Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II.

Multi-Pressure Systems

MODULE 3

MULTI-PRESSURE REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
 Multi-pressure System – is a refrigeration system that has two or more low-side pressures.
 Low-side pressure – is the pressure of the refrigerant between expansion valve and the intake
of the compressor.

SOME INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

1. Dairy plant
a) Evaporator operates at – 35 C to harden ice cream
b) Another evaporator operates at 2 C to cool milk

2. Process industry: Two- or three-stage compression arrangement serves an evaporator

operating at a low temperature of , say, - 20 C or lower.

3. Food Storage: Preservation of, say, vegetables or meats at different temperatures.

FLASH GAS REMOVAL TANK

 Flash tank – is a refrigerant tank used to separate flash gas developed in the throttling
process between the condenser and evaporator. The flash gas is compressed before
complete expansion.; Flash tank is used to save power requirement of the refrigeration
system.

Figure 2.1. Flash Tank

To compressor
p p=C
3
Flash Tank
2
From the
Condenser p=C
Throttling 4 1
To evaporator h
Valve

COMPRESSOR INTERCOOLING
 Intercooler – is equipment, installed between stages of two-stage or multi-stage compressor;
It is used to lower the temperature of refrigerant before entering the high-pressure
compressor stage; and It is used to reduce the work of compression per kg of vapor.

TYPES OF INTERCOOLER
1. Water-cooled heat exchanger intercooler – used for two-stage air compressor.
2. Liquid refrigerant Intercooler – used for two-stage refrigerant compressor.

Figure 2.2. Water-cooled Intercooler

Cooling
Water
2 3 4
Intercooler
1
LP HP
Compressor Compressor

ME REVIEWER: REFRIGERATION 1 Jose R. Francisco, PME

Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Figure 2.3. Liquid Refrigerant Intercooler

4
3

2 HP
Compressor
Liquid from
condenser 1
LP
Compressor
Intercooler

Figure 2.4. pV Diagram of a Two-Stage Compressor

p 4 pd

Area representing
High-stage pi 2 savings in work
Compression 3
Low-stage
ps 1 Compression
v

Work of Two-stage Compressor (Isentropic)

 k 1 
 2k   p  2k 
Wc    ps Vs  d   1
1 k   s
p  
 

Work of Two-stage Compressor (Polytropic),

 n 1 
 2n    pd  2n 
Wc    p s Vs   p 
  1
1 n   s  
 

Where, n = polytrophic exponent

Intermediate Pressure or Intercooler Pressure (For Optimum Compressor Work),

pi  ps pd

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH TWO-STAGE COMPRESSOR

 This system is composed of one evaporator and one condenser operated by two-stage
compressor.

ME REVIEWER: REFRIGERATION 2 Jose R. Francisco, PME

Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Figure 2.5. System with Two-stage Compressor and ph Diagram

p
Condenser
5 4 5 4
3
Expansion Intercooler
2 3
Valve 2
1 HP
6 Compressor
Evaporator LP 6 1
Compressor h

Refrigerating Effect: Q e  m  h1  h 6 

Compressor Work: Wc  m  h 2  h 2    h 4  h 3 

Heat Rejected by the Condenser: Q R  m  h 4  h 5 

Coefficient of Performance (COP):

Qe m  h1  h 6  h1  h 6
COP   
Wc m  h 2  h1    h 4  h 3   h 2  h1    h 4  h 3 

Qe
Mass Flow Rate of Refrigerant: m 
h1  h 6

Tons of Refrigeration:

Qe m  h1  h 6 
TR  
3.517 3.517

SYSTEM WITH ONE COMPRESSOR SERVING TWO EVAPORATORS

 This refrigeration system is composed of one compressor and two evaporators of different
low-pressure conditions.

Figure 2.7 & 2.8. One Compressor Serving Two Evaporators

3 p
Condenser 2 3 2
1
4 5
4 5 6
Evaporator A
Compressor
7 8 6
7 8 1
Evaporator B
h

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Refrigerating Effect: Q e  Q eA  Q eB  m A  h 5  h 4   m B  h 8  h 7 

Compressor Work Input: Wc  m1  h 2  h1 

Heat Rejected by the Condenser: Q R  m 2  h 2  h1 

Qe mA  h 5  h 4   mB  h8  h 7 
Coefficient of performance: COP  
Wc m1  h 2  h1 

Q
Refrigerant Mass Flow Rate at Evaporator A: m A  h  h
eA

5 4

QeB
Refrigerant Mass Flow Rate at Evaporator B: m B 
h8  h 7

Mass Flow Rate of Refrigerant in the Compressor:

m1  m2  mA  mB

Enthalpy of Refrigerant at the Compressor Intake:

mA h 6  m Bh 8
h1 
mA  mB

Tons of Refrigeration,

Q eA  Q eB m A  h 5  h 4   m B  h 8  h 7 
TR  
3.517 3.517

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH FLASH TANK

 The refrigeration system is composed of one compressor serving one evaporator with
flash tank.

Figure 2.9. Refrigeration System with Flash Tank

3
Condenser
p
2 3 2
5 6 1

Flash 7 5
4 Compressor
Tank 4
7 9
9
8
Evaporator 8 1 6
h

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Refrigerating Effect: Q e  m e  h 9  h 8 

Compressor Work Input: W  m1  h 2  h1 

Heat Rejected by the Condense: Q R  m 2  h 2  h 3 

Qe me  h 9  h8 
Coefficient of Performance: COP  
Wc m1  h 2  h1 

Mass Flow Rate of Refrigerant at the Evaporator:

Qe
me  m9  m8 
h 9  h8

Mass Flow Rate of Refrigerant Entering the Compressor:

m1  me  m6
m6 h 6  me h 9
Enthalpy of Refrigerant Entering the Compressor: h1 
me  m6

Tons of Refrigeration:

Qe m  h  h8 
TR   e 9
3.517 3.517

SYSTEM WITH TWO COMPRESSORS SERVING TWO EVAPORATORS

 The refrigeration system is composed of two compressors serving two evaporators of
different temperature conditions with one flash tank; Flash tank is a refrigerant tank used
to separate flash gas developed in the throttling process between the evaporator and
condenser; and Flash tank is used to save power requirement of the refrigeration system.

Figure 2.11. Two Compressors Serving Two Evaporators

Condenser
5 4
3 p
6 4
Evaporator A 5

HP
Compressor 7 3 2
2 6
Flash
6 Tank
1
LP 8 1
h
Evaporator B Compressor
7 8 B

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Refrigerating Effect of the System,

Q e  Q eA  Q eB  m A  h 3  h 6   m B  h1  h 8 

Compressor Work Input:

Wc  WLP  WHP  m1  h 2  h1   m3  h 4  h 3 

Heat Rejected by the Condenser:

QR  m4  h 4  h 5 

Coefficient of Performance of the System

Q e mA  h 3  h 6   mB  h1  h8 
COP  
Wc m1  h 2  h1   m3  h 4  h 3 

Mass Flow Rate of Refrigerant in the Evaporator A:

QeA
mA 
h3  h6

Mass Flow rate of Refrigerant in Evaporator B:

QeB
mB 
h1  h 8

Tons of Refrigeration of the System,

Qe m  h  h 6   m B  h1  h 8 
TR   A 3
3.517 3.517

CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

 Cascade refrigeration system combines two vapor-compression units, with the condenser
of the low-temperature system discharging its heat to the evaporator of the high-
temperature system.
 It can normally furnish refrigeration down to about – 100 oC.
 Cryogenics – is the science of low temperature.

Types of Cascade System

 Closed Cascade system is the system in which the fluids in the high-pressure and low-
pressure systems may be different.
 Direct-Contact Heat Exchanger is the system in which the same fluid is used for the
system.

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

CLOSED CASCADE CONDENSER

Figure 2.13. Closed Cascade Refrigeration System

p 7 6
QR
High
7 Pressure
Condenser 6 Loop
Expansion Heat Exchanger 5 WH
Valve
8 8 5
High-pressure
Compressor h
2
3
Expansion p
1 WL 3 2
Valve Evaporator
4 Low
Low-pressure Pressure
Compressor Loop
Qe

CYCLE ANALYSIS 4 1
h
Refrigerating Capacity:

Q e  m L  h1  h 4  ,  q e  h 1  h 4

Tons of Refrigeration:

Qe
TR 
3.517

Compressor Work or Power Input:

Wc  WL  WH  mL  h 2  h1   mH  h 6  h 5 

Heat Rejected in the condenser:

QR  m H  h 6  h 7 

Coefficient of Performance:

Qe h1  h 4
COP  
Wc  h 2  h1    h 6  h 5 

Energy balance in the heat exchanger

Heat rejected by the low-pressure loop = Heat absorbed by the high-pressure loop

QRL  QAH  mL  h 2  h3   mH  h 6  h 7 

Heat exchanger pressure for optimum performance, p2  p1  p6 

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

DIRECT CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM

Figure 2.14. Direct Contact Cascade Condenser

p
QR
7 7 6
Condenser 6
High-Pressure
Expansion 5 WH Loop
Cascade Evaporator
Valve 3 5 2
8 High-pressure
Compressor 8
2
3 Low-Pressure
Expansion Loop
Valve Evaporator 1 WL
4 1
4
Low-pressure
Compressor h
CYCLE ANALYSIS Qe

Refrigerating Capacity,

Qe  mL  h1  h 4  ,  qe  h1  h 4

Tons of Refrigeration,

Qe
TR 
3.517

Compressor Work or Power Input,

Wc  WL  WH  mL  h 2  h1   mH  h 6  h 5 

Heat Rejected in the condenser,

QR  m H  h 6  h 7 

Coefficient of Performance,

Qe h1  h 4
COP  
Wc  h 2  h1    h 6  h 5 

Energy balance in the heat exchanger:

Heat rejected by the low-pressure loop = Heat absorbed by the high-pressure loop

QRL  QAH  mL  h 2  h3   mH  h 6  h 7 

Heat exchanger pressure for optimum performance,

p2  p1  p6 

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Ex. #] A refrigeration system for low temperature application has two-stage system that employs
ammonia refrigerant and serves a 30-ton evaporator at – 30 oC. The system uses a direct-contact
cascade condenser, and the condenser temperature is 40 oC. Determine a) the cascade
condenser pressure, in kPaa, for minimum compressor work; b) the mass flow rate in the low and
high-pressure loops, in kg/s; and c) the total compressor work.

Solution:
QR
p
7
Condenser 6 7 6
Expansion 5 WH High-Pressure
Valve Cascade Evaporator
Loop 40 oC
8 High-pressure 3 5 2
Compressor
2
3 8
Expansion
Valve 1 WL Low-Pressure
Evaporator
4 Loop
Low-pressure
Compressor 4 1
- 30 oC
Qe = 30 TR
h
From Ammonia table,
pe = 119.9 kPaa pc = 1557 kPaa
h1 = 1422.86 kJ/kg h2 = 1600 kJ/kg
h3 = 200.47 kJ/kg h5 = 1461.81 kJ/kg
h6 = 1638 kJ/kg h7 = h8 =390.59 kJ/kg

a) For the cascade evaporator pressure,

p2  p1p6  119.91557   432.07 kPaa

b) For mass flow rate in the low-pressure and high-pressure loops

Qe 30  3.517 
m L  m1    0.0863 kg / s
h1  h 4 1422.86  200.47

mL  h 2  h3   0.08631600  200.47 
mH    0.1128 kg / s
h5  h8 1461.81  390.59

c) For the total compressor power input,

Wc  mL  h 2  h1   mH  h 6  h5 

Wc   0.08631600  1422.86    0.1128 1638  1461.81  35.16 kW

AIR CYCLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

 Air cycle refrigeration system is the only air-cooling process developed for wide application in
which a gaseous refrigerant is used throughout the cycles.
 A reciprocating or centrifugal compressor as in the vapor-compression cycle accomplishes
compression.
 Air cooler is used in place of a condenser and refrigerator in place of an evaporator.
 The expansion valve is replaced by an expansion engine or turbine.

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

 The air-cycle system is ideally suited for use in aircraft because it is light in weight and
requires less space than the vapor-compression cycle.
 Air-cycle refrigeration is system less efficient than the vapor-compression cycle

AIR-CYCLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Closed or Dense-Air system

QR

Cooler
We Wc

Expander Compressor

Refrigerator

Open-Air System

QR

Cooler

We Wc
Expander Compressor

Refrigerator

In a Closed or Dense-Air System

 Refrigerator is usually maintained at pressure higher than atmospheric; A compressor is
either reciprocating or centrifugal type; and Expander is either reciprocating or turbine
type

In an Open-Air System
 Refrigerator is the actual space to be cooled with air expanded to atmospheric pressure;
and Air is circulated through the cold room and then compressed to the cooler pressure.

pV and Ts Diagrams
p T 2
3 2 QR
pVk = C
3 1

pVk = C 4 1 4 Qe
V s

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

 Processes
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression process
Process 2-3: Constant-pressure heat rejection process
Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion
Process 4-1: Constant pressure absorption of heat process

CYCLE ANALYSIS

Refrigerating Capacity,

Qe  mc p T1  T4 

Heat Rejected,

QR  mcp T2  T3 
Compressor power

 Isentropic compression,
  k 1 
     k 1 
  
 k    p2   
  k    p 2  k  
Wc  mc p T2  T1   
k
p1V1   1  
  1  k 
mRT1  
 p1 
1

1 k   p1 
   
 Polytropic Compression,

  n 1 
     n 1 
  
 n        
 1     1
p  n  n p  n 
Wc   p1V1  2   mRT1  2  
1 n  1 n 
 1   1 
p p
 
Expander Work

 Isentropic Expansion
 k 1
  k 1

         
We  mc p T3  T4    
mRT3    1
k p k k p k
p3V3    1  
4 4

1 k  1 k 
 3   3 
p p
 

 Polytropic Expansion

 n 1
  n 1

 n         

mRT3    1
p n n p n
We   p3V3    1  
4 4

1 n  1 n 
 3   3 
p p
 

Net Work of the cycle,

Wnet  Wc  We

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Coefficient of Performance,

Re frigerating Effect mcp T1  T4 

COP   
Net Work mcp T2  T1   mcp T4  T3 

T1  T4
COP 
T2  T1   T4  T3 
Ex. 1] An open air-refrigeration system carries a load of 35 kW with a suction pressure of 103
kPaa and a discharge pressure of 690 kPaa. The temperature leaving the refrigerator is 5 oC and
that leaving the cooler is 30 oC. The compression is polytropic with n = 1.33 and the expansion is
also polytropic but with n = 1.35. Determine the power required and the COP. [Ans: 1.47]

Solution: p
3 2 T 2
QR
Pvn = C
3 1

pVn = C 4 1
4 Qe
V s
QR

Cooler

We Wc
Expander Compressor

Refrigerator

For the Temperature Leaving the Expander,

n 1 0.35
p   103 
 30  273
n 1.35
T4  T3  4    185.05 K t4 = - 87.95 oC
 p3   690 

For the mass flow rate of air,

Qe  mc p T1  T4 

Qe 35
m   0.3742 kg / s
c p T1  T4  1.00625  87.95

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Compression Power Input,

  k 1 
  
 n    
 1
p  k 
Wc   mRT1  2

  
 1 
1 n p

 0.33

 1.33   
0.37420.287085  273 
 690
  1  72.59 kW
1.33
Wc  
  0.33   103  
 

For the Expander Power,

 n 1

 n   p4  n
We   
mRT3    1
  
 3 
n 1 p

 0.35

 1.35   
0.37420.2870830  273 
 103
  1  48.87 kW
1.35
We  
  0.35   690  
 
For the Net Power

W  Wc  We  72.59  48.87  23.72 kW

For the COP,

Qe 35
COP    1.47
Wnet 23.72

Ex. 2] An air refrigeration system is required to produce 52.5 kW of refrigeration with a cooler
pressure of 1448 kPaa and a refrigerator pressure of 207 kPaa. Leaving air temperature are 29
o
C for cooler and 5 oC for refrigerator. Compression is isentropic and expansion is polytropic with
n = 1.34. Determine the COP. [Ans: 1.23]
p
Solution: 3 2
Pvk = C

QR

pVn = C 4 1
Cooler

We Wc V
Expander Compressor

2
T QR

3 1
Refrigerator

4 Qe
s

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Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

For the Temperature Leaving the Expander,

n 1 0.34
p   207 
 29  273
n 1.34
T4  T3  4    184.36 K
 p3   1448 
t4 = - 88.64 oC

For the mass flow rate of air,

Qe  mc p T1  T4 

Qe 52.5
m   0.5572 kg / s
c p T1  T4  1.00625  88.64

Compression Power Input,

  k 1 
  
 n    
 1
p  k 
Wc   mRT1  2

 n 1
 1 
p

 0.4

 1.4   
0.55720.287085  273 
 1448
  1  115.69 kW
1.4
Wc  
 0.4   207  
 

For the Expander Power,

 n 1

 n   
mRT3    1
 p n
We   4

 n 1
 3 
p

 0.34

 1.34   
0.55720.2870829  273 
 207
  1   74.17 kW
1.34
We  
 0.34   1448  
 
For the Net Power

W  Wc  We  115.69  74.17  41.52 kW

For the COP,

Qe 52.5
COP    1.23
Wnet 41.52

ME REVIEWER: REFRIGERATION 14 Jose R. Francisco, PME

Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

STEAM-JET OR VACUUM REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

 Steam-jet or vacuum refrigeration system is a refrigeration system considered as water
evaporative refrigeration system wherein the refrigerant is water. The principle of operation
lies on the fact that water will boil or vaporize, at a relatively low temperature, when the
pressure is reduced sufficiently.

Steam Steam
Line Booster
Nozzle Ejector
Steam to
ms Condenser

3 2
m3 m2 Refrigerator

Evaporator

5
Make-up
Water Circulation
Pump m1 1

Chilled Water

 As shown in the figure below, the ejector sucks or draws vapor from the evaporator or flash
chamber, causing the pressure in the evaporator to drop significantly. As the pressure
reduces in the evaporator the water vaporizes at the desired temperature. During the
evaporation, it absorbs heat and cools the remaining water in the evaporator.

 The steam pressure at the ejector nozzle should be about 1030 kPaa.

 Normally, the evaporation of water in the evaporator reduces the temperature from 21 oC to 4
o
C. The cold or chilled water is circulated by means of a pump to the refrigerator.

 This system is usually applied for air conditioning, and for cooling of water in certain chemical
plants for gas absorption.
o o
 The cooling temperatures provided by this system are usually from 4 C to 21 C.
Temperatures below 4 oC are impractical due to freezing problem.

Design Calculations

Refrigerating Effect or Capacity,

Qe = m1 (h2 – h1)

Make-up Water Flow Rate,

m5 = m3

ME REVIEWER: REFRIGERATION 15 Jose R. Francisco, PME

Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Where, Qe = refrigerating Capacity, kW, TR

m1 = m2 = mass flow rate of chilled water, kg/s
m3 = mass flow rate water evaporated from the flash chamber or evaporator, kg/s
m5 = mass flow rate of make-up water, kg/s

Ex. 1] A vacuum refrigeration system maintains a temperature of 5 oC in the evaporator. The

chilled water leaves at the same temperature and warms to 10 oC as it leaves the refrigerator.
Make-up water is available at 21 oC. The steam nozzle required is 1.27 kg per kg vapor removed
from the evaporator. The refrigerating capacity is 175 kW. Determine: a) the mass flow rate of
nozzle steam required, kg/s; and b) the volume flow rate of vapor evaporated, kg/s. From steam
table: at 5 oC, hf = 20.98 kJ/kg, hg = 2510.6 kJ/kg, & vg = 147.12 m3/kg; at 10 oC, hf = 42.01 kJ/kg;
at 21 oC, hf = 88.14 kJ/kg.

Given: Vacuum refrigeration system

At 5 oC, h1 = 20.98 kJ/kg
h3 = 2510.6 kJ/kg, v3 = 147.12 m3/kg
At 10 oC, h2 = 42.01 kJ/kg
At 21 oC, h5 = 88.14 kJ/kg
ms = 1.27 kg steam per kg vapor removed

Required:
a) The mass flow rate of nozzle steam required, kg/s; and b) The volume flow rate of vapor
evaporated, kg/s

Figure:

Steam Steam
Line Booster
Nozzle Ejector
Steam to
ms Condenser

3 10 oC 2
m3 m2 Refrigerator

Evaporator 175 kW

5 5 oC
Make-up 5 oC
Water Circulation
21 oC Pump m1 1

Solution: Chilled Water

a. Determination of the mass flow rate of nozzle steam

Solving for the mass flow rate of chilled water circulating the refrigerator,

Qe 175
m1    8.32 kg / s
h 2  h1 42.01  20.98

ME REVIEWER: REFRIGERATION 16 Jose R. Francisco, PME

Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) Module II. Multi-Pressure Systems

Consider the evaporator and taking the energy balance, then solving for m3,

m5 h 5  m2 h 2  m1h1  m3 h 3 ,

Where, m5 = m3 and m2 = m1

Then,
m1  h 2  h1  8.32  42.01  20.98
m3    0.0722 kg / s
h3  h5 2510.6  88.14
Therefore,

ms  1.27 kgsteam / kg vapor  0.0722 kg vapor / sec  0.0917 kg / s

b. Solving for the volume flow rate of vapor removed from the evaporator


V3  m3 v3   0.0722 kg / s  147.12 m3 / kg  10.62 m3 / s 
PROBLEMS
Prob. # 1] Determine the power required in an ammonia system that serves a 60-TR evaporator
at – 20 oC. The system uses a two-stage compression with inter-cooling and removal of flash gas.
The condensing temperature is 32 oC. From ammonia table: at the LP compressor intake, h =
1437.2 kJ/kg; at the discharge of LP compressor, h = 1563.0 kJ/kg; at the intake of HP cylinder, h
= 1465.5 kJ/kg; at the discharge of HP cylinder, h = 1615 kJ/kg; at the condenser discharge, h =
351.5 kJ/kg; enthalpy of liquid ammonia leaving the inter-cooler, h = 215.3 kJ/kg. [Ans. 52.7 kW]

REFERENCES

1. Arora, C. P. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Second Edition. McGraw-Hill Book

Company, 2002.
2. Wang, Shan K. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Second edition.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2001.
3. Trott, A. R. and Welch, T. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 3rd Edition. Reed
Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, 2000.
4. Burghardt, David M. and Harbach, James A. Engineering Thermodynamics, 4PthP
Edition. Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, 1986.
5. Stoecker, Wilbert F and Jones, Jerold W. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Second
Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982.
6. Chadderton, David V. Air conditioning A Practical Introduction. E & FN Spon, London,
1993.
7. Jones, W. P. Air conditioning Engineering, 3rd Edition. Edward Harold, London, 1985.
8. ASHRAE, Inc. 1996 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment, SI Edition.
ASHRAE, Atlanta, G.A., 1996.
9. ASHRAE, Inc. 1997 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition. ASHRAE,
Inc., Atlanta, G.A., 1997.
10. ASHRAE, Inc.. 1999 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment, SI Edition.
ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, G.A.., 1999.
11. Mark’s Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 10th Edition

ME REVIEWER: REFRIGERATION 17 Jose R. Francisco, PME