Exploring Roles, Experiences and challenges in small and poor countries in fostering

regional peace and Security: A case of Malawi in SADC

1. Background
The sustainable economic development with peace and security was gained to the
citizens of SADC (South African Development Community) by RISDP (Regional Indicative
Strategic Development Plan) proposed in the year 2020-2030 with a vision of achieving
maintaining peace, security, and solutions to face challenges due to competition has to
achieved with in the year 2050(Joesph, 2021). Malawi is located in South Africa by
extending its borders across three countries namely Mozambique, Zambia, and Tanzania. By
the year 2038, it was expected to have a 27.2 million population around Malawi. The inter
and intrastate conflicts related to peace and security in Malawi were managed by the African
government. In the United Nations development program ranking for HDI (Human
Development Index) by the year 2005, Malawi was ranked as no 165 out of 177 countries
around the world due to context and ravages caused by hunger, oppression.
Malawi was considered as one of the poorest countries in the world.80% of the
population was involved in agriculture but due to poor climatic conditions in Malawi, people
cannot able to attain sustainable economic growth. Most of the people in Malawi
approximately estimated as 56% was not reaching up to the age of forty years as stated by
HDI due to without access to a water source. Under the age of 5, nearly 49% of Malawian
children died due to chronic malnutrition. Each year 40,000 Malawian children died under
the age of 5(Kajee, 2006). The establishment of the SADC treaty was founded in the year
1992 to improve economic development integrated to develop peace and security in SADC
combing with the protocol of politics, mutual defence pact, and security cooperation. To
promote peace and security around the region of SADC was developed with the SADC organ
community. The Malawi country development was based on a five-year plan to develop
(MGDS) Malawi’s growth and development strategy by SADC (Davis, 2021).In march
2006,in an international conference held in Potchefstroom one of the participant described the
dilemma of the African continent as below
“Africa is plagued by numerous political, social and economic issues that are dramatically
intensified by civil wars and interstate conflicts on the continent. These conflicts are directly
responsible for the economic chaos that prevails in the war-torn countries. It is therefore
crucial that these wars be stopped.”
Regarding most regional setting for peacekeeping operations in UN, Christopher Clapham the
authoritative African specialist says
“For better or for worse, Africa has had a critical impact in defining the limits and
possibilities of the post-Cold War global order, and the place of the United Nations within it
… peacekeepers in Africa have been plunged into the most intractable problems involved in
attempting to maintain some kind of order in one of the world’s most violent and unstable
continents”
In the period of 1994, human security thinking was evident in South Africa by the following
quotes by (Ferreira and Henk, 2004).
“One way in which South Africa has ‘operationalized’ human security is by establishing a
long-term commitment of its armed forces (and other agencies) to peace operations … It has
gone the ‘extra mile’ to depict itself as a cooperative regional partner, participating in
regional organisations and for accepting roles in regional conflict resolution and peace
support, and generally refraining from pursuing narrow national interests through military
strength”
“Peace missions are by nature complex and multi-faceted.This requires a mature and realistic
approach to understanding and preparing for these commitments” by (Stead, 2006).

2. Literature Review
The insecurity problems in Southern Africa and challenges to peace and security was
managed by the following sections

2.1 APSA by SADC

By the period of March 2020 to March 2022, Malawi elected the African Union Peace and
Security Council. Nearly two years Malawi was elected as PSC (prestigious peace and
Security Council). Mozambique and Lesotho were also included with Malawi to represent the
countries of the southern region. The key pillar of peace and security in African countries was
maintained by APSA. The stable environment peace and security were maintained by
APSA.The constant engagement with other member states of the union combined with
Malawi to promote peace and security around the country by implementing the aspirations of
agenda 2063. The aspiration implantation was considered an important decision by the
government of Malawi to maintain peace and security around the country. Various issues in
the country such as counter-terrorism and resource mobilization were managed effectively by
the Peace and Security Council of African countries. The following diagram illustrates
APSA Architecture

Continental early warning system

(CEWS)

Relationship with the regional African

Panel of the Peace and mechanism for conflict standby
wise Security Council prevention and management Force

Peace Fund

Source: African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) promotional material from
the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Arusha, 2020
The multiple crises faced by the African country were solved by using APSA. Manage
border-related issues in the country were solved by using CEWS.AUBP (African Union
Border Programme).CEWS was located inside the borders of the different continents and was
responsible for maintaining democracy across the continent. Continuous support and
technical assistance were provided by the German development agency to support CEWS.
Solving border-related issues to maintain peace and security around the country was the
major aim of AUBP. The extensive process of demarcating and delimiting the border across
the continent helps to promote regional and continental integration (AU, 2013). Apart from
Malawi, solving the border problem with other continents such as Lesotho, Swaziland,
Nambia, and Botswana were also included with AUBP (Addis, 2015).
The conflict over demarcation was not capacitated to deal with instances of each continent
border problem. The conflict between borders forces Malawi to stay out of the problem. By
default, each continent should be aware of solving the border problem by themselves.AUBP
requires the integration of each continent’s government support to solve the issue (Erasmus,
2015). The conflict in Africa was major focused on Malawi and Tanzania border
demarcation. The logistical and administrative problem in these countries was considered as
the main cause of spreading violence around these countries. It was apparent that interstate
countries with legitimate authority were political. Building trust between two political parties
helps solve the issues between them. Building trust and legitimacy between them was
considered as a key to addressing the issue not sustainable for the long term.

2.2 Challenges in peace and security managed by SADC by Armed Conflict

Over the past few years, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has armed conflict
in a few regions of the country. The member of the state has a history of engaging the conflict
between mediation initiatives and military interventions. In eastern parts of the country by the
rebel group, the M23 DRC government faced an insurgency by the year 2012. Stand by force
in DRC decided and deployed 3000 troops in Tanzania and Malawi with the acceptance of
SADC. The peacekeeping mission of the country was achieved with the integration of DRC
with the United Nations combined to form a force intervention brigade (FIB).In the united
nation, peacekeeping policy was unpretended to neutralize the armed group.SADC made a
contribution to the troop by the existence of FIB with troops. The reverse of the military
setback was managed with M23.

2.3 Regional Peacekeeping in Sub - Saharan Africa-Malawi

Over the past twenty years, the practice of regional peacekeeping was evolved. The
crisis that arises was ignored by the United Nations that includes heavy financial costs and
the lives of many humans. In Liberia’s civil war to solve the local and international legacy
with resource constraints, 12,000 troops were deployed by the ECOWAS (Economic
Community of West African States) group (Howe, 1996; Coleman, 2007). Peacekeeping in
sub-Saharan African countries become robust and controversial. The South African president
criticized the worsening condition of the country publicly regarding Angola, Malawi, and
Zimbabwe’s intervention with (DRC) the democratic republic of Congo (Coleman, 2007).
By the year 1997, a French-supported force MISAB supported with 800 troops from Malawi,
Senegal, and Togo in Central African Republic countries by (SIPRI 2010). The primary focus
of international attention for replacing sub-regional organizations was achieved by African
Union (AU) mission. The AU aimed with the maximum deployment of troops with 6500-
7000 troops, but 14000 and 12,450 troops were deployed in Liberia and Sierra. (IISS, 1997;
New Times, 2007). Ban (2010b) states that AU planned to deploy with a maximum of 9000
troops but supplied with 5100 in Jan 2010 for the establishment of peace around the country.
By considering financial and military resources most of the continental and sub-regional keep
themselves away for the long term and do not concentrate on the policy of peacekeeping
(Aboagye and Bah, 2005). By US military support ECOMIL a peacekeeping force was sent
to satisfy the mission and to support ECOWAS by (Ross 2005). Within two months after
sending the troop’s stabilization force was followed by a Security Council resolution with the
approval of ECOMIL by (UNSC 2008). The peace building and peace-keeping mission were
authorized by the Security Council that involve regional forces of fire-fighters (Malan,
2004).To secure the border between the Central African Republic (CAR) and chad non-
ECOWAS peacekeeping troops combined with the French EU supported the economic and
monetary union of central African states by (Meyer, 2009).To sustain contential level
operations AU Proved the ability to take high-risk stabilization missions but the effect of the
mission was not able to sustain for the long term. The growing international and African
country peacekeeping was established by pure UN mission by (Ban and Konare 2007).
Nearly for six-month troops were deployed in Somalia based on the request of AU
integrated with AMISOM (AU combined with the mission of Somalia) by (Ban and Konare,
2007). Multi-dimensional peace support operations were approved by the UN integrated with
AU (Cilliers, 2008; De Coning, 2010). The usage of AU mandated missions was uneven
progress was monitored in five sub-regional stand by brigades (Alghali and Mbaye, 2008;
Bachmann, 2011; Kinzel, 2008). The force effectiveness was not guaranteed by troop pledges
(Bachmann 2011).

2.4 Organ on Defence and Security Cooperation

To provide the best-shared future for every citizen of a country with a peaceful environment
and challenges in the security of countries was effectively managed by SADC (South African
Development community).To address various security problems and to maintain peace and
security effective management of the protocol was handled by SIPO(strategic indicative plan
for the organ). The developmental agenda framed by SADC reached the people through SIPO
and with the help of RISDP (Regional Indicative strategic development plan). Political sector,
Defence sector, state security sector, public security sector was considered as four major
division handled by SIPO. The protocol for politics, defence, and security cooperation was
considered as the objectives of SIPO (Ngoma, 2003).

2.5 PSCAU Protocol by AU (African Union)

The effective contribution of peace and security in African countries was established by the
relationship between peace and Security Council, sub-regional mechanism, UN Security
Council, and AU institutions organs. The challenges in peace and security in the countries
were prevented by the PSCAU protocol (Jeremy Sarkin, 2010).AU commission, CEWS
(Continental early warning system), African stand by force help in the promotion of peace
and security accompanied with African regional human rights system (Gichanga, 2012). The
vital part of the regional human rights system in AU countries was laid in the hands of the
peace and Security Council (Jeremy Levitt, 2003). The crime against humanity and war
crimes was managed by the peace and Security Council with the intervention member state
against the commission of genocide under article 4(h) of the Constitutive Act (Yeshanew,
2012).

2.6 Challenging situation caused by Terrorism

The major threat to global peace and security all over the world was caused by Terrorism. By
the year 2001, September 11 Africa was stood up with attacks of the United States of
America fuelled with a threat (Cilliers, 2003). The eight members of AU played a significant
role in the African context by all people right to national and international peace and security
(Chirwa, 2002).To put an end to terrorism, an agreement based on a declaration on measures
to prevent international terrorism in the annex to resolution 49/60. Terrorism was considered
a criminal act based on an annexure for political purposes. In any form, whether it was
political, philosophical, racial, religious, ethnic, or ideological terrorism was not allowed to
justify the act related was included additionally in the activities proposed (Benedek, 2004).
The challenges caused by African wars help to predicate the magnitude of human suffering in
the world. African glory was restored only by ensuring peace and security in the countries
was stated by (Nsongurua, 2003).

2.7 Ensuring peace, security and stability in South Africa

Peace and security were considered human rights under article 23 of the African Charter.
Under article 3 of African Character respect for the right of all people to international and
national peace and security was assured by member states of the AU. To promote peace and
security in African countries was established by adopting PSCAU Protocol defined in article
1 African charter. The relationship between peace and Security Council and institutions was
strengthened to support people dealing with the scourge of conflicts that forced millions of
Africans, including women and children, to deprive their means of a live hood with human
dignity and hope (Ben Kioko, 2003). Many challenges remain in maintaining peace and
security but progress was made in maintaining peace and security in African countries with
the establishment of AU integrated with the peace and security council (Werle, 2014). The
human rights of Africa were preserved by armed conflicts. The relationship between the UN
Security Council, Pan African parliament, civil society organisations, and African
commission, with the Peace and Security Council help to address the challenges caused to
African countries.

2.8 World Food Programme (WFP)-Malawi Country Brief

Based on farming nearly eighteen million people of Malawians were employed in rural areas
(WHO, 2019) of Malawi was stated by (Anderson, 2015). (IMF, 2017) states that nearly 25%
of the population was categorized as extremely poor, approximately 50% of the population
was estimated to be in the poverty line, unable to cover the nutritional needs by the year
2010. Linkage to NGO and low economic security of the country was described by (Swidler
and Watkins, 2017). Most of the unpaid labour work was carried out by Malawian women
and depended on men for economic support (Verheijen, 2013). Most of the women in
Malawian country was affected by subordinate role make vulnerable to structural and sexual
violence, HIV infection leads to less access to higher education (NSO, 2008). Family
planning, education, HIV prevention, cash transfer programs, and behavioural change
program training in vocational skill was engaged by NGO activities (Watkins and Swidler,
2013). Around two-thirds population living in Malawi was under the poverty line was stated
by (UNDP, 2005). Eighty percent of the employment of the people residing in Malawi was
dependent on agriculture. Over the last twenty years, the overall economic performance of
Malawi deteriorated significantly. In the year April 2002, the Malawi Poverty Reduction
Strategy (MPRS) was published. The following listed four pillars help to reduce poverty by
sustainable poverty reduction based on the empowerment of the poor
(a)Basic education and essential health care was given significant importance for human
capital development around the countries
(b)Distribution of agricultural inputs targeted nutrition program, disaster mitigation was the
four type of innovative program conducted for social protection and to improve the quality of
life of the people residing in the country.
(c)Investment in rural and other enabling infrastructure has to be focused on for sustainable
pro-poor growth. The use of natural resources and agricultural research has to be increased to
benefit more people
(d)Safety, security, and access to justice have to be concentrated by good governance with
political will and mind set.
Malawi's massive debt burden for government spending was released by MPRS integrated
with civil society, local ministers, and line minister was included in debt and allowed
contribution.
A low primary level school completion rate and high prevalence of HIV infection around 9.6
percent constitute the weaker economic growth of Malawai. Climate change in the country
affected the economic growth of the Malawian people. Unpredictable severe flooding added
with poverty giving the vulnerable household inadequate time to recover. The root cause of
the food insecurity of Malawian people was addressed by WFP. The sustainable development
growth by 2030 to reach zero hunger was addressed with the help of WFP integrated with UN
agencies, NGOs, private sector, and civil society with aligning government strategy with the
vision of 2063.

2.9 Shaping peace together with AU and ECOWAS

International day of peace was declared by United Nations (UN) in the year 1981, 30
November in a general assembly. Including Malawians, UN-designated the year 2020 as a
year of listening and learning from the people around the world. To build a peaceful and
prosperous feature around the world, a global conversation was launched to mark the 75
anniversary of international day. To get more jobs, better access to health care services,
improved environmental and less conflict, and better access to quality education and to get
more equality nearly 22,000 people Malawians have raised their voice online up to 31 st
December by 2020.” Shaping peace together for Malawi” was commemorated for
international peace day in Malawi. The positive impact on the achievement of sustainable
development goals helps to create a culture of peace in Malawi (Adolfson, 2021).In South
Africa by Addis Ababa launched AU on 9, July 2002. The codified framework for the
African Union was conducted with the help of the constitutive act of the African Union. The
following was the list of objectives of the Constitutive Act
(a)Grave crimes including genocide were intervened by a member of state under a decision of
an assembly.
(b) To restore peace and security, a member of the state has a right to request AU.
The challenges faced to maintain peace and security-related issues help in the transformation
of the organization of the African Union (OAU) to AU.
The wave of terrorism resulting in the death of hundreds of people, displacement of millions
of people, destruction of public and private properties was increased recently in west African
sub-regions was managed by (Economic Community of West African States)ECOWAS.
Islamic groups were responsible for terrorism in Malawi. The following four listed factors
made Islam a dominant region in Malawai (Bossuyt, 2016; George, 2012).
(a)Increasing desertification of the country with poor management of the economy by the
government caused chronic poverty and food shortage (George, 2012).The vulnerable group
was created by unemployed youth creates radicalization and religious manipulation (Boas,
2009). The increasing poverty, unemployment, and desertification of the north were
continued insensitivity from the government to compliant of neglect and marginalization adds
severity to the problem.Tamanrasset peace record (1991) and National peace record (1992)
was signed between the government and many peace treaties organization. Malian military
emphasized demilitarisation of the region with the integration of demobilization by rebel
fighters(Douglas-Bowers, 2013).The resurgence of rebellion was caused by the government's
failure to implement the peace records(Bossuyt, 2016).The flow of heavy weaponry in north
malai by the president of Muammar Gadaffi by February-October 2011 Arab spring leads to
third and fourth factors by(Adetula, 2015).The refugee problem was created between
government forces and the brutality of the terrorist cum radical Islamist group.150,000 people
were migrated across the borders of Mali and 377,000 people were displaced by February
2013 stated by (Daniel, 2013).In the years 2016,2017 and 2018 Mali terrorist groups
experienced a series of cross-border armed attacks in Burkina Faso. On January 15, 2016, a
deadly attack was carried out on a luxury hotel by killing numerous amount of people was
stated by (Bluy et al. 2016).The impact of terrorism between two countries gained the
attraction of regional, global and sub-regional multilateral institutions. The places of
traditional rulers in the state, houses, farms, churches, mosques, civilians, and private
properties were attacked by violet attacks was carried out in different parts of the country.
Decapitation and incineration of people, millions of people were displaced from one place to
other places, rape and kidnapping occurred near the borders of the country (Agiboa,
2015).women and children of the country was affected in several ways and sold women for
prostitution, used human as bomb carriers to face attack against the government (Akanji,
2015).Effective regional integration and socio-economic development were achieved by
ECOWAS to maintain peace and security around the countries. Many protocols, conflict
prevention, peacekeeping, combatting of corruption, prevention of drug abuse was binding
instrument developed by ECOWAS to solve the terrorism problem in the =, AU, World Bank
was interlinked with ECOWAS in preventing terrorism and related issues inside and outside
Africa. In the year 2015, ECOWAS entered multi-year security and development agreement
(2015-2019) with the US government. Peace and security including the Tran-Saharan
counter-terrorism partnership (ECOWAS 2016a) were included with the previous agreement
signed to maintain peace and security in African Countries.Inter-Governmental action group
against money laundering and Terrorist Financing in West Africa established a notable
counter-terrorism institution by ECOWAS. The regional integration with socio-economic
development was made possible with the help of stable peace and a secured environment in
the country.ECOWAS has developed some binding instruments to maintain peace and
security.
The character of the international political environment causes a challenge to
ECOWAS has confronted to bid combat terrorism in sub-region of the countries. Before
taking the use of force, UNSC (united nation security council) has to take the approval of
regional organizations as defined in the UN charter leads many of the problems to remain
unsolved in the country. For the maintenance of international peace and Security Council was
informed to be ready always under regional arrangements to face challenges. But legitimacy
problems were created by using the provisions of informed already to be ready with security
forces was solved by regional and sub-regional organizations. The security architecture of
AU was occupied by sub-regional organizations. Peace and Security Council and chairperson
of the commission help in the activity to realm security-related activities around the countries
of different region. The activities of the peace and security Council were closely harmonized
and coordinated to ensure and keep the peace and security Council continuously informed
(AU, 2002).In the field of security to peace and security council, military inventions were
recommended by the organ responsible for military interventions by sub-regional
organisations.ECOWAS response to terrorism in Malawi was hampered by the peace and
security council with the protocol related to establishment. In Mali, the UN attitude to the
idea of ECOWAS.To restore the country's national integrity and constitutional order, the
chief of defence staff and the members of ECOWAS had integrated for a technical
assessment mission with the name MICEMA with international support and planned
deployment of ECOWAS mission in Mali by (UNSC, 2012a).The operational plan of the
mission bilateral partners UN with AU carried technical assessment for fine-tuning, with
UNSC demand for detailed information on ECOWAS military initiative was being informed
of the pledges by ECOWAS by sending 3000 troops by a committee of ECOWAS.The
following was the list of two listed problems created by UNSC
(a)The entire ECOWAS military initiative in Mali was replaced by a continental initiative by
December 2012, additionally, the authorization of ECOWAS was delayed.
(b)UNSC resolution of 2085 was passed, with rapid implementation of logistic support
package funded by statutory contributions from AU budget (AU, 2012).
The extended terror activities to the west and south of the country contributed to the
deterioration of the security situation in Mali. Different ways of terrorism in Africa were
managed by ECOWAS. The enforced decisions of counter-terrorism create a positive impact
in establishing peace and security around the countries by ECOWAS. But in some regions of
the country were not ceased by ECOWAS. The ECOWAS has double its effects to face
challenges by series of terrorism attacks in Mali that include an attack in Radisson blue hotel
and Le campement Kangana resort. Regional, continental, international counter-terrorism
instruments and common operational framework to prevent terrorism in Africa was managed
by the declaration of ECOWAS.some other counter-terrorism mechanism has joined with
ECOWAS to manage terrorism effectively in various parts of the country.ECOWAS Arrest
warrant, ECOWAS black list of terrorists, ECOWAS counter-terrorism training center,
counter-terrorism technical assistance directory was different types of mechanisms were
created by ECOWAS to manage terrorism effectively around south African countries
(ECOWAS, 2013a)The sub-regional counter-terrorism was managed effectively by AU
integrated with ECOWAS. The political declaration and common position against terrorism
were adopted by the ECOWAS counter-terrorism strategy and implementation
plan.ECOWAS was a platform to address counter-terrorism against collective actions by
states of all regions in Africa.

2.10 Challenges faced by Malawi in maintaining peace and security

The demarcation of national boundaries near Lake Malawi between two countries
Malawi and Tanzania was disputed by low intensity. The Malawian government issues
license for oil processing in the northern shoreline of the lake rises dispute between the two
countries by the year 2011. Malawi was considered as one of the poorest countries with less
natural resources and significant income of the country was received through oil revenues by
(IMF, 2016).In order Toate on the development of the country, a different task was assigned
to the Former African head of the state and government. The escalation of the disputes was
the purview of the early warning mechanism by SADC and AU. The important island of
Heligoland was considered as the heart of the territory of Malawi by the anglo-german
agreement in 1890(US, 1964). The former South African president Thabo Mbeki was
supported by the Mozambican president header by the former African heads of state and
government to solve the issue raised due to SADC Tribunal was stated by (SAIIA, 2013).
A dispute that arises between two countries has been considered as protracted one
over the boundary at Lake Malawi (Mayall, 1973).In both south African countries, electoral
cycles vary between and fall as prey to other countries The former president in countries
involved in solving the problem has become a strategic concern to both countries for
motivating as a resolution (Addis, 2015). The tension between the two countries was
escalated by deploying more troops on the lake of Tanzania (Tanzania, 2012). By 2014, re-
election was held with President Joyce Banda’s campaign. The former president again got the
power by prominently the lake issue featured in the election campaign. The former president
gains power against peter Mutharika identified as the brother of his predecessor and earned a
good name from the people of Tanzanians leads to deescalating the lake issue as a source of
tension and personal connections with the people of Tanzanians (Lilongwe, 2015). Mutharika
announced that he was interested in attending a cost-saving measure efforts meeting held
before the inauguration of John Magafulis inauguration. Before an inauguration, the
Mozambican president attended the stark before the year by (Makina, 2015). The border was
raised between the center of the lake was not liked by Tanzania and expressed their
dissatisfaction to Malawi country (Jimu, 2016). The threat of instability was caused by the
organization of African unity integrated with colonial borders remains sacrosanct (Ikome,
2015). Comparing other South African countries Malawi and Tanzania was considered as
least developed countries due to the existence of oil reservoir located beneath the countries
(UN, 2015). The problem with poverty, access to health care, and illiteracy were a few
challenges addressed by the existence of oil reservoirs in these countries. The exports of
tobacco and rice help in the economic development and maintain peace and security in the
country Malawi (Lalbahadur, 2016). The developmental changes in Malawi were overcome
by the prospect of oil reserves (Kachipande, 2016). Until the year 2012, it was noted that
there was no evident indication level between the two countries began mediation
efforts.UNESCO world heritage site recognized that the shoreline of the lake provides houses
for 2 million inhabitants depending on the lake for food (UNESO, 2016).
2.11 Peacekeeping has prompted procurement by military hardware
Malawi Defence Force (MDF) and Malawai Police Service (MPS) was the two institutions
played significant role in maintaining peace and security around malawai.The procurement of
military hardware in Malawi was acquired by request of UN imposing other countries to
contribute troops. Electrical items like generator of different sizes, chairs, beds and
mattresses needed for accommodation fittings,aramaments and vehicles, communication
equipment like computers,television,medical equipment such as drugs and vaccines was
acquired by donars with in common wealth and beyond to Malawai. Without any controversy
the procurement of military hardware was also obtained by them. The country economy was
aimed to support widespread hunger around the countries was not considered as major
priority than controversial selling of presidential jet to buy military hardware for Malawi
operations by (Malawai Today, 2014).By generating other sources MDF was aimed to
maintain peace keeping in Malawai. By exposure, experience and training MDF and police
rely in participation of peace keeping around the countries. Contributing troops for peace
keeping was considered as one of the extremely expensive resource constraint in peace
keeping in developing countries like Malawi.Stratergic airlift was lacking in Malawi to
adequately resupply the troops between Malawai and the mission areas. The consultation
with the police and military help in making peace keeping decisions with an executive
consultation with the inclusion of defence and security committee.

2.12 Methodology

2.12.1 Role of security, threats and the common African policy related to SADC
The main threats of Africa were AU adopted the concept of security, with the declaration of
common African defense and security policy. Based on the following two approaches
concept of security was incorporated
(a)By external aggression, protection of military around the survival of the state based on
state-centric notation.
(b)Based on social and economic imperatives, the concept implements non-military notation
by a new international environment. (AU, 2004). Internal threat and External threat was the
two types of threats that exist in Africa.
The following was the list of internal threats (AU, 2005a)
(a)Grave humanitarian situations
(b) Post-conflict situations unstable
(c)Conflict or tensions caused by intra-state
(d)conflict or tension caused by inter-state
The following was the list of external threats (AU, 2005a)
(a)continental security-based on Africa
(b)The goals of continental security were accessed by individual and collective efforts either
directly or indirectly.
By considering the African country as a whole based on the other regions with the same
token helps to establish driving policy and security architecture for Africa(AU, 2004). The
security principles and values were also affected due to the interdependence of the African
countries. Based on the aggression of other African countries principles and values against
any threat and aggression were established by considering principles and values. The
promotion of mutual trust and confidence was achieved by the objective and goals of the
policies. In the crcrisesn Africa, prevention, management, and resolution of conflict, early
warning arrangement challenges were managed by PSC (Peace and Security Council) in
Africa (AU, 2004). The promotion of peace and security in Africa was assisted based on
military and security requirements. Senior military officers and members of PSC were
included in the group formed by the military staff committee to maintain the peace and
security around the country by splitting them based on the region-wise. By considering the
different regions of South Africa the five regional economic communities (RECs) serve as
building blocks of PSC. Based on the economic conditions of each region, in all countries in
a particular region, five regional economic committees were established. The international
community of Africa and the United Nations integrated to form African Standby Force (ASF)
to face the challenges in emergencies. The stand-by brigade-level force was adopted by the
head of state to accept the final concept of ASF. The civilian police and other capacities
supported ASF in each region of Africa (Cilliers 2008). The following was the list of
functions of ASF based on six different missions and scenarios
(a)Advice was given to the political party in the country by ASF, regarding AU/regional
security assurance
(b)Based on the UN mission, a regional observer was deployed in each region of the
continent
(c)Deployment of the observer in each region was considered mandatory in each region with
assurance to change observer per 30 days rotationally for each region of the country.
(d)Involving low-level spoilers AU, force to establish multidimensional peacekeeping policy.
(e)Preventive deployment mission has to be deployed in each region for regional
peacekeeping
(f)Both continental peace and region peace was included in the development and
implementation of peace and security around the countries
At the continental level, an observer has to be deployed based on maintaining political and
military and should develop AU for full-time to manage the critical scenario regarding peace
and security in each continent with three stand-alone observers has to be added to the team
for emergency replacement. Military, police, and civilians were deployed by ASF with a plan
to maintain continental planning elements and military logistics depot. To solve complex
security problems 240 no individual police officers were deployed as standby roasters.AU
has a team to manage disarmament, reintegration and demobilization, and governance around
the continent in an emergency.
At the regional level, within the region phase stand by brigades has to deploy for each region
in the country. The rapid deployment capability of security features in each region of the
countries was established in all regions to face challenges caused for security in every region.
For every three components in security such as military, police, and civilians, one personnel
with additionally added with one member for each department has to be deployed and trained
to manage the emergency security problem at the regional level and they are responsible for
maintaining security in each region and was always ready to face challenges caused to the
security of the continent. To support the ASF security mission and for specialized roles, a
roster of 290 civilians was considered for each position. A permanent brigade headquarter
with the center of excellence and training facilities has to be established in the countries at the
regional level.
To prevent the destructive effects of violent conflict around the country, based on the threats
and security problems caused in the country CEWS takes the responsibility of timely advice
based on potential conflicts caused to the security problem caused to the country. The key
person in the committee includes PSC, chairperson of the commission, and person to enable
the development of appropriate response strategies to prevent the security threats caused to
the country. The following was listed four strategies that help in the operationalization of
CEWS.
(a)Collection of data by splitting as region-wise and content-wise data has to be collected
(b)Analysis based on strategy
(c)Collaboration and coordination to address the security challenges
(d)Peace Fund
Based on political, economic, social, military, and human indicators data has to be collected
based on the PSC protocol to analyze the development based on region and continent wise of
the country (AU, 2002b). The data from various sources such as think tanks, academia,
media, non-governmental organization, the international and governmental organizations
have to be collected from CEWS.CEWS was considered as an open-source system and all
data was available in the compiled way in CEWS (AU, 2008e).CEWS was prepared based on
the road map for operationalization in order to optimize and systematize existing products
and services. The internal new tracking service was newly introduced. To diminish the
overflow of information and increase the efficiency of CEWS, system upgrading has to carry
out frequently to maintain the resources in CEWS. The upgrading of the helped
maintaintaining the African information sources with different indigenous languages.
Additionally CEWS help in supporting the existing system of the internal country profiles by
the introduction of the sub-national detail level (AU, 2008b). The continuous monitoring of
political, economic, social, military, and humanitarian indicators was considered as the basic
requirement and development of the policy options required for strategic analysis (AU,
2008b). By considering the financial and institutional constraints, based on the inductive
approach the indictor module considered as a core component of CEWS was developed by
AU with flexible and easy-to-monitor indicators. The significance of the structural context
for CEWS allows systematic monitoring of risk indicators addressing the problem related to
PSC based on the analysis and trends of their trends dynamics. Based on the following
situations, attention was focussed on the number of other f cases
(a)In the immediate future to face the security violence caused
(b)Significant threats of violence and loss of life were considered as a considered actor to
considered (AU, 2008b).

The first step in maintaining the peace and security around the countries was maintained by
the PSC that includes the chairperson of the commission. To identify the case-specific
indicator building of information strategic conflict assessment was to be undertaken. The
monitoring of the situation around the country was maintained by the generator of the
indicator serving the information. Based on the analysis of the CMD staff, a threshold
decision was defined by considering the situation and requirement. The final decision was
informed to the team based on the information analysis and information gathering (AU
2008d).
The decision making African Union in crisis time was engaged with the Bureau chairperson
of the commission with members of PSC and other stakeholders to make the appropriate
decisions at right time to solve the challenges raised to affect the peace and security of the
countries(AU 2008b). Information report, flash report, mission report, and situation report
was considered as primary tools used for engagement (AU 2008b).In the development and
implementation of CEWS, integral components of the overall security architecture of the AU
were designed. The activities related to security and peace were considered as objective and
principles of the African Union with PSC protocol help to recognize the harmonization and
coordination of effective partnership between regional mechanism and PSC(AU, 2008b).PSC
activities were necessary to brief with regional mechanism followed around the AU. The
coordination between regional mechanism and AU was used to propose several strategies to
draft the roadmap of operationalization proposed by CEWS. The establishment of secure
website help to exchange the information that was used for convening the periodic meetings,
joint training, and capacity-building activities that help for the strengthening of the personnel
to exchange the programs (AU, 2008b). The intergovernmental actors and the governmental
structure of AU had a collaboration with a wide variety of stakeholders. The efforts towards
maintaining the peace of Africa effectively participated with the international organization,
academic institutions, research center played a significant role in the adequate functioning of
CEWS (AU, 2008b).To support peace missions around the country and operational activities
related to peace and security in Africa, a special fund is known as the peace fund was
established to support the activities using PSP protocol. The contribution from member states
and other sources outside Africa, including civil society, private sector, individuals, and
partners help in the regular budget of the Peace Fund of AU (AU, 2002b). The conflict
between the prevention, management, and resolution was addressed by using the relationship
PSC protocol used to address the relationship between AU and the regional mechanism of the
country. The relation between the commission and regional mechanism and the memorandum
of cooperation help to establish the stable peace and secured environment around African
Country (AU 2002b). The following was the objectives of the Memorandum of
understanding to the realm in maintaining peace, security, and stability around the African
Countries
(a)African peace and security architecture was operated and contributed based on the
effective functioning of the associated organization
(b)To promote peace, security a stable environment in Africa, have an assurance to follow up
the regular exchange of information between activities promoting peace and security with
political parties
(c)The coordination of the activities in maintaining peace and security across the continent
was maintained with the help of promotion of political parties and fostering closer
partnership with political parties.
(d)In all regions ensure to maintain peace, security by developing and implementing the joint
program around the countries.
(e)The objectives and principles of the union were used to contribute the external initiative of
peace and security around the coordination mechanism has to be established within the
countries
(f)A framework was used to establish the objectives of peace and security across the
continent.
The African peace and security architecture was based on a Memorandum of understanding
(AU, 2008e). Border management, resource mobilization, combatting of transnational
organized crime, counter-terrorism, arms control and disarmament, post-conflict based on
reconstruction and development was based parties between CEWS and ASF agreed to operate
in all security areas around the African countries. The exchange of information, enhancing
the cooperation, institutional presence, and field coordination around the activities was
managed by the arrangement of cooperation between AU and parties. The strategic security
goals of PSC was achieved by the listed following ways based on ASF (African Standby
Force)
(a)Monitoring and observation of missions
(b)Peace and support mission was supported by external factors was also considered and
included based on the protocol.
(c)By considering the request of the state to restore peace and security request was
reconsidered with the intervention of the member state in respect of grave circumstances
around the content.
A major conference was conducted employing AU with AST. The activities taken by the
ASF were progressively developing with smaller disadvantages over it. The following was
the list of shortcomings noted by Bachmann based on his analysis (Bachmann 2011).
(a)Lack of mission in maintaining the peace and security across the region separately
(b)The military counterparts play a major significant role in maintaining peace and security
compared with components of ASF.
(c)The proper method of communication and abiding by the rules between the systems was
not assured between the military, civilians, and police.
(d)Compared with the task in hand, the management system and action were taken by
administrative, human resource capacity and maintaining financial state was too low and
exist beyond the requirements.
(e)The proactiveness and innovation help AU member states help to solve the problems
related to African security problems was considered as the biggest challenge in maintaining
the security around the country.
The appropriate response to the challenges was based on the cultural paradigm strategy “we
do it this way because that was the way to do it”. The maximum benefit of the benefactors
was sometimes African people prefer to engage in old games and by default to have a back
seat (Cilliers 2008).
The African progress and development across the country and maintaining peace and security
was hindered due to more external engagement of activities, less commitment towards the
work committed.
In three different phases, the peacekeeping policy of sub-Saharan African participation was
considered. In UN peacekeeping from the year 2008, was maintained by sub-Saharan African
states, national deployments, and military personnel.UN peacekeeping operations were not
followed after the remainder of the Cold War. Many sub-Saharan African states were
preferred to maintain peacekeeping by the current third phase of sub-Saharan African
participation with other countries.

2.13 Problem Statement

The challenges caused by the western paper impacts the survival of African states, the
African solution to the African problem (ASAP) was one of the strategies adopted by African
leaders in handling the issues related to maintaining peace and security around the country.
The African leaders ASAP formation leads to withdrawal of developing countries in their
help and assistance to African countries leads a greater problem in security developmental
aspects of the country. Most of the country in sub-Saharan Africa countries was affected by
the adoption of ASAP in maintaining the peace and security around regions and content
related to Africans but some of the countries like Rwanda, Leone was benefited by this
approach was stated by (Goldman, 2005; William, 2008; Moller, 2009; Beswick, 2010;
Bachmann, 2011; Coleman, 2011; Kasaija, 2013; Nathan, 2013; Abatan and Spies, 2016).

2.14 Research Gap

In UN peace keeping operations Malawai was actively participating in all operations. The
political and donar support help Malawai in contributions of Peace and Security around the
countries. Large scale peace keeping operations was supported by higher income members of
common wealth and other big powers of armies with equipment and financial resources. The
long term concentrated partnership without grouping like higher income members like
common wealth lead to dangerous problem in accompanying peace keeping operations in
developing countries like Malawai. Developing countries like Malawai was able to extend its
peace keeping operations with the help of high income developed countries by providing
success and preservation of UN peace keeping.
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