4  x 4 h fg 4 
Where, h4 = enthalpy of refrigerant at point 4 or expansion valve discharge, kJ/kg, Btu/lb.

hf4 = enthalpy of saturated liquid refrigerant at condenser pressure
hfg4 = latent enthalpy of refrigerant at condenser pressure
x4 = quality of refrigerant vapor at point 4.
 Refrigerating Capacity, Qe, Refrigerating Effect, RE, qe, and Tons or Refrigeration, TR
o Refrigerating effect is the amount of heat absorbed by the refrigerant in its travel through the
evaporator.
Refrigerating Capacity:
Q e  m h1  h 4 
Refrigerating Effect:
q e  h1  h 4
Tons of refrigeration:
Qe m h 1  h 4 
TR  
3.517 3.517
For Chilled Water,
Qe  RE  mcw c pw t a  t b 
Where, Qe = refrigerating effect, kW, Btu/min

qe = refrigerating effect, kJ/kg, Btu/lb.
TR = tons of refrigeration
mcw = mass flow rate of chilled water, kg/s, lb/min.
cpw = specific heat of chilled water
cpw = 4.187 kJ/kg-K = 1 Btu/lb-R
tb = temperature chilled water leaving the evaporator, oC, oF.
ta = temperature chilled water entering the evaporator, oC, oF.
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 Chilled Water Requirement:
Qe mh 1  h 4 
m cw  
c pw t a  t b  c pw t a  t b 
 Tons of Refrigeration:
Re frigerating Effect mh 1  h 4 

TR  
3.517 3.517
 Coefficient of Performance:
Re frigerating Effect mh1  h 4  h1  h 4

COP   
Compressor Power mh 2  h1  h 2  h1
 Power Required per Ton of Refrigeration:
Compressor Power Wc
Power per ton  
TR TR
Where, Power per ton is in kW/ton or Hp/ton.
 Volume Flow Rate at the Compressor Suction: V1  m v1
V1  m v1
Where, V1 = volume flow rate of refrigerant at the compressor suction, m3/s, cfm.
v1 = specific volume of refrigerant at the compressor suction, m3/kg, ft3/lb.
 Volume Flow rate at the Compressor Suction per TR
V1
VT R 
TR
Where, VTR = volume flow rate per ton of refrigeration, m3/ton, ft3/ton.
 Standard Refrigeration Cycle/system
Evaporation Temperature: 5 oF (-15 oC)
Condenser Temperature: 86 oF (30 oC)
 Power Requirement per Ton
12000 Btu /(ton  hr) 4.72 12000 Btu / ton  hr 3.52

Hp / ton   kW / ton  
 Btu  COP  3412 Btu  COP
 COP     COP   
 Hp  hr   kW  hr 
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RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE

 Figure 2.3 illustrates the schematic and pV diagrams for reciprocating compression process in the
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
 The purpose of the compression is to move refrigerant through the system as efficiently as possible.
Figure 2.3. Reciprocating Compression Process
p
1 2 2 p2
V pVk = C
dp
p1 1
V
Compressor Power
 For isentropic compression process
 k 1
  k 1

         
mRT1    1

k p k k p k
Wc    p1V1    1  
2 2
 k 1   k 1 
 1   1 
p p
 
Where, Wc = compressor power, kW, Hp.

p1 = pe = suction pressure or evaporator pressure, kPaa, psia.
p2 = pc = discharge pressure or condenser pressure, kPaa, psia.
V1 = volume flow rate at the suction, m3/s, cfm
R = refrigerant gas constant, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-R.
k = specific heat ratio
k = 1.304 for ammonia
k = 1.30  for R-134a
k = 1.18  for R-22
 For polytrophic compression process
 n 1
  n 1

 n       n   

 mRT1    1
p2 n p2 n
Wc    
 p1V1    1    
 n 1   n 1 
 1   1 
p p
 
Where, n = polytrophic exponent
Compression or Compressor Efficiencies

 Figure 2.4 below illustrates the comparison of the actual and ideal or isentropic compression
processes.
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Figure 2.4. Isentropic and Actual Compression Processes
p Isentropic Compression Process

2 2’
Actual Compression Process
 Adiabatic or isentropic Compression Efficiency or Simply Efficiency, c.

o It is the ratio of the ideal or isentropic compressor work or power and the actual power or work;
the equation is given by the following expression.
c 
Isentropic Work
100 %  Wc 100%
Actual Work Wc '
 h  h1 
c   2  100 % 
h '
 2 1 h
Where, W’c = actual compressor work or polytrophic compressor work
 Compressor Brake Efficiency, B

o It is the ratio of the ideal or isentropic compressor work or power and the actual compressor
work or power.
 
B 
Ideal or Isentropic Compressor Work
100 %   Wc  100 %
Brake Work  WB 
 Compressor Mechanical Efficiency, m

o It is the ratio of the indicated or actual compressor work or power and the brake work or power.
m 
Indicated Work
100 %  WI
100 %
Brake Work WB
Where, m = mechanical efficiency, %

m = compressor isentropic efficiency, %.
W I = W’c = indicated work or actual work, kW, Hp.
WB = brake work, kW, Hp
Piston Displacement or Displacement Volume

 Compressor displacement volume, or piston displacement, or volume displacement is given by the
following expression:
6
 2
VD  D L N nc
4
Where, VD = volume displacement, m3/min.

D = piston diameter, m, ft.
L = length of stroke, m, ft.
N = number of cycles completed per minute
N = n (nc)  for single-acting compressor
nc = number of cylinders
N = 2n (nc)  for double-acting compressor n = rpm of the compressor
Volumetric Efficiencies
 Volumetric Efficiency is the ratio of the actual volume of gas drawn into the compressor (at evaporator
temperature and pressure) on each stroke to the piston displacement.
o Conventional or Clearance Volumetric Efficiency, v, is the ratio of the volume drawn in and the
volume displacement; and obtained through the conventional pV diagram.
va 
Volume Flow Rate Entering the Compressor
100 %
Displacement Rate of Compressor
V 
va   1  100 % 
 VD 
 For Isentropic Compression Process
 1

 V1   

 100 %  1  c  c    100 %
p k
vc   2
 VD    p1  
 
  V 
vc  1  c  c  1  100 % 
  V2 
Where, va = conventional or clearance volumetric efficiency, %.

c = percent clearance
V2 = discharge volume flow rate
k = 1.304  for ammonia
k = 1.30  for R-134a
k = 1.16  for R-22
 For Polytropic Compression Process
 1

V    p2  
100 %  1  c  c    100 %
n
vc   1   
 VD    p1  

7
  V 
vc  1  c  c  1  100 % 
  V2 
Where, n = polytropic exponent
o Total Volumetric Efficiency, vt, is the ratio of the actual volume drawn in the compressor or the
actual volume flow rate entering the compressor and the displacement volume or piston
displacement; considering the effect of wire-drawing, cylinder wall heating, and piston leakage.
Volume flow rate entering the compressor V

vt  100 %   1 100 % 
Displacement rate of compressor VD
o Total volumetric efficiency can be calculated if the pressure drop through the suction valves and
the temperature of the gases at the end of the suction stroke are known and if it is assumed that
there is no leakage past the pistons during compression.
 For Isentropic Compression Process
 1

  k 
p  T 
vt  1  c  c     c  s  100 % 
 p d
 
  ps    ps  Tc 

 For Polytropic Compression Process:
 1

  n 
p  T 

vt  1  c  c     c  s  100 % 
p d
 
  ps    ps  Tc 

Where, pc = cylinder suction pressure

ps = evaporator pressure or the pressure at the suction line just adjacent to the compressor
Ts = evaporator absolute temperature or the absolute temperature at the suction line
just adjacent to the compressor
Tc = cylinder absolute temperature
3 Main Factors that Influence the Volumetric Efficiency

1. The effect of clearance volume and re-expansion of the clearance volume vapor
2. The pressure drop at the intake input.
3. Heating of the intake vapor.
COMPRESSORS
 Compressor is one of the four essential components of the compression refrigeration system; others
components include the condenser, evaporator, and expansion device. The compressor circulates
refrigerant through the system in a continuous cycle.
Basic Types of Compressors

1. Positive Displacement Compressors
o These compressors increase the pressure of the refrigerant vapor by reducing the volume.
o Examples: Reciprocating compressors; Rotary compressors (rolling piston, rotary vane, single-
screw, and twin-screw); Scroll compressors; Trochoidal compressors.
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2. Dynamic Compressors
o These compressors increase the pressure of refrigerant vapor by a continuous transfer of angular
momentum to the vapor from the rotating member followed by a conversion of this momentum into
a pressure rise.
o Centrifugal compressors are of this type.
Positive-Displacement Compressors Performance

o Compressor performance is the result of design compromises involving physical limitations of the
refrigerant, compressor, and motor, while attempting to provide the following:
 Greatest trouble-free life expectancy
 Most refrigeration effect for the least power input
 Lowest applied cost
 Wide range of operating conditions
 Acceptable vibration and sound level
Ideal Compressor
o The capacity of a compressor at a given operating condition is a function of the mass of gas
compressed per unit time. Ideally, the mass flow is equal to the product of the compressor
displacement per unit time and the gas density.
Actual Compressor Performance

o Actual compressor performance deviates from ideal performance because of various losses, with a
resulting decrease in capacity and an increase in power input.
o Depending on the type of compressor, some or all of the following factors can have a major effect
on compressor performance.
1. Pressure drops within the compressor unit
 Through shutoff valves (suction, discharge, or both)
 Across suction strainer/filter
 Across motor (hermetic compressor)
 In manifolds (suction and discharge)
 Through valves and valve ports (suction and discharge)
 In internal muffler
 Through internal lubricant separator
 Across check valves
2. Heat gain to refrigerant from

 Hermetic motor
 Lubricant pump
 Friction
 Heat of compression; heat exchange within compressor
3. Valve inefficiencies due to imperfect mechanical action

4. Internal gas leakage
5. Oil circulation
6. Re-expansion.
 The volume of gas remaining in the compression chamber after discharge, which re-
expands into the compression chamber during the suction cycle, and limits the mass of
fresh gas that can be brought into the compression chamber.
7. Deviation from isentropic compression.
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 The compression cycle deviates from isentropic compression primarily because of fluid and
mechanical friction and heat transfer within the compression chamber. The actual
compression process and the work of compression must be determined from
measurements.
8. Over- and under-compression.

 In fixed volume ratio rotary, screw, and orbital compressors, over-compression occurs when
pressure in the compression chamber reaches discharge pressure before reaching the
discharge port, and under-compression occurs when the compression chamber reaches the
discharge port prior to achieving discharge pressure.
Protective Devices
o Compressors are provided with one or more of the following devices for protection against abnormal
conditions and to comply with various codes.
1. High-pressure protection as required by Underwriters Laboratories and per ARI standards and
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15, Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration. This may include the
following:
a. A high-pressure cutout.
b. A high- to low-side internal relief valve, external relief valve, or rupture member
c. A relief valve assembly on the oil separator of a screw compressor unit.
2. High-temperature control devices to protect against overheating and oil breakdown.

a. Motor over temperature protective devices.
b. To protect against lubricant and refrigerant breakdown, a temperature sensor is sometimes
used to stop the compressor when discharge temperature exceeds safe values. The switch
may be placed internally (near the compression chamber) or externally (on the discharge line).
c. On larger compressors, cooling with either a heat exchanger or direct liquid injection controls
lubricant temperature, or the compressor may shut down on high lubricant temperature.
d. Where lubricant sump heaters are used to maintain a minimum lubricant sump temperature, a
thermostat may be used to limit the maximum lubricant temperature.
3. Low-pressure protection may be provided for

a. Suction gas
 Many compressors or systems are limited to a minimum suction pressure by a protective
switch. Motor cooling, freeze-up, or pressure ratio usually determined the pressure setting.
b. Compressor
 Lubricant pressure protectors are used with forced feed lubrication systems to prevent the
compressor from operating with insufficient lubricant pressure.
4. Time delay, or lockouts with manual resets, prevents damage to both compressor motor and
contactors from repetitive rapid-starting cycles.
5. Low voltage and phase loss or reversal protection is used on some systems.
 Phase reversal protection is used with multi-phase devices to ensure the proper direction of
rotation.
6. Suction line strainer

 Most compressors are provided with a strainer at the suction inlet to remove any dirt that might
exist in the suction line piping. A suction line strainer is normally required in all field-assembled
systems.
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Types of Refrigeration Compressors

1. Reciprocating Compressor
o It is a compressor that consists of one or more piston and cylinder combinations. The piston
moves in reciprocating motion to draw the suction gas into cylinder on one stroke and to
compress and discharge it to the condenser on the return stroke.
2. Centrifugal Compressor
o It is a compressor that has a single or multi-stage high-speed impeller to set up enough
centrifugal force within a circular casing to raise the pressure of the refrigerant gas to
condensing level.
3. Rotary Sliding-Vane Compressor

o It is a positive displacement compressor that traps a given volume of gas, compresses it, and
ejects from the machine. It usually has a rotor revolving off-center in a cylinder with sliding
vanes forced against the cylinder wall. Refrigerant gas is compressed by the sliding vanes
around the cylinder from suction port to the discharge port.
4. Rotary Screw Compressor

o This compressor is another positive displacement compressor, and was first used for
refrigeration in the late 1950s.
o The compressor basically consists of two mating helically grooved rotors, a male (lobes) and
female (grooves), in a stationary housing with suction and discharge ports.
Types of Halocarbon Reciprocating Compressor

1. Open-type Compressor
 It is a compressor with crankshaft extended through the compressor housing in which the
motor is externally coupled to the shaft.
 Ammonia compressors are manufactured only in the open-type design.
2. Hermetic Compressor
 It is a compressor in which the motor and compressor are contained within the same pressure
vessel with the motor shaft as part of the compressor crankshaft, and with the motor in contact
with the refrigerant.
 Two types of hermetic compressor are as follows:

a) Semi-hermetic, Accessible, or Serviceable Hermetic Compressor
o It is of bolted construction capable of field repair, in which the cylinder head can be
removed for servicing of the valves and pistons
b) Welded-shell (sealed) Hermetic Compressor

o It is the one in which the motor-compressor is mounted inside a steel shell that in turn is
sealed by welding
 An ideal reciprocating compressor is assumed to operate in a reversible adiabatic manner; pressure

losses in the valves, intake, and exhaust manifolds are neglected.
Horizontal Double-Acting Compressor

o This compressor is a single- or two-cylinder reciprocating compressor usually directly connected to
a steam engine or slow-speed synchronous motor. The compressor is a very ragged type one.
 The pistons reciprocate in the cylinders in a horizontal plane. Suction and discharge ports are
provided at each end of the cylinder and pumping is done in every stroke of the piston in each
direction.
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Vertical Single-Acting Compressor

o Vertical single-acting compressor is a reciprocating machine, most commonly built in two-, three-,
or four-cylinder combinations with medium rotative speeds, from 600 rpm in the smaller sizes to
300 rpm in the larger sizes.
 The crankshaft converts the rotary motion of the flywheel into a reciprocating motion to operate
the pistons in a vertical plane. The pistons draw the suction gas into the cylinders on the down
stroke and compress it to discharge pressure on the upward stroke.
V or VW Compressors
o These compressors are types of single-acting reciprocating compressors with cylinders and pistons
arranged in V, W, or VV patterns; and may have as many as 16 cylinders for single compressors.
o These are high-speed compressors, often direct-connected to the shaft of the driving motor.
Common speed of the compressor is 1750 rpm.
Angle Compressor
o Angle compressor is a compressor using one or more cylinder, usually driven by an internal
combustion engine whose pistons and connecting rods are connected to the same crankshaft.
 One set of cylinders operates in a horizontal plane and the other in a vertical plane.
ROTARY COMPRESSORS
 In these compressors, the working fluid enters the compressor at low pressure moving into a set of
rotating blades, from which it exits at high velocity, a result of the shaft input to the fluid. The fluid then
passes through a diffuser, in which it is decelerated in a manner that results in a pressure increase.
The fluid then exits the compressor at high pressure.
 These machines are characterized by the circular or rotary motion as opposed to reciprocating motion.
 The positive displacement compression process is non-reversing and either continuous or cycloidal,
depending on the mechanism employed.
 Most of rotary compressors are direct-drive machines.
 Two common types of rotary compressors, namely: the rolling-piston type; and the rotating-vane type.
These two machines are very similar with respect to size, weight, thermodynamic performance, field of
greatest applications, and range of sizes, durability, and sound level.
 Rotary compressor has high volumetric efficiency because of its small clearance volume and
corresponding low re-expansion loss.
 Rotary-vane compressors have a low weight-to-displacement ratio, which in combination with their
small size makes them suited to transport applications.
Single-Screw Compressors
o These machines consist of a single cylinder main rotor that works with a pair of gate-rotors.
o Single-screw compressors are most often used in the liquid injection mode, where sufficient liquid
cook and seals the compressor.
o The compressors operate with pressure ratios above 20 in single stage.
o Single-screw compressors are available in capacities from 20 to 1300 TR.
Double Helical Rotary (Twin-Screw) Compressor

o This compressor belongs to the broad class of positive displacement compressors.
o It was first introduced to the refrigeration industry in the late 1950s.
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o The compressor essentially consists of two mating helical grooved rotors, a male (lobes) and a
female (gullies), in a stationary housing with suitable inlet and outlet gas ports.
o The flow of gas in the rotors is both radial and axial.
o The female rotor can be driven by the male rotor.
Orbital Compressors
1. Scroll Compressor
o Scroll compressor is a rotary-motion, positive-displacement compressor that uses two inter-fitting,
spiral-shaped scroll members to compress the refrigerant vapor.
o Capacities of a scroll compressor are ranging from approximately 1 to 15 TR (3.5 to 53 kW).
o Currently used in residential and commercial air-conditioning (including heat pumps) and
automotive applications.
o The advantages of this compressor include low noise as well as high efficiency.
o The disadvantages of this compressor include incompatibility with solid contaminant and poor
performance at low suction pressures.
o It has a critical good lubrication.
2. Trochoidal Compressor
o This machine is small, rotary, orbital, positive-displacement device that can run at speeds up to
9000 rpm.
o Trochoidal compressors are manufactured in a variety of configurations, including the Wankel
design.
 Wankel soved earlier sealing problems and produced a trochoidal compressor with 3-sided
epitrochoidal piston (motor) and twin-envelope cylinder (casing) in capacities up to 2 TR (7
kW).
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
 These are members of a family of turbo-machines that include fans, propellers, and turbines
 Centrifugal compressors are characterized by a continuous exchange of angular momentum between

a rotating mechanical element and a steadily flowing fluid.
 These compressors have greater volumetric efficiencies, size for size, than do positive displacement
devices.
 For effective momentum exchange, their rotative speeds must be higher, but little vibration or wear
results because of the steadiness of the motion and the absence of contacting parts.
DIVISIONS OF VAPOR-COMPRESSION SYSTEM
1. Low-pressure Side: Expansion Valve, Evaporator, & Suction line

o Pressure is called as low side pressure, evaporator pressure, suction pressure, or back
pressure
2. High-pressure Side: Compressor, Discharge or the “hot gas” line, Condenser, Receiver tank, &
Liquid line
o Pressure is called as condensing pressure, discharge pressure, or head pressure.
13
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ACTUAL VAPOR-COMPRESSOR SYSTEM
 The basic components of the actual vapor-compression refrigeration system are indicated in Figure
2.5.
Figure 2.5. Main Components of Actual Vapor-Compression System
Purger or
Surge Tank
Condenser
Oil Separator
Liquid
Receiver
Expansion
Valve
Evaporator
Compressor
Accumulator
Main Components of Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System

a) Compressor
b) Purger
c) Oil separator
d) Condenser
e) Liquid receiver
f) Expansion Valve
g) Evaporator
h) Accumulator
Types of Condensers for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System

1. Air-cooled type Condenser
a) Bare tube type
b) Finned tube type
2. Water-cooled type Condenser

a) Shell-and-tube type
b) Shell-and-coil type
EXPANSION VALVE/DEVICES
 Expansion valves/devices are important components in the refrigeration system used to:
o Reduce the pressure in the system between the high value in the condenser and the low value in
the evaporator so that a corresponding low temperature may be obtained in the evaporator.
o Meter the flow of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator so that the gas leaving it will be slightly
superheated.
Types of Expansion Valves/Devices

1. Thermostatic Expansion Valve
o This valve positions the valve spool to admit the refrigerant as required by evaporator load.
14
2. Electric Expansion Valve

o This valve has the same role as the thermostatic expansion valve, but electricity utilized to
assist in part of the control process. The valve may be heat-motor operated, magnetically
modulated, pulse-width modulated, or step-motor driven. The control may be either digital or
analog electronic circuits, which gives flexibility not possible with thermostatic valves.
3. Capillary tube
o Capillary tube is not a valve, but effectively replaces the expansion valve in many applications.
o It is a long thin tube placed between the condenser and the evaporator. The small diameter
and long length of the tube produce a large pressure drop.
o The main advantage of the capillary tube is its simplicity and low cost; and it is not subject to
wear.
o The very small bore of the tube is subject to plugging if precautions are not taken to maintain a
clean system. Moisture can also cause plugging due to ice formation.
o With 0.5 mm to 2 mm inside diameter, 1 m to 6 m length, and a capacity up to 10 kW.
4. Short Tube Restrictor

o Short tube restrictor is widely used in place of capillary tube in residential systems.
o It has high reliability, low cost, and easily inspected and replaced.
o Orifice Tube, the very shortest tube restrictor, is most commonly used in automobile air-
conditioning systems.
 It may be stationary or movable, with the movable type having a piston that can move within
the housing, restricting the flow in one direction
 Stationary tubes are used in units that only cool, and the movable types are used in heat
pumps.
5. Evaporator Pressure Regulator

o It is used to maintain a relatively constant minimum pressure in the evaporator.
o The main application f evaporator pressure regulator is to set a minimum evaporator
temperature to permit the use of different evaporators at different pressures on the same
compressor.
6. Suction Pressure Regulator

o Suction pressure regulator is used for limiting the maximum pressure at compressor suction.
o It is a load-limiting device, and functions very much like the evaporator pressure regulator
except that it senses compressor suction pressure.
o It reduces the compressor load during the start-up period, because the valve will remain closed
until suction pressure is reduced to a set pressure.
7. Other Expansion Valves

a. Gate valve
b. Constant pressure expansion valve
c. Thermostatic expansion valve with external equalizer
d. Float valve – used with flooded evaporator
EVAPORATOR
 Evaporator is the component in the refrigeration circuit where heat is removed from the substance
being cooled, air or water in the case of air conditioning.
 Liquid refrigerant within the evaporator absorbs heat from the air or water and, in so doing, boils.
15
Types of Evaporator
1) Flooded shell-and-tube evaporator
 This evaporator is used mostly for water chilling.
 It has liquid covering the whole of its heat transfer surfaces.
 This evaporator is cheaper and is in common use for larger duties and for centrifugal machines.
2) Dry shell-and-tube evaporator

 This evaporator is used for both water chilling and for air conditioning.
 In this type, water flows in the shell outside the tubes, turbulence and consequent good heat
transfer being assisted by baffles, the refrigerant evaporating within the tubes.
 It is preferred, because of its lower cost, for duties below 140 kW.
3) Submerged evaporator
 In this evaporator, the water circuit is open and the water storage vessel constitutes its own
feed and expansion tank. Heat transfer from submerged coil is promoted by employing water
agitator.
4) Baudelot Cooler
 This type is used for water chilling up to the temperature of 2 oC or lower.
Note: Submerged evaporator and Baudelot cooler are expensive and bulky and for this reason these two
types are very seldom used today.
REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH SUBCOOLING AND/OR SUPERHEATING
 Superheating is increasing the temperature of refrigerant gas leaving the evaporator above the
saturation temperature corresponding to the evaporator temperature; while sub-cooling is lowering the
temperature of the liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser below the saturation temperature
corresponding to the condenser pressure. Figure 2.6 below illustrates the ph diagram of a refrigeration
cycle with superheating and sub-cooling.
Figure 2.6. ph Diagram, Superheating

& Sub-cooling
p 4 2
3
tc
t1
1
5 6
h
 Refrigerating Effect and Refrigerating Capacity
Refrigerating Effect:
q e  h1  h 5 , kJ/kg, Btu/lb
16
Refrigerating Capacity
Q e  mh1  h 5  , kW, Btu/min, TR
Where, h4 = h5 = hf at t4
h1 = enthalpy at point 1,
to be obtained from ph chart at p1 and t1
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH HEAT EXCHANGER
 Refrigeration system with heat exchanger is a vapor-compression refrigeration system with heat
exchanger installed between condenser and expansion valve and installed between evaporator and
compressor. The objectives are two folds, namely: to sub-cool the refrigerant liquid leaving the
condenser and entering the expansion valve; and to superheat the refrigerant gas leaving the
evaporator and entering the compressor.
 The main advantage of this system is the increase of the system refrigerating capacity or increase of
the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the system. Figure 2.7 below illustrates the system with heat
exchanger for superheating and sub-cooling.
Figure 2.7. Schematic and pV Diagrams of System with Heat Exchanger
QR
2
Condenser
p 4 2
3
1 3
Heat Exchanger Wc
tc
4 Compressor
Expansion t1
Valve 6 1
5 Evaporator 5 6
Qe h
 Functions of Heat Exchanger

 To make sure that no liquid enters the compressor
 To prevent bubbles of vapor refrigerant to the expansion valve
Cycle Analysis
 Refrigerating Effect and Refrigerating Capacity
Refrigerating Effect
qe  h6  h5 kJ/kg, Btu/lb
Refrigerating Capacity
Q e  mh 6  h 5  kW, Btu/min, TR
17
 Heat Rejected in the Condenser:
Q R  m h 2  h 3 
 Heat Exchanger Heat Balance
E in  E out
h 3  h 6  h 4  h1  h 3  h 4  h1  h 6
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Prob. # 1] The enthalpy at the entrance of the condenser is 1850 kJ/kg and exit is 450 kJ/kg. The
compressor has an enthalpy of 1550 kJ/kg at entrance. Determine the COP.
a) 3.67 b) 3.76 c) 2.67 d) 4.67
Solution:
QR
p
Condenser 3 p=C 2
3
2
Expansion Valve 1
W
4 p=C
Evaporator
Compressor 4 1
h
QA
h1 = 1550 kJ/kg h2 = 1850 kJ/kg

h3 = 450 kJ/kg h4 = h3
Solving for the COP:
Refrigerating Effect h1  h 4 1550  450

COP     3.67 ans.
WC h 2  h1 1850  1550
Prob. # 2] An evaporator has a temperature of 3 C with entrance enthalpy of 352.75 kJ/kg. At 3 C, h f =

319.56 kJ/kg and hg = 642.45 kJ/kg. Find the quality after expansion.
a) 12.28 % b) 10.28 % c) 11.28 % d) 13.28 %
Solution:
Solving for the quality of refrigerant after the expansion valve
h1 = hg = 642.45 kJ/kg h4 = 352.75 kJ/kg
hf4 = 319.56 kJ/kg h4 = hf4 + x4(hg4 – hf4)
18
 h  hf 4 
x4   4  100 %   352.55  319.56  100 %   10.28 %
h h   642.45  319.56 
 g4 f4 
p
3 p=C 2
p=C
4 1
Prob. # 3] If the refrigerating effect of 100 TR is 120 kJ/kg, determine the mass flow of refrigerant.
a) 4.93 kg/s b) 3.93 kg/s c) 2.93 kg/s d) 1.93 kg/s
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate,
3.517 TR 3.517100
m   2.93 kg/s
h1  h 4 120
Prob. # 4] A 90 TR system has a compressor input of 0.97 kW per ton of refrigeration and COP of 5. What
is the efficiency of the compressor?
a) 72.5 % b) 78.5 % c) 62.5 % d) 68.5 %
Solution:
QR
p
Condenser
3 p=C 2
3
2
COP = 5
Expansion Valve 1
W = 0.97 kW
4
p=C
Evaporator
Compressor 4 1
h
QA = 90 TR
Solving for the compressor efficiency,
Qe 903.517
Wc    63.288 kW
COP 5
WC'  0.97  90   87.3 kW
19
W   63.288 
c   C'  100 %     100 %   72.5 %
 WC   87.3 
Prob. # 5] A 100 TR system is used to produce chilled water from 22 C to 2 C. Determine the volume flow
rate of water in lps.
a) 3.2 lps b) 4.2 lps c) 3.8 lps d) 4.8 lps
QR
Condenser
3
2
Expansion Valve 1
QA = 100 TR W
4
Evaporator
Compressor
tcw2 = 2 oC tcw1 = 22 oC
Solution:
Solving for the volume flow rate of chilled water
Qe 1003.516
m cw  m cw   4.199 kg / s
c p t cw1  t cw 2  4.18722  2 
Vcw  4.199 kg/s 1 liter/kg  4.199 lps
Prob. # 6] The difference in temperature between the water leaving the evaporator and evaporator
temperature is 5 C. If the temperature of water leaving is 32 F, what is the evaporator temperature?
a) 5 oC b) – 5 oC c) 6 oC d) – 6 oC
Solution:
Solving for the evaporator temperature

Evaporator
t e  t cw 2  5  0  5   5 o C tcw2 = 32 oF = 0 oC tcw1
tcw2 – te = 5
Prob. # 7] The heat rejected from condenser is 300 kW. The water required to cool the refrigerant is 5 lps.
Determine the temperature of water leaving the condenser if water enters at 25 C.
a) 39.33 oC b) 33.93 oC c) 33.39 oC d) 32.39 oC
Solution:
Solving for the temperature of water leaving the condenser
tc1 = 25 oC tc2
QR  mwcp t c 2  t c1 
QR
t c2   t c1
mccp
QR = 300 kW
300
t c2   25  39.33 o C
54.187
20
Prob. # 8 – 10] An air conditioning plant with a capacity of 400 kW of refrigeration has an evaporating
and condensing temperature of 3 oC and 37 oC, respectively. It uses refrigerant 12 and the following
enthalpies are obtained from R-12 table: h1 = hg @ 3 oC = 352.755 kJ/kg; hf @ 3 oC = 202.780 kJ/kg;
v1 = vg @ 3 oC = 0.05047 m3/kg; and h3 = hf @ 37 oC = 235.503 kJ/kg.
Prob. # 8] What will be the mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated?.
a) 0.2218 kg/kg b) 0.2182 kg/kg c) 0.2812 kg/kg d) 0.2281 kg/kg
Solution:
Solving for the mass of flashed vapor,
 h  hf 4 
x4   4  100 %   235.503  208.780 100 %  21.82 %
h h   352.755  202.780 
 g4 f4 
Mass of flashed vapor = 0.2182 kg/kg refrigerant ans.
p
3 p=C 2
p=C
4 1
h
Prob. # 9] What mass of refrigerant 12 must be circulated per second?
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate of refrigerant,
Qe 400
m   3.41 kg/s
h1  h 4 352.755  235.503
Prob. # 10] Find the volumetric rate of flow under suction condition.
a) 172 lps b) 127 lps c) 271 lps d) 217 lps
Solution:
Solving for the volumetric rate at suction condition
V1  mv1  3.41 0.05047   0.172 m3 / s  172 lps ans.
21
Prob. # 10 – 11] (Board problem 1990) A vapor compression refrigeration system has a 30 kW motor
driving the compressor. The compressor inlet pressure and temperature are 64.17 kPaa and –20 oC,
respectively; and discharge pressure of 960 kPaa. Saturated liquid enters the expansion valve. Using
Freon 12 as refrigerant, (From Freon 12 table and chart: h1 = 345 kJ/kg; h2 = 398 kJ/kg; h3 = h4 = 238.5
kJ/kg.
p
3 960 kPaa 2
tc
4
64.17 kPaa 1 t1 = - 20 oC
h
Prob. # 10] Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant in kg/s.
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate,
Wc 30
 
m   0.566 kg / s
h 2  h1 398  345
Prob. # 11] What is the refrigerating capacity of the unit, in TR?

a) 17.1 TR b) 7.11 TR c) 11.7 TR d) 10.7 TR
Solution:
For the refrigerating capacity, in TR
 h 1  h 4   0.566345  238.5  60.279 kW

Qe  m
Qe 60.279
TR    17.1 TR
3.517 3.517
Prob. # 12 - 14] (Brd. Prob. 1983) A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a
capacity of 100 tons of refrigeration; it produces chilled water from 22 oC to 2 oC. Its actual COP is
5.85 and 35 % of the power supplied to the compressor is lost in the form of friction and cylinder
cooling losses.
2
TR = 100
1 Wc’
COP’ = 5.85 4
tc1 = 22 oC
tc2 = 2 oC
Prob. # 12] Determine the size of the electric motor required driving the compressor in kW.
a) 90 kW b) 100 kW c) 110 kW d) 120 kW
22
Solution:
For the refrigerating Capacity, Qe = 100(3.516) = 351.7 kW
Qe 351.6
For the actual compressor power input, W '    60.10 kW
COP' 5.85
For the brake power input,
W' 60.10
WB  WC ' 0.35WB    92.46 kW
0.65 0.65
Then use, say, 100-kW motor ans.
Prob. # 13] What is the volume flow rate of chilled water in lps?
a) 4.2 lps b) 3.2 lps c) 2.4 lps d) 5.2 lps
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate, then the volume flow rate, of chilled water
Qe 100  3.516 
m   4.2 kg / s
c p  t c1  t c 2  4.187  22  2 
Vc   4.2 kg/ s1 li / kg  4.2 lps
Prob. # 14] Find the cooling water required in the condenser for a temperature change of 10 oC.
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate of cooling water, consider the Condenser
tc = 10 oC
mw
QR
Condenser
3
2
Expansion Valve 1
W
4
Evaporator
Compressor
QA
By energy balance of the system,
QR  Qe  Wc  351.6  60.10  411.7 kW
For the mass flow rate of cooling water,
23
QR 411.7
mw    9.833 kg / s
c p t c 4.18710
Prob. # 15 - 18] A belt driven compressor is used in a refrigeration system that will cool 10 lps of water
from 13 oC to 1 oC. The belt efficiency is 98 %, motor efficiency is 85 %, and the input of the compression
is 0.7 kW per TR.
QR Motor
3 Condenser
2 m = 85 %
b = 98 %
Expansion Valve
1 Wc’ = 0.7 kW per TR
4 Evaporator Compressor
QA tc1 = 13 oC
tc2 = 1 oC mc = 10 kg/s
Prob. # 15] Find the TR produced.

a) 142.9 TR b) 241.9 TR c) 149.2 TR c) 249.1 TR
Solution:
Solving for the TR,
Qe  mc cp  tc1  tc2   10  4.187 13  1  502.44 kW
Qe 502.44
TR    142.9 tons
3.516 3.516
Prob. # 16] What is the actual COP?

a) 4.36 b) 3.46 c) 5.01 d) 4.63
Solution:
For the actual COP’
Wc'  0.70142.9  100.03 kW
Qe 502.44
COP '    5.01 ans.
Wc' 100.03
Prob. # 17] Determine the mass flow rate of cooling water warmed from 21 oC to 32 oC.
Solution:
For the mass flow rate of cooling water in the condenser
24
QR  Qe  Wc'  502.44  100.03  602.47 kW
QR 602.47
mw    13.08 kg / s
cp t w 4.18732  21
Prob. # 18] What is the power input of the motor of overall efficiency.
a) 120.08 kW b) 128.0 kW c) 108.20 kW d) 100.28 kW
Solution:
100.03
For the power input to the motor, P   120.08 kW ans
0.980.85
Prob. # 19] Calculate the bore and stroke, in mm, of a single-acting, 6-cylinder, ammonia (NH3)
compressor running at 1200 rpm to compress 200 kg/hr of refrigerant that vaporized at – 15 oC. Given the
following: D/L = 1.0; v = 70 %; vammonia = 8.15 ft3/lb at 5 oF = v1. (Board problem 1988)
a) 114.5 mm x 114.5 mm b) 115.4 mm x 115.4 mm
c) 141.5 mm x 141.5 mm d) 151.4 mm x 151.4 mm
Solution:
Solving for the bore and stroke
3
 1m   2.205 lb 
v1  8.15 ft / lb
3
    0.5093 m3 / kg
 3.28 ft   1 kg 
V1  mv1  200  0.5093   356.51m3 / hr  5.942 m3 / min
V1 5.942
VD    8.49 m3 / min
v 0.70
  
VD    D2 LN    D3 1200  6   8.49
4 4
1
 4  8.49   3
D   0.1145 m  114.5 mm  L ans.
  1200  6  
Prob. # 20 - 22] A 10 tons ice plant using ammonia refrigerant operates between evaporator and
condenser temperatures of – 20 oC and 35 oC, respectively. The ice plant is to produce ice at – 12
o
C from water at 30 oC in 24 hours. Assuming losses to be 18 % of the heat absorbed from the
water. From Ammonia, NH3, Tables & Chart: h1 = 1427.23 kJ/kg @ - 20 oC; h2 = 1736 kJ/kg @ s2 =
s1; h3 = h4 = 366.07 @ 35 oC
25
p
T
3 p=C 2
30 oC
d
b 35 oC
0 oC
c
- 12 oC
a p=C
s 4 1
- 20 oC
h
Qe
Prob. # 20] Determine the mass flow rate of refrigerant per second
a. 0.0562 kg/s b) 0.0652 kg/s c. 0.5620 kg/s d) 0.6520 kg/s
Solution:
Determination of mass flow rate of refrigerant
QH2O  mice cpw  t d  tc   hfice  cpi  tb  ta 
Where, td = 30 oC
tc = 0 oC
tb = 0 oC
ta = - 12 oC
cpw = specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg-oK = 1.0 Btu/lb-oR
cpi = specific of ice = 2.0935 kJ/kg-oK = 0.5 Btu/lb-oR
hfice = heat of fusion of ice = 335 kJ/kg = 144 Btu/lb
Q H2O  heat absorbed from water or heat rejected by the water
10  907.03 
QH2O   4.187  30  0   335  2.0935  0  12    50.99 kW
24  3600  
Qe = refrigerating effect or capacity, kW

Qloss = energy losses, kW
Qe  QH2O  QLoss  50.99  0.18  50.99   60.2 kW
Qe 60.2
m   0.0562 kg / s
h1  h4 1437.23  366.072
Prob. # 20] What is the heat rejected, QR, in the condenser?

a. 79.69 kW b) 67.99 kW c. 76.99 kW d) 99.76 kW
Solution:
For the heat rejected by the condenser, QR,
26
QR  m h2  h3   0.0562 1736  366.072  76.99 kW ans.
Prob. # 21] Find the power required by the compressor.

a. 16.79 kW b) 17.69 kW c. 19.67 kW d) 19.76 kW
Solution:
For the compressor power
Wc  m h2  h1   0.0562 1736  1437.23   16.79 kW ans.
Prob. # 22] A refrigeration compressor has a specific volume of 0.0482 m3/kg at entrance and 0.017 m3/kg
at the exit. If volumetric efficiency is 90 %, determine the percent clearance of the compressor.
a) 5.45 % b) 5.54 % c) 4.55 d) 5.65 %
Solution:
Solving for the percent clearance, from
 1

    V 

v  1  c  c   100 %  1  c  c 1  100 %
p 2
k
  p1    V2 
 

 
 1  
c v 100 %   0.60  1  100 %  5.45 % ans.
 v  1   0.0482  
1  1    0.017  
 v2   
Prob. # 23] A 78 mm x 78 mm, single-acting, double-cylinder NH3 compressor is to run 400 rpm with a
condensing pressure of 934.575 kPag and evaporator pressure of 125.715 kPag. Assuming a volumetric
efficiency of 80 %, determine the refrigerating capacity of the compressor, in TR. From Ammonia table: h1
= 1442.6 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.528 m3/kg, h3 = 322.471 kJ/kg.
a) 2.42 TR b) 1.72 TR c) 2.17 TR d) 2.71 TR
Solution:
Solving for the refrigerating capacity in TR
     400 
V1  vcVD  vc   D2L N  0.80 0.078 0.078 2  0.004 m / s
2 3
 
4  
4  60 
V1 0.004
m   0.0076 kg / s
v1 0.528
Qe  mh1  h 4   0.00761442.6  322.471  8.51 kW  2.42 TR ans.
Prob. # 24] In a refrigeration plant, the change of enthalpy of the refrigerant as it leaves the evaporator is
336 kJ/kg. Assuming a mass flow rate of 4.3 kg/min, determine the refrigerating capacity, in kW.
a) 28.04 kW b) 24.08 kW c) 28.40 kW d) 24.80 kW
27
Solution:
Solving for the refrigerating capacity:
RE = m (h1 – h4) = 4.3 (336) = 1 444.8 kJ/min = 24.08 kW
Prob. # 25] 500 kg of beef is to be cooled from an initial entry temperature of 20 oC to a final temperature
of – 15 oC in 8 hours. Find the total amount of heat removed if freezing occurs at – 2 oC. Additional data: cp
before freezing = 3.22 kJ/kg-oK; cp after freezing = 1.68 kJ/kg-oK; latent heat of fusion = 232.44 kJ/kg.
a) 5.64 kW b) 5.46 kW c) 4.65 kW d) 6.45 kW
T
Solution:
20 oC
d
b
-2
oC c
- 15 oC
a
s
Solving for the total amount of heat removed
 500 
Q  3.2220  2  232.44  1.68 2  15  20320kJ / hr  5.64 kW
 8 
Prob. # 26] A reversed Carnot cycle requires 3 Hp and extracted energy from a lake to heat a house. If the
house is kept at 70 oF and requires 2000 Btu/min, what is the temperature of the lake?
a) 36.27 oF b) 37.26 oF c) 27.36 oF d) 26.37 oF
Solution:
Solving for the lake:
TL  TL 
W TH
  70  460  
 3  0.746  70  460  60   496.27 o R
QH 2000 1.055 
tL = 36.27 oF ans.
COP R  QL 
TL
COP HP  QH 
TH
W TH  TL W TH  TL
Prob. # 28] A refrigeration system operates on an ideal vapor-compression using R-12 with an evaporator
temperature of 49.3 oC and requires a 74.6 kW motor to drive the compressor. What is the capacity of the
refrigerator in TR? From R-12 Table: h2 = 382 kJ/kg, h3 = 243.15 kJ/kg, h4 = 243.15 kJ/kg, & h1 = 338.14
kJ/kg.
a) 49.53 TR b) 45.93 TR c) 43.95 TR d) 43.59 TR
28
Solution:
Solving for the capacity of refrigerator, TR
Wc 74.6
m   1.70 kg / s
h 2  h1 382  338.14
mh 1  h 4  1.70338.14  243.15

Qe    45.93 TR
3.516 3.516
Prob. # 29] Determine the coefficient of performance for a Carnot-cycle refrigerating machine operating
between a condenser temperature of 30 oC and an evaporator temperature of – 12 oC.
a) 5.82 b) 6.21 c) 6.81 d) 7.21
Solution:
Solving for the COP,
TL 12  273
COP    6.21 ans.
TH  TL 30  12
Prob. # 30] Calculate the coefficient of performance of a Carnot heat pump operating between a
condenser temperature of 30 oC and an evaporator temperature of – 10 oC.
a) 7.575 b) 7.755 c) 5.775 d) 5.757
Solution:
TH 30  273
COP    7.575 ans.
TH  TL 30  10
Prob. # 30] What is the clearance volumetric efficiency of an ammonia compressor designed with 4 %
clearance and operating between condenser temperature of 30 oC and evaporator temperature of 4 oC.
a) 96.38 % b) 93.68 % c) 98.63 % d) 96.83 %
Solution:
Solving for the volumetric efficiency,
 1
 k 1
  T2  p 2 
v  1  c  c  100 %
 p k k
d
  s=C
  Ps   T1  p1 
 
 1

  Td  k 1 
v  1  c  c 
 
100 %
  s 
T

29
 1

  
v  1.04  0.04  100 %   98.63 %
 30 273 0.304
 ans.
  4  273  
 
Prob. # 31] Determine the clearance volumetric efficiency of the compressor in Prob. # 30 above if the
refrigerant is R-134a.
a) 98.61 % b) 96.81 % c) 89.61 % d) 86.91 %
Solution:
Solving for the volumetric efficiency:
 1

 30  273 
v  1.04   0.04    100 %   98.61 %
0.30
 
 4  273  
 
Prob. # 32] A compressor is designed with 2 % clearance and is operated between a condenser
temperature of 27 oC and an evaporator temperature of – 12 oC. The cylinder suction pressure is 21 kPa
below the evaporator pressure, and the suction gases are superheated 8 oC after entering the compressor
and before the start of compression. Determine the total volumetric efficiency if the refrigerant is R-22.
From R-22 Table: at -12 oC, psar = 329.89 kPaa; at 27 oC, psat = 1101.4 kPaa; k = 1.18.
a) 85.81 % b) 85.18 % c) 81.85 % d) 88.15 %
Solution:
Solving for the total volumetric efficiency,
  p  p  T 
vt  1  c  c d  c  s  100 % 
  ps  ps  Tc 
Where, pd = 1101.4 kPaa Tc = (- 12 + 273) + 8 = 269 oK

ps = 329.89 kPaa Ts = (- 12 + 273) = 261 oK
pc = 329.89 – 21 = 308.89 kPaa
 1

  1.18  308.89  261 
 vt  1.02  0.02  100 %   85.81 %
 1101 .4
  
  229.89   329.89  269 
 
Prob. # 33] A refrigerant 134a refrigeration system operates between 28 oC condensing and – 6 oC
evaporating. If the theoretical cycle of operation with dry compression is assumed, determine the quality of
refrigerant leaving the expansion valve. From R-134a Table: at – 6 oC, h1 = 395.1 kJ/kg = hg, hf = 192
kJ/kg; at 28 oC, s2 = s1, h2 = 418.6 kJ/kg, h3 = h4 = 238.8 kJ/kg.
a) 24.03 % b) 23.04 % c) 22.04 % d) 25.04 %
30
p
3 p=C 2
35 oC
p=C
4 1
- 20 oC
h
Solution: Qe
Solving for the quality of refrigerant vapor leaving the expansion valve
h4 = hf4 + x4 hfg hfg = hg - hf
 h  hf 4   238.8  192 
x4   4
 hg4  hf 4  100 %     100 %   23.04 % ans.
   395.1  192 
Prob. # 34] In problem # 33 above, determine the quality of refrigerant leaving the evaporator if wet
compression is assumed. From R-134a Table: at – 6 oC, sf = 0.9705 kJ/kg-oK, sg = 1.731 kJ/kg-oK; at 28
o
C, sg = 1.715 kJ/kg-oK.
a) 97.9 % b) 99.7 % c) 79.9 % d) 98.7 %
Solution:
Solving for the quality of refrigerant vapor leaving the evaporator
s1 = sf1 + x1(sg1 – sf1)
 1.715  0.9705
 x   100 %  97.9 % ans.
 1.731 0.705 
Prob. # 35] Determine the refrigerating effect in problem # 33 above.

a) 156.3 kJ/kg b) 153.6 kJ/kg c) 135.6 kJ/kg d) 165.3 kJ/kg
Solution:
Solving for the refrigerating effect,
Qe = h1 – h4 = 395.1 – 238.8 = 156.3 kJ/kg ans.
Prob. # 36] Determine the mass flow rate of R-134a per TR in problem # 33 above.
a) 0.0225 kg/TR-s b) 0.225 kg/TR-s c) 0.0522 kg/TR-s d) 0.522 kg/TR-s
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate per TR:
31
3.516 3.516
m   0.0225 kg / TR  s
h1  h 4 156.3
Prob. # 37] Determine the COP of the refrigeration system in problem # 33 above.
a) 6.65 b) 6.56 c) 5.66 d) 5.69
Solution:
h1  h 4 395.1 238.8
Solving for the COP, COP    6.65
h 2  h1 418.6  395.1
Prob. # 38] What would be the necessary bore and stroke of a single-acting, four-cylinder, 350-rpm
compressor operating upon a simple saturation cycle between the temperatures of 38 oC and – 12 oC and
developing 12 TR when the refrigerant is R-134a. Assume equal stroke to 1.5 times bore and a total
volumetric efficiency of 100 %. From R-134a Table: at – 12 oC, h1 = 391.5 kJ/kg, s1 = 1.735 kJ/kg-K, v1 =
0.1074 m3/kg; at 38 oC, h3 = h4 = 253.4 kJ/kg, h2 = 425.9 kJ/kg.
a) 106 mm x 159 mm b) 160 mm x 159 mm
c) 160 mm x 195 mm d) 106 mm x 195 mm
Qe 12  3.516 
Solution: m    0.3055 kg / s
h1  h 4 391.5  253.4
VD = V1 = mv1 = (0.3055)(0.1074) = 0.0328 m3/s
1 1
 4  60  VD  3  4  60  0.0328   3
D     0.106 m  106 mm
  1.5  n n c    1.5  350  4  
L = 1.5 D = (1.5) (106) = 159 mm
Therefore, the compressor size: 106 mm x 159 mm ans.
Prob. # 39] A R-134a refrigerating system is operating with a condensing temperature of 30 oC and an
evaporating temperature of – 4 oC. If the liquid line from the condenser is soldered to the suction line from
the evaporator to form a simple heat exchanger, and if as a result of this the saturated liquid leaving the
condenser is subcooled 3 oC, and the saturated vapor refrigerant leaving the evaporator is superheated
5.5 oC. Assume no external gain or loss of heat from this heat exchanger. Determine the coefficient of
performance of the system. From R-134a Table: h1 = 401.1 kJ/kg, h2 = 424.8 kJ/kg, h4 = 237.4 kJ/kg, h5 =
h4 = 237.4 kJ/kg, and h6 = 396.3 kJ/kg.
a) 6.705 b) 5.705 c) 7.605 d) 7.505
Solution:
h 6  h 5 396.3 - 237.4
COP    6.705
h 2  h1 424.8 - 401.1
32
t4 = 27 oC
4 3 2
p
tc = 30 oC
te = - 4 oC
1
5 6 t1 = 1.5 oC
Prob. # 40 - 41] Magnolia dairy products plant must cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk received from the
farm per day from an initial temperature of 80 oF to a temperature of 38 oF in 5 hours. If the density of
milk is 6.6 lb/gallon, and specific heat is 0.938 Btu/lb-oR.
Prob. # 40] What must be the capacity of the refrigerating machine in tons?
a) 17.33 TR b) 13.73 TR c) 13.37 TR d) 31.37 TR
Solution:
a) Solving for the capacity of the refrigerating machine, in TR
mmilk = (6.6 lb/gallon)(4000 gallons) = 26 400 lb
m   26 400 
Qe  Qmilk   milk  
 cp  T    5 60 lb / min  0.938 Btu/lb- F 80  38 F
o o

 t     
Qe = 3 466.848 Btu/min = 17.33 TR ans.
Prob. # 41] How much brine must be circulated if the change in temperature is 15 oF, SG = 1.182, the
specific heat is 0.729 Btu/lb-oR?
a) 304.17 lb/min b) 317.04 lb/min c) 340.17 lb/min d) 371.04 lb/min
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate of the brine
Qe = Qbrine = Qmilk
Qmilk 3 466.848 Btu/min

mbrine    317.04 lb / min

cpbrine  T brine 0.729 Btu/lb-o R 15 o F  ans.
Prob. # 42] An inventor claims to have developed a refrigeration unit which maintains the refrigerated
space at 20 oF within a room where the temperature is 80 oF. He claims a coefficient of performance of
8.5. How do you evaluate his claim?
a) The claim is a fraud b) The claim is true
c) The claim needs to be verified d) The claim cannot be determined
33
Solution:
Solving for the COP of a Carnot refrigerator operating at the same temperature conditions
TL 20  460
COP   8
TH  TL 80  20
 The claim is a fraud. No machine can exceed the COP of a Carnot refrigerator.
Prob. # 43] Fish weighing 1100 kg with a temperature of 20 oC is brought to a cold storage and which shall
be cooled to – 10 oC in 11 hours. Find the required plant refrigerating capacity in TR if specific heat of fish
is 0.7 kJ/kg-oK above freezing and 0.3 kJ/kg-oK below freezing point which is – 3 oC. Latent heat of
freezing is 55.5 kCal/kg.
a) 2.80 TR b) 2.02 TR c) 1.89 TR d) 2.54 TR
Solution:
t1 = 20 oC 1
Solving for the plant refrigerating capacity
3 2
4
m
Qe     c p12  t1  t 2   h i  c p 34  t 3  t 4   t4 = - 10 oC
 t 
 1100  1 
Qe     0.720  10  55.54.187  0.3 3  10  7.1 kW  2.02 TR
 11  3600 
Prob. # 44] A reciprocating compressor has a clearance volume of 5 %. Compute the volumetric efficiency
based on clearance alone for a compressor with compression ratio of 2.5. Assume that the refrigerant has
a k value of 1.16.
a) 93.95 % b) 87.34 % c) 92.50 %` d) 95.20 %
Solution:
Solving for the volumetric efficiency
v  1 c  c  rk  100 %  1.05   0.05 2.5 100 %  92.5 % ans.
Prob. 45] A certain new refrigerant is known to have a specific heat ratio of 1.16, and its specific volume at
– 12 oC is computed to be 0.071 m3/kg at a pressure of 330.86 kPaa. Compute the ideal power required to
compress 0.038 kg/s of this refrigerant to 992.57 kPaa.
a) + 1.06 kW b) – 1.06 kW c) + 6.01 kW d) – 6.01 kW
Solution:
Solving for the compressor power required
 k 1

 k   
p1V1    1
 p k
Wc   2
  
 1 
1 k p

34
 0.16

 1.16   
330.860.0360.071 
 992.57
  1  1.06 kW
1.16
Wc  
  0.16   330. 86  
 
Prob. # 46] Find the bore and stroke of a two-cylinder, 200-rpm, single-acting R-134a compressor to
handle 8 TR when operating between – 7 oC and 32 oC condensing, with liquid sub-cooling to 27 oC. Make
the bore and stroke equal and volumetric efficiency 92.5 %. From R-134a table: at – 7 oC (psat = 0.2255
MPaa) and x1 = 100 %, h1 = 394.5 kJ/kg & v1 = 0.08907 m3/kg; p2 = psat at 32 oC = 0.8154 MPaa and s2 =
s1 = 1.731 kJ/kg-K, h2 = 421.1 kJ/kg; at 27 oC, h3 = h4 = 237.4 kJ/kg.
a) 187.3 mm x 187.3 mm b) 178.3 mm x 178.3 mm
c) 183.7 mm x 183.7 mm d) 173.8 mm x 173.8 mm
Solution:
Solving for the bore and stroke
Qe 8  3.516 
m   0.179 kg / s
h1  h 4 394.5 - 237.4
V1  mv1   0.179 kg / s  0.08907 m3/kg   0.0159 m3 / s
V1 0.0159
VD    0.0172 m3 / s
v 0.925
1 1
 60  4  VD  3  60  4  0.0172   3
D     0.1873 m
  n     200  
Then, D x L: 187.3 mm x 187.3 mm ans.
Prob. # 47] A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating temperature
of – 5 oC and a condensing temperature of 40 oC. Determine a) the refrigerating effect per kg; b) the work
per kg; c) the heat rejected at the condenser per kg; d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW,
determine e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, f) the work, and g) the volume flow rate at the
compressor inlet.
Given: A simple vapor-compression refrigeration system with R-12
Required:
p
a) The refrigerating effect, qe
b) The Compressor work input, kJ/kg 3 p=C 2
c) The Coefficient of performance, COP
d) The heat rejected at the condenser 40 oC
e) The total heat rejected
f) The power input to the compressor
p=C
g) The volume flow rate at the compressor suction
4 1
- 5 oC
h
35
Qe
Solution:
From R-12 table:

At tc = 40 oC, h3 = hf3 = 238.535 kJ/kg
At te = - 5 oC: h1 = hg1 = 349.321 kJ/kg; v1 = vg1 = 64.9629 liter/kg
From R-12 chart:

At s2 = s1, h2 = 372 kJ/kg
a) Solving for the refrigerating effect
q e  h 1  h 4  349.321 238.535  110.786 kJ / kg
b) Solving for the compressor work input:
w c  h 2  h 1  372  349.321  22.679 kJ / kg
c) Solving for the heat rejected by the condenser
q R  h 2  h 3  372  238.535  133.465 kJ / kg
d) Solving for the COP
h1  h 3 349.321 238.535
COP    4.885
h 2  h1 372  349.321
e) For the total heat rejected at the condenser
Qe 1 kJ / s
m   0.00903 kg / s
h1  h 3 349.321 238.535kJ / kg
Q R  mh 2  h 2   0.00903372  238.535  1.2052 kW
f) Solving for the compressor power input
W  mh 2  h1   0.00903372  349.321  0.205 kW
g) Solving for the volume flow rate, V1,
 
V1  mv1  0.00903 kg / s  64.9629 m 3 / kg  0.5866 x 103 m 3 / s  0.5866 lps
Prob. # 48] An air conditioning system of a high rise building has a capacity of 350 kW of refrigeration,
uses R-12. The evaporating and condensing temperature are 0 oC and 36 oC, respectively. Determine a)
the mass flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated; b) the mass of R-12 circulated per second; c) the
volumetric rate of flow under suction condition; d) the work of compression, kW; and e) the COP.
36
Given: Refrigeration system serving an air conditioning system
Qe = 350 kW p
3 p = 868.68 kPaa 2
36 oC
p = 308.85 kPaa
4 1
0 oC
h
Required: Qe
a) The flash gas per kg refrigerant
b) The mass flow rate of refrigerant
c) The volume flow rate measured at point 1
d) The compressor power input
Solution:
For the properties from R-12 Table and Chart,
At tc = 36 oC: h3 = h4 = hf = 235.18 kJ/kg
At te = 0 oC: hf4 = 200 kJ/kg, hg4 = h1 = 352.44 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.05571 m3/kg
At point 2, s2 = s1: h2 = 368 kJ/kg (from R-12 chart)
a) Solving for the amount of flash gas per kg refrigerant
 h  hf 4 
x4   4  100 %   235.18  200  100 %  23.08 %
h h   352.44  200 
 g4 f4 
Therefore, flash gas = 0.2308 kg/kg
b) Solving for the mass flow rate of refrigerant
Qe 350
m   2.985 kg / s
h1  h 4 352.44  235.18
c) Solving for the volume flow rate at the compressor suction
V1  m v1  2.9850.05571  0.1663 m 3 / s
d) Solving for the compressor power input
Wc  mh 2  h 1   2.985368  352.44  46.45 kW
Prob. # 49] A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45 000 kg of water from 29 oC to 18 oC in 5 hours.
The refrigerant is ammonia and the operating conditions are 616.25 kPaa evaporating pressure and 1737
kPaa liquefaction pressure. Determine a) the COP; b) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for a
increase in temperature of 7 oC; c) the compressor power; d) the volume flow rate entering the
compressor.
37
Given: Refrigeration system shown

m = 45 000 kg in 5 hours tc = 7 oC
pe = 616.25 kPaa
pc = 1737 kPaa Condenser
3
2
Expansion Valve 1
W
4
Evaporator
Compressor
Required: 18 oC 29 oC
a) The COP
b) The mass flow rate of cooling water
c) The compressor power input
d) The volume flow rate at the compressor suction
Solution:
From ammonia table and chart,

p
At 1737 kPaa: tc = 44 oC
3 p = 868.68 kPaa 2
h3 = 410.382 kJ/kg
At 616.25 kPaa: te = 10 oC 36 oC
h1 = hg1 = 1471.57 kJ/kg
v1 = 205.221 liters/kg
p = 308.85 kPaa
At point 2, s2 = s1: h2 = 1620 kJ/kg 4 1
0 oC
h
a) Solving for the COP Qe
Q e h1  h 4 1471.57  410.382
COP     7.14
Wc h 2  h1 1620  1471.57
b) Determination the mass flow rate of cooling water
Solving for the refrigerating capacity,
 45000 
Q e  m w c p t w    4.18729  18  115.12 kW
 53600
Solving for the mass flow rate of refrigerant,
Qe 115.12
m   0.1085 kg / s
h1  h 4 1471.57  410.382
Solving for the mass flow rate of cooling water,
38
Heat absorbed by cooling water = Heat rejected from refrigerant
QR mh 2  h 3  0.10851620  410.382

m cw     4.48 kg / s
c p t cw c p t cw 4.1877 
c) Solving for the compressor power input
W  mh 2  h1   0.10851620  1471.57  16.1 kW
Prob. # 50] An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between evaporator and condenser temperature
of –20 oC and 25 oC, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5 000 kg of ice at – 12 oC from
water at 29 oC in 20 hours. Assuming losses to be 20 % of the heat to be absorbed from the water,
determine a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant; b) the heat rejected at the condenser; and c) the power
required by the compressor.
Given: Refrigeration System used for Ice Plant

Freezing time = 20 hrs
Mass of ice = 5000 kg
Heat losses = 20 % of heat absorbed from the ice
Required:
a) The mass flow rate of refrigerant p
b) The heat rejected at the condenser 3 p 2
c) The compressor power input
Figure: 35 oC
t1 = 29 oC 1
p
3 2 4 1
-20 oC
4
h
t4 = - 12 oC
Qe
Solution:
From Ammonia table and chart,
h3 = hf at 35 oC = 366.1 kJ/kg
h1 = hg at – 20 oC = 1437.2 kJ/kg
h2 = h at 1352 kPaa (and s2 = s1) = 1735 kJ/kg
a) Determination of the refrigerant mass flow rate
Solving for the heat absorbed from the water, from 29 oC to – 12 oC,
Q w  m w c pw t 1  t 2   m w h i   m w c pi t 3  t 4 
 5 000 
Qw    4.18729  0  335  2.0940  12  33.441kJ / s
 203600
39
Solving for the refrigerating capacity,
Qe  1.20 Q w  1.2033.441  40.13 kW
Solving for the mass flow rate of the refrigerant,
Qe 40.13
m   0.03747 kg / s
h1  h 4 1437.2  366.1
b) Solving for the heat rejected at the condenser
Q R  mh 2  h 3   0.037471737  366.1  51.37 kW
c) Solving for the compressor power input
Wc  mh 2  h 1   0.037471737  1437.2  11.16 kW
EFFECTS OF OPERATING CONDITIONS Figure 2.8. Increase in Vaporizing

1. Effects of Increasing the Vaporizing Temperature Temperature
a) Refrigerating effect per unit mass increases
b) The mass flow rate per ton decreases
p
c) The volume flow rate per ton decreases
d) The COP increases 3 2’ 2
e) The work per ton decreases
f) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreases
2. Effects of Increasing the Condensing Temperature 1’

a) The refrigerating effect per unit mass decreases
b) The mass flow rate per ton increases 4 1
c) The volume flow rate per ton increases
d) The COP decreases h
e) The work per ton increases t = increase in temperature
f) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton increases
3. Effects of superheating the suction vapor

When superheating producing useful cooling:
a) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases
b) The mass flow rate per TR decreases
c) The volume flow rate per TR decreases
d) The COP increases
e) The work per TR decreases
When superheating occurs without useful cooling:

f) The refrigerating effect per unit mass remains the same
g) The mass flow per TR remains the same
h) The volume flow rate per TR increases
i) The COP decreases
j) The heat rejected at the condenser per TR increases.
40
PROBLEMS
1. A refrigeration system using R-22 has a capacity of 320 kW of refrigeration. The evaporating temperature is – 10
oC and the condensing temperature is 40 oC. Calculate the fraction of vapor in the mixture before the evaporator.
Properties of R-22: At – 10 oC, hg = 401.60 kJ/kg and hf = 188.43 kJ/kg; At 40 oC, hf = 249.69 kJ/kg.
a) 0.287 b) 0.315 c) 0.245 d) 0.227
2. A Carnot engine requires 35 kJ/s from the hot source. The engine produces 15 kW of power and the temperature
of the sinks is 26 oC. What is the temperature of the hot source, in oC?
a) 245.57 b) 250.25 c) 210.10 d) 260.68
3. The refrigeration system operates on an ideal compression using R-12 with an evaporator temperature of – 30
oC and a condenser exit temperature of 49.30 oC and requires 74.6-kW motor to drive the compressor. What is
the capacity of the refrigerator, in TR? R-12 properties: At condenser entrance, h = 382 kJ/kg and at the exit, h =
248.15 kJ/kg; At Evaporator entrance, h = 248.15 kJ/kg and at the exit, h = 338.14 kJ/kg. [Ans: 43.52]
a) 43.52 b) 21.3 c) 18.2 d) 34.5
4. Liquid ammonia at a temperature of 26 oC is available at the expansion valve. The temperature of the vaporizing
ammonia in the evaporator is 2 oC. Find the percentage of liquid vaporized while flowing through the expansion
valve. Properties of refrigerant: At t = 2 oC, hf = 190.4 kJ/kg and hg = 1445.6 kJ/kg; At 26 oC, hf = 303.6 kJ/kg and
hg = 1465.6 kJ/kg. [Ans: 9.02 %]
a) 10.2 % b) 9.02 % c) 11.02 % d) 12.02 %
5. A Freon-12 waste water system operating at 5 oC suction temperature and a 40 oC condensing temperature has
an evaporator load of 5 TR. If the condenser is selected for a 7 oC water temperature rise, how many gpm must
be circulated through the condenser? The following enthalpies have been found: Condenser entrance = 377
kJ/kg, exit = 238.5 kJ/kg; evaporator entrance = 238.5 kJ/kg, exit = 253.6 kJ/kg. [Ans: 11.46 gpm]
a) 13.46 b) 11.46 c) 12.46 d) 10.46
6. An ideal vapor compression cycle requires 2.5 kW to power the compressor. You have found the following data
for the cycle: the enthalpy at the condenser entrance = 203 kJ/kg, exit = 55 kJ/kg; and evaporator entrance = 55
kJ/kg, exit = 178 kJ/kg. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.10 kg/s, what is the coefficient of performance
of the system? [Ans: 4.92]
a) 9.42 b) 4.92 c) 4.29 d) 2.94
7. An air conditioning plant with a capacity of 40 kW of refrigeration has an evaporating and condensing
temperature of 3 oC and 37 oC, respectively. If it uses R-12, what volumetric rate of flow under suction condition?
From R-12 table: at 3 oC, hg = 352.755 kJ/kg and vg = 0.05047 m3/kg; and at 37 oC, hf = 202.78 kJ/kg.
a) 0.172 m3/s b) 0.271 m3/s c) 0.274 m3/s d) 0.164 m3/s
8. Magnolia dairy products plant must cool 4000 gallon of fresh milk received from the farm per day from an initial
temperature of 80 oF to a temperature of 38 oF in 5 hours. If the density of milk is 8.6 lb/gal, specific gravity is
1.03, and specific heat is 0.935 Btu/lb-oR, what must be the capacity of the refrigerating machine in TR? [Ans.
22.515]
a) 52.215 b) 25.215 c) 22.515 d) 32.515
9. Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it is to be cooled from 20 oC to 4 oC, after which it is
frozen and cooled to – 18 oC. Specific heat of beef above freezing is given as 3.23 kJ/kg-oC and below freezing is
1.68 kJ/kg-oC, freezing point is – 2.2 oC, and latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg. [Ans. 36 437.5 kJ]
a) 40 319 kJ b) 36 437.5 kJ c) 42 329 kJ d) 37 438 kJ
10. An ice plant produces 20 tons of ice per day at – 15 oC from water at 25 oC. If miscellaneous losses are 12 % of
the freezing and chilling load, calculate the refrigeration capacity of the plant, in TR. [Ans. 31.5]
a) 28.13 b) 38.13 c) 31.50 d) 41.50
11. Fish weighing 11 000 kg with a temperature of 20 oC is brought to a cold storage and which shall be cooled to –
10 oC in 11 hours. Find the required plant refrigerating capacity in TR if the specific heat of fish is 0.7 kCal/kg-oC
above freezing and 0.30 kCal/kg-oC below freezing point that is – 3 oC. The latent heat of freezing is 55.5
kCal/kg. [Ans. 24.38 TR]
41
a) 25.26 b) 14.38 c) 15.26 d) 24.38
12. A 10 tons ice plant using ammonia refrigerant operates between evaporator and condenser temperatures of – 20
oC and 35 oC, respectively. The ice plant is to produce ice at – 12 oC from water at 30 oC in 24 hours. Assuming
losses to be 18 % of the heat absorbed from the water, determine the power required by the compressor. From
ammonia table: enthalpy at the compressor suction = 1437 kJ/kg and at the discharge = 1736 kJ/kg; enthalpy of
ammonia leaving the condenser = 366 kJ/kg. [Ans. 17.94 kW]
a) 17.94 kW b) 18.94 kW c) 16.94 kW d) 19.94 kW
13. A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum temperatures are –
25 oC and 72 oC, respectively. If the heat rejected at the condenser is 6000 kJ/min, find the power input required.
[Ans. 1 686.83 kJ/min]
a) 1 666.38 kJ/min b) 1 888.38 kJ/min c) 1 686.83 kJ/min d) 1 866.83 kJ/min
14. A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a capacity of 150 TR. It produces chilled water
from 22 oC to 2 oC. Its actual COP is 5.86 and 35 % of the power supplied to the compressor is lost in the form of
friction and cylinder cooling losses. Determine the condenser cooling water required for a temperature rise of 10
oC. [Ans. 14.75 kg/s]
15. An air conditioning system of a high-rise building has a capacity of 350 kW of refrigeration, uses R-12. The
evaporating and condensing temperatures are 0 oC and 35 oC, respectively. Determine the mass of refrigerant
12. Properties of R-12: at 0 oC, vg = 0.05539 m3/kg, hf = 200 kJ/kg; at 35 oC, hf = 233.5 kJ/kg and hg = 351.48
kJ/kg.
16. A simple vapor compression cycle develops 13 TR. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at a condensing
temperature of 24 oC and evaporating temperature of – 18 oC; and assuming that the compression is isentropic
and that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated. Find the power requirement. Properties of ammonia: At 24
oC, h = 312.87 kJ/kg and h at the compressor discharge = 1657 kJ/kg; at – 18 oC, h = 1439.94 kJ/kg. [Ans. 8.79
f g
kW]
a) 13 kW b) 8.79 kW c) 12 kW d) 9.79 kW
17. A belt driven compressor is used in refrigeration system that will cool 10 lps of water from 13 oC to 1 oC. The belt
efficiency is 98 %, motor efficiency is 85 % and the input of the compressor is 0.7 kW per TR. Find the actual
COP if over-all efficiency is 65 %. [Ans. 6.44]
a) 4.44 b) 5.44 c) 6.44 d) 3.44
18. A simple vapor compression cycle develops 15 TR using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at condensing
temperature of 24 oC and evaporating temperature of – 18 oC and assuming compression as isentropic and that
the gas leaving the condenser is saturated, find the power per TR. Properties of ammonia: At 24 oC, hf = 312.87
kJ/kg, h2 = 1665 kJ/kg; At – 18 oC, hg = 1439.94 kJ/kg. [Ans. 0.702 kW/TR]
a) 0.702 kW/TR b) 0.802 kW/TR c) 0.602 kW/TR d) 0.502 kW/TR
19. A refrigeration system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum temperatures are
minus 24°C and 72°C, respectively. If the heat rejected to the condenser is 6,000 KJ/min, find the power input
required.
a. 20 KW b. 24 KW c. 28 KW d. 32 KW
20. In problem no. 30, what is the Tons of Refrigeration required?

a. 20.5 b. 22 c. 28 d. 25
21. A refrigerating system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle. The highest temperature of the refrigeration
system is 49°C and the lower temperature is -12°C. The capacity is 30 tons. Neglect all losses, determine the
horsepower input.
a. 23 b. 28 c. 33 d. 39
42
22. A refrigeration system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle with a refrigerant higher temperature of 50°C. The
COP is 5 and the capacity is 50 tons. Determine the change of entropy in KJ/min-K.
a. 39.2 b. 32.0 c. 92.3 d. 23.9
23. In problem no. 4, if the engine works as a heat pump, what is its COP?
a. 5 b. 5.5 c. 6 d. 6.5
24. A refrigerator is maintained at 5°C. Heat is removed from the stored food at the rate of 330 KJ/min. What is the
refrigerator’s coefficient of performance if the necessary power input to the refrigerator is 3.5 KW?
a. 2.57 b. 8.95 c. 0.45 d. 1.57
25. Given COP = 4.2 and input power of 1.5 KW. Find the heat rejected.
a. 9.62 KW b. 6.29 KW c. 7.8 KW d. 10.2 KW
26. A reversed Carnot cycle is used for refrigeration, it receives heat at 290 K and rejects 1.5 MW of heat at 375 K.
Determine the COP.
a. 4.31 b. 3.41 c. 1.34 d. none of these
27. The power requirement of a Carnot Refrigerator in maintaining a low temperature region at 238.9 K is 1.1 KW per
ton. Find the condensing temperature.
a. 213.5 K b. 460.2 K c. 204.8 K d. 313.6 K
28. How many tons of ice can a 120-ton ice plant produce in 24 hours?
a. 120 b. 240 c. 60 d. 720
29. In a vapor compression system of refrigeration, the heat enthalpy of the refrigerant leaving compressor is 210
KJ/kg and the enthalpy leaving evaporator is 180 KJ/kg and enthalpy leaving condenser is 64 KJ/kg. What is the
COP?
a. 3.5 b. 3.85 c. 4.02 d. 4.75
30. A simple vapor compression cycle develops 70.32 KW of refrigeration using ammonia refrigeration at 24°C
condenser temperature (hf = 312.87 KJ/kg) and an evaporator temperature of minus 18°C (h g = 1439.94 KJ/kg).
If the enthalpy of the refrigerant leaving compressor is 1657 KJ/kg. What is the required power per ton of
refrigeration (KW/ton)?
a. 0.766 b. 0.667 c. 0.677 d. 0.776
31. A vapor compression cycle develops 13 tons of refrigeration. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at 0°F
evaporating temperature (h = 611.8 Btu/lb) and 75°F condensing temperature (h = 706 Btu/lb, hf = 126.2 Btu/lb)
and assuming that compressions are isentropic and gas leaving the condenser is saturated, find the circulation
rate of refrigerant in lbs/min.
a. 5.35 b. 3.55 c. 5.53 d. 6.25
32. In problem no. 42, determine the compressor power in hp.

a. 10.5 b. 12 c. 13 d. 8
33. An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator pressure of 316 KPa and condenser pressure of 1514.2
KPa. A twin-cylinder compressor with the bore and stroke unity is to be used at 1200 rpm. Assuming a 5%
clearance for the compressor and the refrigerant volume flow rate at compressor suction of 0.0322 m 3/sec,
determine the size of the compressor in mm.
a. 100 b. 95 c. 120 d. 150
34. In a refrigerating plant, the enthalpy of the refrigerant as it leaves the condenser is 124 KJ/kg and as it leaves the
evaporator, it is 336 KJ/kg. Assuming a mass flow rate of 4.3 kg/min, for the refrigerant, determine the
refrigerating capacity in KW.
a. 17.25 b. 32.4 c. 12.185 d. 15.195
35. What is the coefficient of performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system having the following data:
Enthalpy entering the compressor is 181.79 KJ/kg; after the compressor is 207.3 KJ/kg; after condensation the
enthalpy is 58.2 KJ/kg and throttled from 0.19 MPa to 0.18 MPa.
a. 5.8 b. 4.8 c. 3.2 d. 5.6
43
36. A refrigeration system using R-22 has a capacity of 320 KW of refrigeration. The evaporating temperature is
negative 10°C and the condensing temperature is 40°C. Calculate the fraction of vapor in the mixture before the
evaporator. Properties for R-12: at -10°C hg = 401.6 KJ/kg & hf = 188.426 KJ/kg; at 40°C hf = 249.686 KJ/Kg
a. 0.287 b. 0.315 c. 0.245 d. 0.227
37. A refrigeration plant stored 8 metric tons of vegetables initially at a temperature of 15°C and preserved it by
cooling it to minus 8°C. The specific heat of the vegetables above and below freezing is 0.95 and 0.4 Btu/lb-R,
respectively, and the latent heat of fusion is 68.5 Btu/lb-R. The vegetables freezing temperature is minus 3°C and
cooling takes place in 12 hours. Calculate the refrigerating capacity in tons of refrigeration.
a. 24.5 b. 16 c. 17.5 d. 19.5
38. Five hundred kilograms of beef is to be cooled from an initial entry temperature of 20°C to a final storage
temperature of -15°C in 8 hours. Find the total amount of heat removed in KJ if freezing occurs at -2°C.
Additional data: specific heat before freezing = 3.22 KJ/kg-K; specific heat after freezing and latent heat of fusion
= 232.44 KJ/kg.
a. 160 000 b. 162 560 c. 165 000 d. 172 000
39. What is the tons of refrigeration required to cool 15,000 lbs of fresh pork from a temperature of 89°F to 32°F in
24 hours? Specific heat above freezing of fresh pork is 0.68 Btu/lb-°F and the fresh pork freezing temperature is
28.4°F.
a. 2.02 b. 3.52 c. 1.68 d. 5.64
40. Calculate the heat to be removed from 200 kg pork if it were to be cooled from 20°C to -5°C. The freezing
temperature of the given pork is -5°C; specific heat above freezing is 4.07 KJ/kg-°C and latent heat of fusion is
280 KJ/kg.
a. 76,350 b. 73,650 c. 70,560 d. 70,056
41. A refrigerating system is rated 20 tons capacity. How many kilograms of air will it cool from 32°C to 21°C at
constant pressure in an hour?
a. 22872 b. 27900 c. 25675 d. 24850
42. In an ice plant where it takes 48 hours to bake the water to ice before harvesting, it is possible to harvest ice
every 24 hours This statement is:
a. true b. false c. cannot be proven d. none of these
43. The enthalpy at the entrance of the condenser is 1850 kJ/kg and exit is 450 kJ/kg. The compressor has an
enthalpy of 1550 kJ/kg at entrance. Determine the COP. h1 = 1550 kJ/kg; h2 = 1850 kJ/kg; h3 = 450 kJ/kg h4
= h3
44. A refrigeration system for low temperature application has two-stage system that employs ammonia refrigerant
and serves a 30-ton evaporator at – 30 oC. The system uses a direct-contact cascade condenser, and the
condenser temperature is 40 oC. Determine a) the cascade condenser pressure, in kPaa, for minimum
compressor work; b) the mass flow rate in the low and high-pressure loops, in kg/s; and c) the total compressor
work. From Ammonia table, pe = 119.9 kPaa, pc = 1557 kPaa; h1 = 1422.86 kJ/kg; h2 = 1600 kJ/kg; h3 = 200.47
kJ/kg; h5 = 1461.81 kJ/kg; h6 = 1638 kJ/kg; and h7 = h8 =390.59 kJ/kg
45. What are the ideal Carnot COP and the Hp requirement per TR for a refrigeration system operating between the
standard temperature limits of – 15 oC and 30 oC? (Ans. 5.74, 0.82)
46. A refrigeration system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum temperatures are
minus 24°C and 72°C, respectively. If the heat rejected to the condenser is 6,000 kJ/min, find the power input
required.
a. 20 kW b. 24 kW c. 28 kW d. 32 kW
47. In problem no. 57, what is the Tons of Refrigeration required?

a. 20.5 b. 22 c. 28 d. 25
44
48. A refrigerating system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle. The highest temperature of the refrigeration
system is 49°C and the lower temperature is -12°C. The capacity is 30 tons. Neglect all losses, determine the
horsepower input.
a. 23 b. 28 c. 33 d. 39
49. A refrigeration system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle with a refrigerant higher temperature of 50°C. The
COP is 5 and the capacity is 50 tons. Determine the change of entropy in kJ/min-K.
a. 39.2 b. 32.0 c. 92.3 d. 23.9
50. In problem no. 60, if the engine works as a heat pump, what is its COP?
a. 5 b. 5.5 c. 6 d. 6.5
51. A refrigerator is maintained at 5°C. Heat is removed from the stored food at the rate of 330 kJ/min. What is the
refrigerator’s coefficient of performance if the necessary power input to the refrigerator is 3.5 kW?
a. 2.57 b. 8.95 c. 0.45 d. 1.57
52. Given COP = 4.2 and input power of 1.5 kW. Find the heat rejected.
a. 9.62 kW b. 6.29 kW c. 7.8 kW d. 10.2 kW
53. A reversed Carnot cycle is used for refrigeration, it receives heat at 290 K and rejects 1.5 MW of heat at 375 K.
Determine the COP.
a. 4.31 b. 3.41 c. 1.34 d. none of these
54. A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.8 removes heat from the refrigerated space at a rate of 90 kJ/min.
Determine the electric power consumed by the refrigerator.
45

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REFRIGERATION REVIEW MANUAL: (JRF, PME) MODULE II: VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION

VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

 Figure 2.1 illustrates the schematic diagram of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle

Figure 2.1. Schematic Diagram of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration

Basic Components of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System

Figure 2.2. ph & Ts Diagrams of Vapor-compression Refrigeration

Where, Wc = compressor power, kW, Hp.

Where, QR = heat rejected in the condenser, kW, Btu/min.

 Cooling Water Requirement in the Condenser

Where, mw = mass flow rate of cooling water required, kg/s, lb/min.

 Expansion Valve Process

Where, h4 = enthalpy of refrigerant at point 4 or expansion valve discharge, kJ/kg, Btu/lb.

For Chilled Water,

Where, Qe = refrigerating effect, kW, Btu/min

 Chilled Water Requirement:

Re frigerating Effect mh 1  h 4 

Re frigerating Effect mh1  h 4  h1  h 4

 Power Required per Ton of Refrigeration:

Where, Power per ton is in kW/ton or Hp/ton.

 Volume Flow Rate at the Compressor Suction: V1  m v1

 Volume Flow rate at the Compressor Suction per TR

 Standard Refrigeration Cycle/system

Evaporation Temperature: 5 oF (-15 oC)

Condenser Temperature: 86 oF (30 oC)

 Power Requirement per Ton

12000 Btu /(ton  hr) 4.72 12000 Btu / ton  hr 3.52

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE

Figure 2.3. Reciprocating Compression Process

Where, Wc = compressor power, kW, Hp.

 For polytrophic compression process

Where, n = polytrophic exponent

Compression or Compressor Efficiencies

Figure 2.4. Isentropic and Actual Compression Processes

p Isentropic Compression Process

Actual Compression Process

 Adiabatic or isentropic Compression Efficiency or Simply Efficiency, c.

Where, W’c = actual compressor work or polytrophic compressor work

 Compressor Brake Efficiency, B

 Compressor Mechanical Efficiency, m

Where, m = mechanical efficiency, %

Piston Displacement or Displacement Volume

Where, VD = volume displacement, m3/min.

 For Isentropic Compression Process

Where, va = conventional or clearance volumetric efficiency, %.

 For Polytropic Compression Process

Where, n = polytropic exponent

Volume flow rate entering the compressor V

 For Isentropic Compression Process

 For Polytropic Compression Process:

Where, pc = cylinder suction pressure

3 Main Factors that Influence the Volumetric Efficiency

Basic Types of Compressors

Positive-Displacement Compressors Performance

Actual Compressor Performance

2. Heat gain to refrigerant from

3. Valve inefficiencies due to imperfect mechanical action

7. Deviation from isentropic compression.

8. Over- and under-compression.

2. High-temperature control devices to protect against overheating and oil breakdown.

3. Low-pressure protection may be provided for

6. Suction line strainer

Types of Refrigeration Compressors

3. Rotary Sliding-Vane Compressor

4. Rotary Screw Compressor