Quadratic Equation and Expression (Unit - 2)

QUADRATIC EQUATION &
CHAPTER
1 EXPRESSION
Recap of Early Classes

You already have basic idea of solving quadratic equation in the previous class. This is the most important chapter of
algebra and solve many purposes in other streams of mathematics. In this chapter, we will study systematic study of solving
quadratic equation. Graphs of quadratic expression and its analysis plays important role while solving problems. Through the name
of chapter is quadratic equation. We will also study higher degree polynomial equation under Theory of equations.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION & RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS & CO-EFFICIENTS
3.0 NATURE OF ROOTS

3.1 Real and Imaginary Roots
3.2 Rational and Irrational Roots
3.3 Integer Roots
4.0 IDENTITY
5.0 COMMON ROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

5.1 Only one Common Root
5.2 Both Root Common
6.0 QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND IT'S GRAPHS
7.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
8.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
9.0 LOCATION OF ROOTS
10.0 THEORY OF EQUATIONS
11.0 TRANSFORMATION OF THE EQUATION
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
EXERCISE-3
EXERCISE-4(A)
EXERCISE-4(B)
EXERCISE-5
Quadratic Equation & Expression
QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
SL AL
2
The algebraic expression of the form ax + bx + c, a ¹ 0 is called a quadratic expression, because the highest
2
order term in it is of second degree. Quadratic equation means, ax + bx + c = 0. In general whenever one says
2 2
zeroes of the expression ax + bx + c, it implies roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0, unless specified
otherwise.
A quadratic equation has exactly two roots which may be real (equal or unequal) or imaginary.
2.0 SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION & RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS

AND CO-EFFICIENTS
SL AL
2
(a) The general form of quadratic equation is ax + bx + c = 0, a ¹ 0.
The roots can be found in following manner :
2
æ b cö æ b ö c b2
a ç x2 + x + ÷ = 0 Þ ç x + + - =0
è a aø è 2a ÷ø a 4a2
2
æ b ö b2 c - b ± b2 – 4ac
ç x + ÷ = 2
- Þ x=
è 2a ø 4a a 2a
This expression can be directly used to find the two roots of a quadratic equation.
2
(b) The expression b – 4 ac º D is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
2
(c) If a & b are the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 , then :
b c D
(i) a + b = - (ii) ab = (iii) a - b = , a, b Î Real
a a |a|
(d) A quadratic equation whose roots are a & b is ( x – a ) ( x – b ) = 0 i.e.
2 2
x – ( a + b ) x + ab = 0 i.e. x – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.
2
Illustration 1. If a, b are the roots of a quadratic equation x – 3x + 5 = 0, then the equation whose roots are
2 2
(a – 3a + 7) and (b – 3b + 7) is -
2 2
(A) x + 4x + 1 = 0 (B) x – 4x + 4 = 0
2 2
(C) x – 4x – 1 = 0 (D) x + 2x + 3 = 0
2
Solution Since a, b are the roots of equation x – 3x + 5 = 0
2
So a – 3a + 5 = 0
2
JPR\COMP.251\Allen(IIT-JEE Wing)\2020–21\Nurture\Mathematics\UNIT - 2
b – 3b + 5 = 0
2
\ a – 3a = – 5
2
b – 3b = – 5
2 2
Putting in (a – 3a + 7) & (b – 3b + 7) ... (i)
– 5 + 7, – 5 + 7
\ 2 and 2 are the roots.
\ The required equation is
2
x – 4x + 4 = 0 Ans. (B)
1
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2 –2 –2
Illustration 2. If a and b are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, find the value of (aa + b) + (ab + b) .
b c
Solution We know that a + b = - & ab =
a a
1 1
(aa + b)
–2
+ (ab + b)
–2
= (a +
a + b)2 (ab + b)2
a 2b2 + b2 + 2abb + a2 a2 + b2 + 2aba a 2 ( a2 + b2 ) + 2ab(a + b) + 2b2

= =
(a2 ab + bab + baa + b2 )2 (a2 ab + ab( a + b) + b2 )2
2 2 2
(a + b can always be written as (a + b) – 2ab)
a2 éë ( a + b)2 - 2ab ùû + 2ab(a + b) + 2b2
=
(a2 ab + ab(a + b) + b2 )2
é b2 - 2ac ù æ bö
a2 ê 2 ú + 2ab ç - ÷ + 2b
2
ë a û è a ø b2 - 2ac
= 2 =
æ 2c æ bö 2ö
a 2 c2
ç a + ab -
ç a÷ + b ÷
è a è ø ø
Alternatively
Take b = – (a + b) a
–2 –2 1 é 1 1 ù
(aa + b) + (ab + b) = ê + 2ú
a2 ë ( a - a - b ) 2
(b - a - b ) û
é ù
1 é a2 + b2 ù 1 ê b2 - 2ac ú b2 - 2ac
= 2 ê 2 2 ú= 2 ê 2
ú=
a ë ab û a ê a2 . c ú a2c2
ëê a ûú
2
Illustration 3. The solutions of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are the cubes of the solutions of the equation
x2 + mx + n = 0. Prove that p = m3 – 3mn
a
Solution Let x2 + mx + n = 0
b
a3
Now, x2 + px + q = 0
b3
\ (a3+ b3)
=–p
Þ (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = – p
Þ p = m3 – 3mn. Ans.
Illustration 4. The equation x2 + bx + c = 0 has distinct roots. If 2 is subtracted from each root, the results are
reciprocals of the original roots. The value of (b2 + c2 + bc) equals
a
Solution Let x2 + bx + c = 0 /\ b
Þ a2 + ba + c = 0 and b2 + bb + c = 0
1 1
hence a – 2 = and b – 2 =
a b
a2 – 2a – 1 = 0 .... (1)
2
b – 2b – 1 = 0 .... (2)
(1) and (2)
Þ a, b are the roots of x2 – 2x – 1 = 0.
Comparing this with x2 + bx + c = 0, b = – 2 and c = – 1
b2 + c2 + bc = 4 + 1 + 2
Þ b 2 + c 2 + bc = 7 Ans.
2
3.0 NATURE OF ROOTS

SL AL
3.1 Real and Imaginary Roots
2 -b ± D
Consider the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 where a, b , c Î R & a ¹ 0 then x =
2a
(i) D > 0 Û roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(ii) D = 0 Û roots are real & coincident (equal)
(iii) D < 0 Û roots are imaginary..
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other root must be the conjugate
p – i q & vice versa. (p, q Î R & i = -1 ) .
3.2 Rational and Irrational Roots

2
Consider the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c Î Q & a ¹ 0 then ;
(i) If D is a perfect square, then roots are rational.
(ii) If a = p + q is one root in this case, ( where p is rational & q is a surd) then other root will
be p – q.
3.3 Integral Roots

2
Consider the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 where a = 1, b, c Î I & D = perfect square of integer then
roots are integer.
2
Illustration 5. If the coefficient of the quadratic equation are rational & the coefficient of x is 1, then find the
p
equation one of whose roots is tan .
8
p
Solution We know that tan = 2 -1
8
Irrational roots always occur in conjugational pairs.
Hence if one root is (–1 + 2 ), the other root will be (–1 – 2 ). Equation is
(x –(–1+ 2 )) (x–(–1– 2 )) = 0
2
Þ x + 2x –1 = 0
Illustration 6. Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a)(x – 10) + 1 = 0 has
integral roots.
2
Solution Here the equation is x – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. Since integral roots will always be rational it
means D should be a perfect square.
2
From (i) D = a – 20a + 96.
2
Þ D = (a – 10) – 4
2
Þ 4 = (a – 10) – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is possible
2
only when (a –10) = 4 and D = 0.
Þ (a – 10) = ± 2
Þ a = 12, 8 Ans.
3
JEE-Mathematics
x2 - bx k - 1
Illustration 7. If equation = has roots equal in magnitude & opposite in sign, then the value of k
ax - c k +1
is -
a+b a-b a a
(A) (B) (C) + 1 (D) -1
a-b a+b b b
Solution Let the roots are a & -a .
given equation is
2
(x – bx)(k + 1) = (k – 1)(ax – c){Considering, x ¹ c/a & k ¹ –1}
2
Þ x (k + 1) – bx(k + 1) = ax (k – 1) – c(k – 1)
2
Þ x (k + 1) – bx(k + 1) – ax (k – 1) + c(k – 1) = 0
Now sum of roots = 0 (Q a - a = 0)
a-b
\ b(k + 1) + a(k – 1) = 0 Þ k= Ans. (B)
a+b
Illustration 8. If a, b are roots of the equation 2x2 + 6x + b = 0 where b < 0, then find the least integral
æ a 2 b2 ö
value of ç + ÷.
è b aø
-6 b
Solution We have a + b = = – 3 and ab =
2 2
æ a 2 b2 ö a 3 + b3 (a + b)3 - 3ab(a + b)
Now, ç + = =
è b a ø÷ ab ab
æ bö
-27 - 3 ç ÷ (-3)
è 2ø -54 + 9b 54
= = = 9-
b b b
2
æ a 2 b2 ö
Given b < 0, so ç + ÷ will have least integral value 10
è b aø
which is possible when b = – 54. Ans. 10
4.0 IDENTITY
AL
An equation which is true for every value of the variable within the domain is called an identity , for example :
2 2 2
5 (a – 3) =5a – 15, (a + b) = a + b + 2ab for all a, b Î R.
Note – A quadratic equation cannot have three or more roots & if it has , it becomes an identity.
2
If ax + bx + c = 0 is an identity Û a = b = c = 0
2 2 2 2
Illustration 9. If the equation (l – 5l + 6)x + (l – 3l + 2)x + (l – 4) = 0 has more than two roots, then find
the value of l ?
Solution As the equation has more than two roots so it becomes an identity. Hence
2
l – 5l + 6 = 0 Þ l = 2, 3
2
and l – 3l + 2 = 0 Þ l = 1, 2
2
and l – 4 = 0
Þ l = 2, –2
So l=2 Ans. l= 2
4
k +1 k+2
Illustration 10. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are and , then prove that
k k +1
2
æ a ö
çè ÷ = k2 (k + 1)2
a + b + cø
æ k + 1ö æ k + 2ö
Solution ax2 + bx + c º a çè x - ÷ø çè x - ÷
k k + 1ø
Put x = 1 to get
a
a+b+c=
k(k + 1)
2
æ a ö
\ çè ÷ = k2(k + 1)2 Ans.
a + b + cø
Illustration 11. If the polynomial f(x) = x 2 + (p 2 + q)x + q – 9 is negative of the polynomial

g(x) = – x2 – 5px + q – 3 for every x Î R, then
(A) p = 2, q = 6 (B) p = 6, q = 2 (C) p = 3, q = 6 (D) p = 6, q = 3
Solution f(x) = – g(x) " x Î R
x2 + (p2 + q) x + q – 9 = – [– x2 – 5px + q – 3]
Þ (p2 + q – 5p) x + 2q – 12 = 0 " x Î R
Þ (p2 + q – 5p) = 0 and 2q – 12 = 0 Þ q = 6
\ p2 – 5p + 6 = 0
Þ p = 2, 3. Ans. (AC)
BASICS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
1. Find the roots of following equations :

2 2 2
(a) x + 3x + 2 = 0 (b) x – 8x + 16 = 0 (c) x – 2x – 1 = 0
2 2
2. Find the roots of the equation a(x + 1) – (a + 1)x = 0, where a ¹ 0.
6-x x
3. Solve : 2
=2+
x -4 x+2
2
4. If the roots of 4x + 5k = (5k + 1)x differ by unity, then find the values of k.
2
5. If 2 + 3 is a root of the equation x + bx + c = 0, where b, c Î Q, find b, c.
6. Let a, b, g be distinct real numbers such that

2 2
aa + ba + c = (sin q) a + (cos q)a
2 2
ab + bb + c = (sin q) b + (cos q)b

2 2
ag + bg + c = (sin q) g + (cos q)g
a 2 + b2
(where a, b, c, Î R.). Find the maximum value of the expression .
a 2 + 3ab + 5b 2
2
7. If l, m are real and l ¹ m, then show that the roots of (l – m)x – 5(l + m)x – 2(l – m) = 0 are real and
unequal.
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2
8. Consider ƒ (x) = x + bx + c.
(a) Find c if x = 0 is a root of ƒ (x) = 0.
1
(b) Find c if a, are roots of ƒ (x) = 0.
a
(c) Comment on sign of b & c, if a < 0 < b & |b| > |a|, where a, b are roots of ƒ (x) = 0.
9. Let k be a real number such that k ¹ 0. If a and b are non zero complex numbers satisfying a + b = –2k
2 2 2 a+b a+b
and a + b = 4k – 2k, then a quadratic equation having and as its roots is equal to
a b
2 2
(A) 4x – 4kx + k = 0 (B) x – 4kx + 4k = 0
2 2
(C) 4kx – 4x + k = 0 (D) 4kx – 4kx + 1 = 0
5.0 COMMON ROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

AL
5.1 Only one Common Root

2 2
Let a be the common root of ax + bx + c = 0 & a'x + b'x + c' = 0 then
2 2 a2 a 1
a a + b a + c = 0 & a' a + b' a + c' = 0 . By Cramer’s Rule = =
bc ' - b ' c a ' c - ac ' ab ' - a ' b
ca '- c ' a bc ' - b ' c

Therefore, a = =
ab ' - a ' b a ' c - ac '
2
So the condition for a common root is (ca' - c'a) = (ab' - a'b) (bc'- b'c).
5.2 Both Root Common

a b c
If both roots are same then = = .
a' b' c'
2 2
Illustration 12. Find p and q such that px + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x + 10 x +q = 0 have both roots in common.
Solution a1 = p, b1 = 5, c1 = 2
a2 = 3, b2 = 10, c2 = q
We know that :
a1 b1 c1 p 5 2 3
= = Þ = = Þ p= ;q=4
a 2 b2 c 2 3 10 q 2
Illustration 13. The value of c (¹ 1) for which the equation x2 + x + c = 0 and x2 + cx + 1 = 0 have one root
in common is
Solution Let a be their common root.
So, a2 + a + c = 0 ... (1)

and a2 + ca + 1 = 0 ... (2)
Subtracting
———————————
(1 – c) a + (c – 1) = 0 Þ (1 – c) (a – 1) = 0
But c ¹ 1 Þ a = 1
\ Putting a = 1 in equation (1), we get 1 + 1 + c = 0
Hence, c = – 2. Ans.
6
Illustration 14. If the equations x2 + px + q = 0 (p , q Î R) and x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 have two roots common,
then find the value of (p + q).
Solution By observation, x = – 1 is one root of equation x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 3 = 0.
\ x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 Þ (x + 1) (x2 + 2x + 3) = 0
Now, roots of equation x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 are non-real.
So, the equation x2 + px + q = 0 has both roots common with x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
1 p q
Hence, = =
1 2 3
Þ p = 2, q = 3
So, (p + q) = 5. Ans. 5
6.0 QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND IT'S GRAPHS

AL
2
Consider the quadratic expression, y = ax + bx + c , a ¹ 0 & a, b, c Î R then ;
(a) The graph between x, y is always a parabola. If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave upwards
& if a < 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave downwards.
2
(b) The graph of y = ax + bx + c can be divided in 6 broad categories which are as follows :
2
(Let the real roots of quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 be a & b where a < b).
a>0
D>0 a>0 a>0
D=0 D<0
x
a b
a
x
æ - b -Dö
æ - b -Dö æ - b -D ö ,
, , èç 2a 4a ÷ø
èç 2a 4a ÷ø çè ÷
2a 4a ø x
Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate
2 2 2
ax + bx + c > 0 " x Î (–¥, a) È (b, ¥) ax + bx + c > 0 " x Î R – {a} ax + bx + c > 0 " x Î R
2 2
ax + bx + c < 0 " x Î (a, b) ax + bx + c = 0 for x = a = b
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig.3
æ - b -Dö æ - b -Dö
çè 2a , 4a ÷ø çè 2a , 4a ÷ø
x x
æ - b -Dö
,
èç 2a 4a ÷ø
a<0 a<0
D>0 D=0
a<0
D<0
a b
x
Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate
2 2 2
ax + bx + c > 0 " x Î (a, b) ax +bx + c < 0 " x Î R–{a} ax + bx + c < 0 " x Î R
2 2
ax + bx + c < 0 " x Î (–¥, a) È (b, ¥) ax + bx + c = 0 for x = a = b
Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig.6
Important Note –
2
(i) The quadratic expression ax + bx + c > 0 for each x Î R Þ a > 0, D < 0 & vice-versa (Fig. 3)
2
(ii) The quadratic expression ax + bx + c < 0 for each x Î R Þ a < 0, D < 0 & vice-versa (Fig. 6)
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7.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

2
y = ax + bx + c
AL
2
We know that y = ax + bx + c takes following form :
éæ b ö
2
(b2 - 4ac) ù æ - b -D ö
y = a êç x + ÷ - ú , which is a parabola. \ vertex = ç , ÷
êëè 2a ø 4a 2 úû è 2a 4a ø
-b -D
When a > 0, y will take a minimum value at vertex; x = ; y min =
2a 4a
-b -D
When a < 0, y will take a maximum value at vertex; x = ; y max = .
2a 4a
2
If quadratic expression ax +bx +c is a perfect square, then a > 0 and D = 0
Illustration 15. If f(x) is a quadratic expression such that f(x) > 0 " x Î R, and if g(x) = f(x) + f'(x) + f''(x), then
prove that g(x) > 0 " x Î R.
2
Solution Let f(x) = ax + bx + c
2
Given that f(x) > 0 so a > 0, b – 4ac < 0
2 2
Now g(x) = ax + bx + c + 2ax + b + 2a = ax + (b + 2a)x + (b + c + 2a)
For this quadratic expression a > 0 and discriminant
2
D = (b + 2a) – 4a(b + c + 2a)
2 2 2
= b + 4a + 4ab – 4ab – 4ac – 8a
2 2
= b – 4ac – 4a < 0
So g(x) > 0 " x Î R.
Illustration 16. The value of the expression x2 + 2bx + c will be positive for all real x if -
2
(C) c < b
2
(A) b 2 - 4c > 0 (B) b 2 - 4c < 0 (D) b < c
Solution As a > 0, so this expression will be positive if D < 0
2
so 4b – 4c < 0
2
b <c Ans. (D)
2
Illustration 17. The minimum value of the expression 4x + 2x + 1 is :
1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 2 4
Solution Since a = 4 > 0 therefore its minimum value is
4(4)(1) - (2)2 16 - 4 12 3
= = = = Ans. (C)
4(4) 16 16 4
2
Illustration 18. If y = x – 2x – 3, then find the range of y when :
(i) x Î R (ii) x Î [0,3] (iii) x Î [–2,0] y
Solution We know that minimum value of y will occur at
b (-2) D -(4 + 3 ´ 4) O 1
x=- =- = 1 ; ymin= - = = –4 x
2a 2´1 4a 4
(i) x Î R; y Î [–4,¥) Ans.
(ii) x Î [0, 3] (1, –4)
f(0) = –3, f(1) = –4
f(3) = 0
Q f(3) > f(0)
\ y will take all the values from minimum to f(3).
y Î [–4, 0] Ans.
8
(iii) x Î [–2, 0] y
This interval does not contain the minimum 5
value of y for x Î R.
O 1
y will take values from f(0) to f(–2) x
–2
f(0) =–3
f(–2) = 5 (0, –3)
y Î [–3, 5] Ans.
Illustration 19. Let x1 and x2 be the real roots of the equation x2 – kx + (k2 + 7k + 15) = 0.
What is the maximum value of (x12 + x22)
Solution For real roots, D ³ 0
Þ k2 – 4(k2 + 7k + 15) ³ 0
Þ 3k2 + 28k + 60 £ 0
Þ (3k + 10) (k + 6) £ 0
-10
Þ -6 £ k £
3
\ x12 + x22 = (x1 + x2)2 – 2x1x2
= k2 – 2(k2 + 7k + 15)
= – k2 – 14k – 30 = 19 – (k + 7)2
Clearly, maximum value of x12 + x22 is obtained at k = – 6.
\ (x12 + x12)max = 19 – (– 6 + 7)2 = 18 Ans.18
Illustration 20. If (a – 1)x2 – (a + 1)x + (a + 1) > 0 " x Î R, then range of a is

Solution (a – 1)x2 – (a + 1)x + (a + 1) > 0 " x Î R
Þ a–1>0 ÇD<0
Þ a > 1 Ç (a + 1)2 – 4 (a + 1) (a – 1) < 0 + +
Þ a > 1 Ç (a + 1) (– 3a + 5) < 0
Þ a > 1 Ç (a + 1) (3a – 5) > 0 –1 – 5
3
æ5 ö
Þ a > 1 Ç a Î (– ¥, – 1) È çè , ¥÷ø
3
æ5 ö
Þ a Î çè , ¥÷ø . Ans.
3
8.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC

EXPRESSIONS
AL
a1x2 + b1x + c1 1 a1 x + b1 a1x 2 + b1x + c1

y= , , , :
a2x2 + b2x + c2 ax 2 + bx + c a 2 x 2 + b2 x + c 2 a2 x + b2
a1 x2 + b1x + c1
Sometime we have to find range of expression of form . The following procedure is used :
a2 x2 + b2 x + c2
a1 x2 + b1 x + c1
Step 1 – Equate the given expression to y i.e. y =
a2 x2 + b2 x + c2
Step 2 – By cross multiplying and simplifying, obtain a quadratic equation in x.
2
(a1 – a2y)x + (b1 – b2y)x + (c1 – c2y) = 0
Step 3 – Put Discriminant ³ 0 and solve the inequality for possible set of values of y.
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JEE-Mathematics
x2 - 3x + 4
Illustration 21. For x Î R, find the set of values attainable by .
x2 + 3x + 4
x2 - 3x + 4
Solution Let y =
x2 + 3x + 4
2
x (y – 1) + 3x(y + 1) + 4(y – 1) = 0
Case- I : y ¹ 1
For y ¹ 1 above equation is a quadratic equation.
So for x Î R, D ³ 0
2 2
Þ 9(y + 1) – 16(y – 1) ³ 0
2
Þ 7y – 50y + 7 £ 0
Þ (7y – 1)(y – 7) £ 0
é1 ù
Þ y Î ê ,7ú - {1}
ë7 û
Case II : when y = 1
x 2 - 3x + 4
Þ 1=
x 2 + 3x + 4
2 2
Þ x + 3x + 4 = x – 3x+ 4
Þ x=0
Hence y = 1 for real value of x.
é1 ù
so range of y is ê ,7 ú
ë7 û
Illustration 22. If sum of maximum and minimum value of y = log2 (x4 + x2 + 1) – log2 (x4 + x3 + 2x2 + x + 1)
can be expressed in form ((log2m) – n), where m and 2 are coprime then compute (m + n).
æ (x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 - x + 1) ö æ x 2 - x + 1ö
Solution We have y = log2 ç 4 ÷ = log 2 ç ÷
è x + x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 1 ø è x2 + 1 ø
x2 - x + 1
Assume z =
x2 + 1
(z – 1)x2 + x + (z – 1) = 0. As x Î R, so
D ³ 0 Þ 1 – 4 (z – 1)2 ³ 0
1
Þ (z – 1)2 £
4
1 3
Þ £z£
2 2
æ 1ö æ 3ö
So, ymin = log2 çè ÷ø = –1 and ymax = log2 çè ÷ø = (log23 – 1)
2 2
Hence ymin. + ymax. = log2 3 – 2 º ((log2m) – n)
\ m = 3, n = 2
Hence (m + n) = 3 + 2 = 5 Ans. 5
10
x 2 + 14x + 9
Illustration 23. Let y = , x Î R.Find the sum of greatest and least value of y..
x 2 + 2x + 3
x 2 + 14x + 9
Solution y=
x 2 + 2x + 3
Þ x2y + 2xy + 3y = x2 + 14x + 9
Þ (y – 1)x2 + 2(y – 7)x + 3(y – 3) = 0
\ x Î R, D ³ 0
4(y – 7)2 – 12(y – 3)(y – 1) ³ 0
(y2 + 49 – 14y) – 3(y2 – 4y + 3) ³ 0
– 2y2 – 2y + 40 ³ 0
y2 + y – 20 ³ 0
(y + 5)(y – 4) £ 0
–5£y£4 Ans. –1
COMMON ROOTS, QUADRATIC AND RATIONAL EXPRESSION
2 2
1. If x + bx + c = 0 & 2x + 9x + 10 = 0 have both roots common then find b & c.
2 2
2. If x – 7x + 10 = 0 & x – 5x + c = 0 have a common root, find c.
2 2 2 2
3. Show that x + (a – 2)x – 2a = 0 and x – 3x + 2 = 0 have exactly one common root for all a Î R.
4. Find the minimum value of :

2 2
(a) y = x + 2x + 2 (b) y = 4x – 16x + 15
2
5. For following graphs of y = ax + bx + c with a,b,c Î R, comment on the sign of :
(i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) D (v) a + b (vi) ab
y y
a=b=0
y
x
(1) (2) a b x (3)

a b x
2 +
6. Given the roots of equation ax + bx + c = 0 are real & distinct, where a,b,c Î R , then the vertex of
the graph will lie in which quadrant.
7. Find the range of 'a' for which :

2 2
(a) ax + 3x + 4 > 0 " x Î R (b) ax + 4x – 2 < 0 " x Î R
8x - 4
8. Prove that the expression cannot have values between 2 and 4, in its domain.
2
x + 2x - 1
x2 + 2x + 1
9. Find the range of , where x is real
x2 + 2x + 7
11
JEE-Mathematics
9.0 LOCATION OF ROOTS

AL
This article deals with an elegant approach of solving problems on quadratic equations when the roots are
located / specified on the number line with variety of constraints :
2 2
Consider the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 with a > 0 and let f(x) = ax + bx + c
Type-1 – Both roots of the quadratic equation are greater than a specific number (say d).
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are :
b
(i) D ³ 0 ; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) – >d x x
2a d d
Note – When both roots of the quadratic equation are less than a specific number d than the necessary and
sufficient condition will be :
b
(i) D ³ 0 ; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) – <d
2a
Type-2 –
Both roots lie on either side of a fixed number say (d). Alternatively one root is greater than 'd' and other root less
than 'd' or 'd' lies between the roots of the given equation.
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are : f(d) < 0
a d b
Note – Consideration of discriminant is not needed.
Type-3 –
Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e).
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are : e e
d d
ƒ (d) . ƒ (e) < 0
Note – The extremes of the intervals found by given
conditions give 'd' or 'e' as the root of the equation.
d e d e
Hence in this case also check for end points.
f(d) = 0 f(e) = 0
Type-4 –
When both roots are confined between the number d and e (d < e).
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are :
(i) D ³ 0; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) ƒ (e) > 0
d e
b
(iv) d < - <e
2a
Type-5 –
One root is greater than e and the other roots is less than d (d < e). d e
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are : f(d) < 0 and f(e) < 0
2
Note – If a < 0 in the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 then we divide the whole equation by 'a'. Now
b c
2
assume x + x + as f(x). This makes the coefficient of x2 positive and hence above cases are applicable.
a a
Illustration 24. Find the values of the parameter 'a' for which the roots of the quadratic equation
2
x + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0 are
(i) real and distinct (ii) equal
(iii) opposite in sign (iv) equal in magnitude but opposite in sign
(v) positive (vi) negative
(vii) greater than 3 (viii) smaller than 3
(ix) such that both the roots lie in the interval (1, 3)
12
2 2
Solution Let f(x) = x + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = Ax + Bx + C (say)
Þ A = 1, B = 2(a – 1), C = a + 5.
2 2
Also D = B – 4AC = 4(a – 1) – 4(a + 5) = 4(a + 1)(a – 4)
(i) D>0
Þ (a + 1)(a – 4) > 0 Þ a Î (–¥ , –1)È(4, ¥).
(ii) D=0
Þ (a + 1)(a – 4) = 0 Þ a = –1, 4.
(iii) This means that 0 lies between the roots of the given equation.
Þ f(0) < 0 and D > 0 i.e. a Î (–¥, –1) È (4, ¥)
Þ a + 5 < 0 Þ a < – 5 Þ a Î (–¥ , –5).
(iv) This means that the sum of the roots is zero

Þ –2(a – 1) = 0 and D > 0 i.e. a Î (–¥, –1) È (4, ¥) Þ a=1
which does not belong to (–¥, –1)È(4, ¥)
Þ a Î f.
(v) This implies that both the roots are greater than zero
B C
Þ - > 0, > 0, D ³ 0.
A A
Þ – (a – 1) > 0, a + 5 > 0, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Þ a < 1, –5 < a, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥) Þ a Î (–5, –1].
(vi) This implies that both the roots are less than zero
B C
Þ - < 0, > 0, D ³ 0.
A A
Þ – (a – 1) < 0, a + 5 > 0, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Þ a > 1, a > –5, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Þ a Î[4, ¥).
(vii) In this case

B
– > 3 , A.f(3) > 0 and D ³ 0.
2A
Þ –(a – 1) > 3, 7a + 8 > 0 and a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Þ a < –2, a > –8/7 and a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Since no value of 'a' can satisfy these conditions simultaneously, there can be no value of a for
which both the roots will be greater than 3.
B
(viii) In this case – < 3 , A.f(3) > 0 and D ³ 0.
2A
Þ a > –2, a > –8/7 and a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Þ a Î (–8/7, –1]È[4, ¥)
(ix) In this case

B
1< - < 3, A.f(1) > 0, A.f(3) > 0, D ³ 0.
2A
Þ 1 < – 1(a –1) < 3, 3a + 4 > 0, 7a + 8 > 0, a Î (–¥, –1] È [4, ¥)
4 8
Þ –2 < a < 0, a > - , a > - , a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
3 7
æ 8 ù
Þ a Î ç - , - 1ú
è 7 û
13
JEE-Mathematics
2 2
Illustration 25. Find value of k for which one root of equation x – (k+1)x + k + k – 8 = 0 exceeds 2 & other is
less than 2.
2
Solution 4–2 (k+1) + k + k–8 < 0
2
Þ k –k–6<0
(k–3) (k+2) < 0
Þ –2 < k < 3
Taking intersection, k Î (–2, 3).
2
Illustration 26. Find all possible values of a for which exactly one root of x –(a+1)x + 2a = 0 lies in interval
(0,3).
Solution f(0) . f(3) < 0
Þ 2a (9– 3(a + 1)+2a) < 0
Þ 2a (–a + 6) < 0
Þ a(a – 6) > 0
Þ a< 0 or a > 6
Checking the extremes.
2
If a = 0, x –x=0
x = 0, 1
1 Î (0, 3)
2
If a = 6, x – 7x + 12 = 0
x = 3, 4 But 4 Ï (0, 3)
Hence solution set is
a Î (–¥,0] È (6,¥)
LOCATION OF ROOTS AND GENERAL EXPRESSION OF IInd DEGREE
2
1. If a, b are roots of 7x + 9x – 2 = 0, find their position with respect to following (a < b) :
(a) –3 (b) 0 (c) 1
2
2. If a > 1, roots of the equation (1 – a)x + 3ax – 1 = 0 are -
(A) one positive one negative (B) both negative (C) both positive (D) both non-real
2
3. If a, b are the roots of x – 3x + a = 0, a Î R and a < 1 < b, then find the values of a.
2
4. If a, b are roots of 4x – 16x + l = 0, l Î R such that 1 < a < 2 and 2 < b < 3, then find the range of l.
2
5. If roots of the quadratic equation bx – 2ax + a = 0 are real and distinct, where a, b Î R and b ¹ 0, then
(A) atleast one root lies in the interval (0, 1).
(B) no root lies in the interval (0, 1).
(C) atleast one root lies in the interval ( – 1, 0)

(D) none of the above.
11
If exactly one root of the quadratic equation x – æç k + ö÷ x – (k + k + 1) = 0 lies in (0, 3) then which one
2 2
6.
è 3ø
of the following relation is correct?
(A) – 8 < k < – 4 (B) – 3 < k < – 1 (C) 1 < k < 4 (D) 6 < k < 10
14
10.0 THEORY OF EQUATIONS

AL
n n–1 n–2
Let a1, a2, a3, ...... an are roots of the equation, ƒ (x) = a0x + a1x + a2x + .... an – 1 x + an = 0,
where a0, a1, ......... an are constants and a0 ¹ 0.
ƒ (x) = a0(x – a1)(x – a2)(x – a3) ......... (x – an)
n n–1
\ a0x + a1x + ......... an – 1x + an = a0(x – a1)(x – a2) ..... (x – an)
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get
a
å a i = - a1 = S1 (say)
0
coefficient of x n -1
or S1 = -
coefficient of x n
a
S2 = å ai a j = (-1)2 a2
i¹ j 0
a
S3 = å ai a j ak = (-1)3 a3
i ¹ j¹ k 0
n an n constant term
Sn = a1a 2 ...... a n = (-1) = (–1)
a0 coefficient of x n
where Sk denotes the sum of the product of root taken k at a time.
2
Quadratic equation – If a, b are the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0, then
b c
a+b = - and ab =
a a
3 2
Cubic equation – If a, b, g are roots of a cubic equation ax + bx + cx + d = 0, then
b c d
a + b + g = - , ab + bg + ga = and abg = -
a a a
NOTE
(i) If a is a root of the equation f (x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x – a) or (x – a)
is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
(ii) If the coefficients of the equation f (x) = 0 are all real and a + ib is its root, then a - ib is also a root.
i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs, where a, b are real numbers.
(iii) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & a + b is one of its roots, then a - b is also a root
where a, b Î Q & b is not a perfect square.
(iv) If there be any two real numbers ‘a’ & ‘b’ such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then f(x)=0 must
have atleast one real root between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(v) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its last term.
3 2
llustration 27. If two roots are equal, find the roots of 4x + 20x – 23x + 6 = 0.
Solution Let roots be a, a and b
20
\ a+a+b=–
4
Þ 2a + b = – 5 .... (i)
23
\ a . a + ab + ab = –
4
15
JEE-Mathematics
2 23 2 6
Þ a + 2ab = – & a b=–
4 4
from equation (i)
2 23
a + 2a (– 5 –2a) = –
4
2 2 23
Þ a –10a – 4a = -
4
2
Þ 12a +40a –23=0
1 23
\ a= ,-
2 6
1
when a =
2
2 1 3
a b= ( – 5 – 1) = –
4 2
23
when a = –
6
2 23 ´ 23 æ æ 23 ö ö 3
Þ a b= çè -5 - 2x çè - ÷ø ÷ø ¹ -
36 6 2
1
Þ a= b= –6
2
1 1
Hence roots of equation = , , -6 Ans.
2 2
3 2
Illustration 28. If a, b, g are the roots of x – px + qx – r = 0, find :
(i) å a3 (ii) a2 (b + g ) + b2 ( g + a ) + g 2 (a + b)
Solution We know that a + b + g = p
ab + bg + ga = q
abg = r
(i) a3 + b3 + g 3 = 3abg + (a + b + g ){(a + b + g )2 - 3(ab + bg + ga )}
2 3
= 3r + p{p – 3q} = 3r + p – 3pq
(ii) a2 (b + g ) + b2 (a + g ) + g 2 (a + b) = a2 (p - a ) + b2 (p - b) + g 2 (p - g )
2 3
= p( a2 + b2 + g 2 ) - 3r - p3 + 3pq = p(p – 2q) – 3r – p + 3pq = pq – 3r
11.0 TRANSFORMATION OF THE EQUATION

AL
2
Let ax + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation with two roots a and b. If we have to find an equation whose
roots are f(a) and f(b), i.e. some expression in a & b, then this equation can be found by finding a in terms of
y. Now as a satisfies given equation, put this a in terms of y directly in the equation.
y = f (a)
By transformation, a = g(y)
2
a(g(y)) + b(g(y)) + c = 0
This is the required equation in y.
16
2
Illustration 29. If the roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are a and b, then find the equation whose roots are :
-2 -2 a b 2 2
(a) , (b) , (c) a , b
a b a +1 b +1
-2 -2
Solution. (a) ,
a b
-2 -2
put, y = Þa=
a y
2
æ 2ö æ -2 ö
aç - ÷ + bç ÷+c =0
è y ø è y ø
2
Þ cy – 2by + 4a = 0
2
Required equation is cx – 2bx + 4a = 0
a b
(b) ,
a +1 b +1
a y
put, y= Þ a=
a +1 1- y
2
æ y ö æ y ö
Þ aç ÷ + bç ÷+c= 0
è1 – y ø è1 - y ø
2
Þ (a + c –b)y + (–2c + b)y +c = 0
2
Required equation is (a + c – b) x + (b – 2c) x + c = 0
2 2
(c) a ,b
2
put y=a Þ a= y
ay + b y + c = 0
2 2 2 2
b y = a y + c + 2acy
2 2 2 2
Þ a y + (2ac – b ) y + c = 0
2 2 2 2
Required equation is a x + (2ac – b ) x + c = 0
3 2
Illustration 30. If the roots of ax + bx + cx + d = 0 are a, b, g then find equation whose roots are
1 1 1
, , .
ab bg ga
1 g ag d
Solution Put y = = =– (Q abg =– )
ab abg d a
dy
Put x = –
a
3 2
æ dy ö æ dy ö æ dy ö
Þ aç- ÷ + bç- ÷ + c ç- a ÷ + d = 0
è a ø è a ø è ø
2 3 2 2
Required equation is d x – bdx + acx – a = 0
17
JEE-Mathematics
3 2 –2 –2 –2
Illustration 31. If a, b, g are the roots of the cubic 2010 x + 4 x + 1 = 0, then the value of (a +b +g )
is equal to
-4 -1
Solution Given a+b+g=
2010
, å ab = 0 and abg =
2010
a 2b 2 + b 2 g 2 + g 2 a 2
Now a–2 + b–2 + g–2 =
a 2b 2 g 2
(ab + bg + ga)2 - 2abg (a + b + g )

=
a 2b 2 g 2
æ -1 ö æ -4 ö
(0)2 - 2 ç
è 2010 ÷ø çè 2010 ÷ø
= 2 = – 8 Ans.
æ -1 ö
çè ÷
2010 ø
Alternatively-1:
2010x3 + 4x2 = – 1
On dividing by x2, we get
-1
2010x + 4 = ... (1)
x2
Put x = a, b, g and adding in equation (1), we get
æ 1 ö
2010 å a + 12 = - çè å 2 ÷ø
a
æ -4 ö æ 1 ö
Þ 2010 ç + 12 = - ç å 2 ÷
è 2010 ÷ø è a ø
1
Hence å a2 = –8 Ans.
Alternatively-2 :
a
We have 2010 x3 + 4 x2 + 1 = 0 b ... (1)
1 2010 4
Put x = in equation (1), we get + 2 + 1= 0
t t3 t
1
a
1
\ t3 + 4 t + 2010 = 0
b
1
g
1 1 1 1 1 1
So, + + = 0 and + + =4
a b g ab bg ga
18
2
æ 1 1 1ö
Now, we know that ç + + ÷
èa b gø
æ 1 1 1ö æ 1 1 1ö
= ç 2 + 2 + 2 ÷ + 2ç + +
èa b g ø è ab bg ga ø÷
Þ 0 = (a–2 + b–2 + g –2) + 2(4)
Hence (a–2 + b–2 + g –2) = – 8. Ans.
3 2
Illustration 32. Let a, b and c be three distinct real roots of the cubic x + 2x – 4x – 4 = 0. If the equation
3 2 1 1 1
x + qx + rx + s = 0 has roots , and , then the value of (q + r + s) is equal to
a b c
Solution We have
x3 + 2x2 – 4x – 4 = 0 has roots, a, b and c. ... (1)
1
On replacing x by in equation (1), we get
x
4x3 + 4x2 – 2x –1 = 0
1 1
Þ x3 + x2 - x- = 0,
2 4
1 1 1
which has roots , and . ... (2)
a b c
\ On comparing equation (2) with x3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0, we get
-1 -1
q = 1, r = ,s=
2 4
1
Hence (q + r + s) = Ans.
4
THEORY OF EQUATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF ROOTS

3 2
1. Let a, b be two of the roots of the equation x – px + qx – r = 0. If a + b = 0, then show that pq = r
3 2
2. If two roots of x + 3x – 9x + c = 0 are equal, then find the value of c.
3 2
3. If a, b, g be the roots of ax + bx + cx + d = 0, then find the value of
1
(a) å a2 (b) åa (c) å a2 (b + g )
2
4. If a, b are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2
, 2 (b) , (c) a+ , b+
a b aa + b ab + b b a
2
5. If a, b are roots of x – px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation whose root are (a2 - b2 )(a3 - b3 )
and a2b3 + a3b2 .
19
JEE-Mathematics
3 2
6. Let a and b be two distinct roots of the equation x + 3x – 1 = 0. The equation which has (ab) as its root
is equal to
3 3 2
(A) x – 3x – 1 = 0 (B) x – 3x + 1 = 0
3 2 3 2
(C) x + x – 3x + 1 = 0 (D) x + x + 3x – 1 = 0
2
7. If two roots of the equation (x – 1) (2x – 3x + 4) = 0 coincide with roots of the equation
3 2
x + (a + 1) x + (a + b) x + b = 0 where a, b Î R then 2(a + b) equals
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
2
8. If a and b are the roots of equation x – a(x + 1) – b = 0 where a, b Î R–{0} and a + b ¹ 0
1 1 2
then the value of + - is equal to
a 2 - aa b2 - ab a + b
4 2 1
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D)
a+b a+b a+b
l If sum of coefficient of given polynomial equation is 0 then one root of the equation is unity.
l Every equation of nth degree ( n ³ 1) has exactly n root & if the equation has more than n roots, it is an identity..
20
SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration 1. A polynomial in x of degree greater than three, leaves remainders 2, 1 and –1 when divided,
respectively, by (x – 1), (x + 2) and (x + 1). What will be the remainder when it is divided by
(x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1).
Solution Let required polynomial be
2
f(x) = p(x) (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) + a0x + a1x + a2
By remainder theorem,
f(1) = 2,
f(–2) = 1,
f(–1) = –1.
Þ a0 + a1 + a2 = 2
4a0 – 2a1 + a2 = 1
a0 – a1 + a2 = –1
Solving we get,
7 3 2
a0 = , a1 = , a2 =
6 2 3
Remainder when f(x) is divided by (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)
7 2 3 2
will be x + x + .
6 2 3
2 2
Illustration 2. If a, b are the roots of x + px + q = 0, and g, d are the roots of x + rx + s = 0, evaluate
(a – g) (a – d) (b – g) (b – d) in terms of p, q, r and s. Deduce the condition that the equations
have a common root.
2
Solution a, b are the roots of x + px + q = 0
\ a + b = –p, ab = q .....(1)
2
and g, d are the roots of x + rx + s = 0
\ g +d = –r, gd = s .....(2)
Now, (a – g) (a – d) (b – g) (b – d)
2 2
= [a – a(g + d) + gd] [b – b(g + d) + gd]
2 2
= (a + ra + s) (b + rb + s)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= a b +rab(a + b) + r ab + s(a + b ) +sr(a + b) + s
2 2 2 2 2
= a b +rab(a + b) + r ab + s((a + b) – 2ab)) + sr(a + b) + s
2 2 2 2
= q – pqr + r q + s(p – 2q) + sr (–p) + s
2 2 2
= (q – s) – rpq + r q + sp – prs
2
= (q – s) – rq (p – r) + sp (p – r)
2
= (q – s) + (p – r) (sp – rq)
For a common root (Let a = g or b = d) ..... (3)
then (a – g) (a – d) (b – g) (b – d) = 0 ...... (4)
from (3) and (4), we get
2
(q – s) + (p – r) (sp – rq) = 0
2
Þ (q – s) = (p – r) (rq – sp), which is the required condition.
2 2
Illustration 3. If (y – 5y + 3) (x + x + 1) < 2x for all x Î R, then find the interval in which y lies.
2 2
Solution (y – 5y + 3) (x + x + 1) < 2x, " x Î R
2 2x
Þ y – 5y + 3 <
x2 + x + 1
2x
Let 2 = P
x + x +1
2
Þ px + (p – 2) x + p = 0
2 2
(1) Since x is real, (p – 2) – 4p ³ 0
2
Þ –2 £ p £
3
21
JEE-Mathematics
2x
(2) The minimum value of is –2. So,,
2
(x 2
)
+ x +1
y – 5y + 3 < –2
2
Þ y – 5y + 5 < 0
æ5- 5 5+ 5ö
Þ y Î çç , ÷
è 2 2 ÷ø
2
Illustration 4. If roots of the equation (a – b)x + (c – a)x + (b – c) = 0 are equal, then a, b, c are in
(A) A.P. (B) H.P. (C) G.P. (D) none of these
2
Solution (a – b)x + (c – a)x + (b – c) = 0
As roots are equal so
2
B – 4AC = 0
2
Þ (c – a) – 4(a – b)(b – c) = 0
2 2
Þ (c – a) – 4ab + 4b + 4ac – 4bc = 0
2 2
Þ (c – a) + 4ac – 4b(c + a) + 4b = 0
2 2
Þ (c + a) – 2 . (2b)(c + a) + (2b) = 0
2
Þ [c + a – 2b] = 0
Þ c + a – 2b = 0
Þ c + a = 2b
Hence a, b, c are in A. P.
Alternative method :
Q Sum of the coefficients = 0
b-c
Hence one root is 1 and other root is .
a-b
Given that both roots are equal, so
b-c
1=
a-b
Þ a–b=b–c
Þ 2b = a + c Hence a, b, c are in A.P. Ans. (A)
2 2
Illustration 5. The equations 5x + 12x + 13 = 0 and ax + bx + c = 0 (a,b,c Î R) have a common root,
where a, b, c are the sides of the D ABC. Then find ÐC .
(A) 45° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 30°
2
Solution As we can see discriminant of the equation 5x + 12x + 13 = 0 is negative so roots of the
equation are imaginary. We know that imaginary roots always occurs in pair. So this equation can
not have single common roots with any other equation having real coefficients. So both roots are
common of the given equations.
a b c
Hence = = = l(let)
5 12 13
then a = 5l, b = 12l , c = 13l
a 2 + b2 - c 2 25l 2 + 144 l 2 - 169l 2

Now cosC = = =0
2ab 2(5l)(12l)
\ ÐC = 90° Ans. (C)
2
Illustration 6. If ax + bx + 10 = 0 does not have real & distinct roots, find the minimum value of 5a–b.
Solution Either f(x) ³ 0 " x Î R
or f(x) £ 0 " x Î R
Q f(0) = 10 > 0
Þ f(x) ³ 0 " x Î R
Þ f(–5) = 25a – 5b + 10 ³ 0
Þ 5a – b ³ –2 Ans.
22
ax2 + 3x - 4
Illustration 7. Find the values of a for which the expression assumes all real values for real values
3x - 4x2 + a
of x.
ax2 + 3x - 4
Solution Let y =
3x - 4x2 + a
2
x (a + 4y) + 3(1 – y)x – (4 + ay) = 0
If x Î R, D ³ 0
2
Þ 9(1 – y) + 4(a + 4y)(4 + ay) ³ 0
2 2
Þ (9 + 16a)y + (4a + 46)y + (9 + 16a) ³ 0
for all y Î R, (9 + 16a) > 0 & D £ 0
2 2
Þ (4a + 46) – 4(9 + 16a)(9 + 16a) £ 0
2 2
Þ 4(a – 8a + 7)(a + 8a + 16) £ 0
2
Þ a – 8a + 7 £ 0
Þ 1£ a £ 7
9 + 16a > 0 & 1 £ a £ 7
Taking intersection, a Î [1, 7]
Now, checking the boundary values of a
For a=1
x 2 + 3x - 4 (x - 1)(x + 4)
y= =-
3x - 4x 2 + 1 (x - 1)(4x + 1)
Q x ¹ 1 Þ y ¹ –1
Þ a = 1 is not possible.
if a=7
7x 2 + 3x - 4 = (7x - 4)(x + 1)
y= Q x ¹ –1 Þ y ¹ –1
3x - 4x 2 + 7 (7 - 4x)(x + 1)
So y will assume all real values for some real values of x.
So a Î (1, 7)
2 2
Illustration 8. If a is a root of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 and b is a root of the equation –ax +bx+c=0,
a 2
then prove that there will be a root of the equation x + bx + c = 0 lying between a and b.
2
a 2
Solution Let f(x) = x + bx + c
2
a 2
f(a) = a + ba + c
2
2 a 2
= aa + ba + c – a
2
a 2 2
=– a (As a is a root of ax + bx + c = 0)
2
a 2 2 3a 2
And f(b) = b + bb + c = –ab + bb + c + b
2 2
3a 2 2
= b (As b is a root of –ax + bx + c = 0)
2
-3 2 2 2
Now f(a) . f(b) = a a b <0
4
Þ f(x) = 0 has one real root between a and b.
23
JEE-Mathematics
2
Illustration 9. Let a, b, c be real. If ax + bx + c = 0 has two real roots a and b where a < –1 and b > 1, then
c b
show that 1 + + <0.
a a
b
2 c
Solution Let f(x) = x + x+ y
a a
from graph f(–1) < 0 and f(1) < 0
a b
c b c b –1 1 x
Þ 1 + - < 0 and 1+ + < 0
a a a a
2
æ cö b2
Multiplying these two, we get ç 1 + - >0
è a ÷ø a2
c b c c b
Þ 1+ > {ab < –1 Þ < -1 } Þ 1 + + <0
a a a a a
2 3 2
Illustration 10. If b < 2ac and a, b, c, d Î R, then prove that ax + bx + cx + d = 0 has exactly one real root.
3 2
Solution Let a, b, g be the roots of ax + bx + cx + d = 0
b c
Then a + b + g = – ; ab + bg + ga =
a a
-d
abg =
a
2 2 2 2
a + b + g = (a + b + g) –2(ab + bg + ga)
b2 2c b2 - 2ac
= - =
a2 a a2
2 2 2
Þ a + b + g < 0, which is not possible if all a, b, g are real. So atleast one root is non-real, but
complex roots occurs in pair. Hence given cubic equation has two non-real and one real roots.
Illustration 11. If the range of values of a for which the roots of the equation x2 – 2x – a2 + 1 = 0
lie between the roots of the equation x2 – 2(a + 1) x + a (a – 1) = 0 is (p, q), find the value of
æ 1ö
çè q + 2 ÷ø .
p
2
Solution We have x – 2x – (a2– 1) = 0
f(x)
a b a b
x-axis
2 ± 4 + 4(a 2 - 1)
\ a, b = =1±a
2
Let f(x) = x2 – 2(a + 1) x + a (a – 1)
Now, f(a) < 0 and f(b) < 0 must hold simultaneously.
-1
So, f(a) < 0 Þ a > ... (1)
3
-1
and f(b) < 0 Þ <a<1 ... (2)
4
\ From (1) and (2), we get

æ -1 ö
a Î çè , 1÷ø
4
-1
Þ p= and q = 1
4
æ 1ö
Þ çè q + 2 ÷ø = 1 + 16 = 17 Ans. 17
p
24
Illustration 12. If all the solutions of the inequality x2 – 6ax + 5a2 £ 0 are also the solutions of inequality
x2 – 14x + 40 £ 0 then find the number of possible integral values of a.
Solution Let f (x) = x2 – 6ax + 5a2 = (x – a)(x – 5a)
and g (x) = x2 – 14x + 40 = (x – 4) (x – 10)
Clearly, g (a) £ 0
f(x) g(x)
and g (5a) £ 0 must satisfy simultaneously.
Now, g (a) £ 0 x=4 a 5a x = 10
x
Þ a2 – 14a + 40 £ 0
Þ 4 £ a £ 10 ... (1)
Also, g (5a) £ 0 Þ 25a2 – 70a + 40 £ 0
4
Þ (5a – 4)(a – 2) £ 0 Þ £a£2 .... (2)
5
\ (1) Ç (2) gives a Î f.
Hence no integral value of a can satisfy it. Ans. 0
Illustration 13. Find the number of integral values of a so that the inequation x2–2(a + 1)x+3(a – 3) (a + 1)< 0
is satisfied by atleast one x Î R+.
Solution Let f(x) = x2 – 2 (a + 1) x + 3 (a – 3) (a + 1).
f (x)
O
Case-I: x
(i)
f(0) < 0 Þ (a – 3) (a + 1) < 0 Þ – 1 < a < 3
f (x)
Case-II: x
O
(i) f (0) ³ 0 Þ (a – 3) (a + 1) ³ 0 Þ a Î (– ¥, –1] È [3, ¥)

(ii) D>0
4[(a + 1)2 – 3(a – 3)(a + 1)] > 0
a2 + 2a + 1 – 3(a2 – 2a – 3) > 0
– 2a2 + 8a + 10 > 0
a2 – 4a – 5 < 0
(a – 5)(a + 1) < 0
\ a Î (– 1, 5)
-B
(iii) >0
2A
(a + 1) > 0
\ a>–1
\ from (i) Ç (ii) Ç (iii) we get a Î [3, 5)
Case-I È Case-II
Þ a Î (–1, 3) È [3, 5)
So, there are 5 possible integral values of a i.e., a = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Ans. 5
25
JEE-Mathematics
ANSWERS
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1 7 1
1. (a) –1, –2; (b) 4; (c) 1 ± 2 2. a, 3. 4. 3, –
a 3 5
5. b = –4, c = 1 6. 2
8. (a) c = 0; (b) c = 1; (c) b ® negative, c ® negative 9. (B)
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
9
1. b = ,c=5 2. c = 0, 6 4. (a) 1, x = –1; (b) –1, x = 2
2
5. (1) (i) a < 0 (ii) b < 0 (iii) c < 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) a + b < 0 (vi) ab > 0
(2) (i) a < 0 (ii) b > 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) a + b > 0 (vi) ab = 0
(3) (i) a < 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D = 0 (v) a + b = 0 (vi) ab = 0
9
6. Third quadrant 7. (a) a > (b) a < –2 9. [0, 1)
16
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. –3 < a < 0 < b < 1 2. C 3. a < 2 4. 12 < l < 16
5. (A) 6. (B)
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1 c 1
2. –27, 5 3. (a) (b2 - 2ac) , (b) - , (c) (3ad - bc)
a 2 d a2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4. (a) c y + y(2ac – b ) + a = 0; (b) acx – bx + 1 = 0; (c) acx + (a + c)bx + (a + c) = 0
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
5. x – p(p – 5p q + 5q )x + p q (p – 4q)(p – q) = 0
6. (A) 7. (C) 8. (C)
26
SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS

2
1. The roots of the quadratic equation (a + b – 2c) x – (2a – b – c) x + (a – 2b + c) = 0 are -
1
(A) a + b + c & a – b + c (B) & a – 2b + c
2
1
(C) a – 2b + c & (D) none of these
(a + b - 2c)
8 8
2. If the A.M. of the roots of a quadratic equation is and A.M. of their reciprocals is , then the quadratic
5 7
equation is -
2 2 2 2
(A) 5x – 8x + 7 = 0 (B) 5x – 16x + 7 = 0 (C) 7x – 16x + 5 = 0 (D) 7x + 16x + 5 = 0
2
3. If sin a & cos a are the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 then :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) a – b + 2ac = 0 (B) a + b + 2ac = 0 (C) a – b – 2ac = 0 (D) a + b – 2ac = 0
2 a
4. If one root of the quadratic equation px + qx + r = 0 (p ¹ 0) is a surd , where p, q, r; a,
a + a-b
b are all rationals then the other root is -
b a(a - b) a + a (a - b) a - a-b
(A) (B) a + (C) (D)
a - a-b b b b
p
5. A quadratic equation with rational coefficients one of whose roots is tan æç ö÷ is -
è 12 ø
2 2 2 2
(A) x – 2x + 1 = 0 (B) x – 2x + 4 = 0 (C) x – 4x + 1 = 0 (D) x – 4x – 1 = 0
2
6. ax + bx + c = 0 has real and distinct roots a and b(b > a). Further a > 0, b < 0 and c < 0, then-
b
(A) 0 < b < |a| (B) 0 < |a| < b (C) a + b < 0 (D) |a|+|b|=
a
2 2 2 2 2
7. If the roots of (a + b ) x – 2b (a + c) x + (b + c ) = 0 are equal then a, b, c are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none of these
2
8. If a (b – c) x + b (c – a) x + c (a – b) = 0 has equal root, then a, b, c are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none of these
2
9. Let p, q Î {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then number of equation of the form px + qx + 1 = 0, having real roots, is
(A) 15 (B) 9 (C) 7 (D) 8
2
10. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are imaginary then for all values of a, b, c and
2 2
x Î R, the expression a x + abx + ac is -
(A) positive (B) non-negative
(C) negative (D) may be positive, zero or negative
27
JEE-Mathematics
11. If x, y are rational number such that x + y + ( x - 2y ) 2 = 2x - y + ( x - y - 1) 6 , then

(A) x and y connot be determined (B) x = 2, y = 1
(C) x = 5, y = 1 (D) none of these
2
12. Graph of the function f(x) = Ax – BX + C, where
A = (secq – cosq) (cosecq – sinq)(tanq + cotq),
2 2 2 2
B = (sinq + cosecq) + (cosq + secq) – (tan q + cot q) &
C = 12, is represented by
y y y y
(A) x (B) x (C) x (D) x
13. The equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is -
(A) a2 x2 + b2 x + c2 = 0 (
(B) a2 x2 - b2 - 4ac x + c2 = 0 )
( )
(C) a2 x2 - b2 - 2ac x + c2 = 0 (D) a2 x2 + (b 2
)
- ac x + c2 = 0
2 2
14. If a ¹ b, a = 5a - 3, b = 5b - 3, then the equation whose roots are a/b & b/a, is
2 2 2
(A) x + 5x – 3 = 0 (B) 3x + 12x + 3 = 0 (C) 3x – 19x + 3 = 0 (D) none of these
2 1 1
15. If a, b are the roots of the equation x – 3x + 1 = 0, then the equation with roots , will be
a -2 b -2
2 2 2
(A) x – x – 1 = 0 (B) x + x – 1 = 0 (C) x + x + 2 = 0 (D) None of these
2
16. If x2 - 11x + a and x - 14x + 2a have a common factor then 'a' is equal to
(A) 24 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 12
2
17. The value of ‘a’ for which the sum of the squares of the roots of 2x – 2 (a – 2) x – a – 1 = 0 is least is -
(A) 1 (B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) – 1
2
18. If the roots of the quadratic equation x + 6x + b = 0 are real and distinct and they differ by atmost 4 then the
least value of b is -
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
x 2 + 2x + 1
19. The expression lies in the interval ; (x Î R) -
x 2 + 2x + 7
(A) [0, –1] (B) (-¥ , 0] È [1 , ¥) (C) [0, 1) (D) none of these
2 2
20. If the roots of the equation x – 2ax + a + a – 3 = 0 are real & less than 3 then -
(A) a < 2 (B) 2 £ a £ 3 (C) 3 < a £ 4 (D) a > 4
2 2
21. The number of integral values of m, for which the roots of x – 2mx + m – 1 = 0 will lie between – 2 and 4 is -
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) 1
28
2 2 2
22. If a, b are the roots of the quadratic equation (p + p + 1) x + (p – 1) x + p = 0 such that unity lies between
the roots then the set of values of p is -
(A) f (B) p Î (– ¥, – 1) È (0, ¥) (C) p Î (– 1, 0) (D) (– 1, 1)
4 3 2 1 1 1 1
23. If a, b, g, d are roots of x – 100x + 2x + 4x + 10 = 0, then + + + is equal to -
a b g d
2 1 2
(A) (B) (C) 4 (D) -
5 10 5
4 2 2
24. Number of real solutions of the equation x + 8x + 16 = 4x – 12x + 9 is equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
3 2
25. Let p(x) be the cubic polynomial 7x – 4x + K. Suppose the three zeroes of p(x) form an arithmetic progression.
Then the value of K, is -
4 16 16 128
(A) (B) (C) (D)
21 147 441 1323
2
26. If the quadratic equation ax + bx + 6 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots, then the least value of
2a + b is -
(A) 2 (B) – 3 (C) – 6 (D) 1
29
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 1 : MULTIPLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS

2 2
1. The equation whose roots are sec a & cosec a can be -
2 2 2 2
(A) 2x – x – 1 = 0 (B) x – 3x + 3 = 0 (C) x – 9x + 9 = 0 (D) x + 3x + 3 = 0
2
2. If cos a is a root of the equation 25x + 5x – 12 = 0, – 1 < x < 0, then the value of sin 2a is -
12 12 24 24
(A) (B) - (C) - (D)
25 25 25 25
1 1 1
3. If the roots of the equation + = are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, then -
x+p x+q r
(A) p + q = r (B) p + q = 2r
1 2 2
(C) product of roots = - (p + q ) (D) sum of roots = 1
2
2 y
4. Graph of y = ax + bx + c = 0 is given adjacently.
What conclusions can be drawn from this graph -
(A) a > 0
(B) b < 0 O x
(C) c < 0 Vertex
2
(D) b – 4ac > 0
5. If a, b, c are real distinct numbers satisfying the condition a + b + c = 0 then the roots of the quadratic
2
equation 3ax + 5bx + 7c = 0 are -
(A) positive (B) negative (C) real and distinct (D) imaginary
2
6. The adjoining figure shows the graph of y = ax + bx + c. Then - y
(A) a > 0 Vertex
(B) b > 0
(C) c > 0
2 x1 x2 x
(D) b < 4ac
2 3
7. If x + Px + 1 is a factor of the expression ax + bx + c then -
2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) a + c = – ab (B) a – c = – ab (C) a – c = ab (D) None of these
8. The set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality (x – 3a) (x – a – 3) < 0 is satisfied for all x in the interval 1 £ x £ 3
æ1 ö æ 1ö
(A) çè , 3÷ø (B) ç 0, ÷ (C) (–2, 0) (D) (–2, 3)
3 è 3ø
9. The correct statement is / are -

x1 x2
2
(A) If x1 & x2 are roots of the equation 2x – 6x – b = 0 (b > 0), then + < -2
x2 x1
2
(B) Equation ax + bx + c = 0 has real roots if a < 0, c > 0 and b Î R
2 2
(C) If P(x) = ax + bx + c and Q(x) = –ax + bx + c, where ac ¹ 0 and a, b, c Î R, then P(x).Q(x) has at least
two real roots.
(D) None of these
2
10. Equation 2x – 2(2a + 1)x + a(a + 1) = 0 has one root less than 'a' and other root greater than 'a', if
(A) 0 < a < 1 (B) –1 < a < 0 (C) a > 0 (D) a < –1
30
SECTION - 2 : COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

(SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTION)
Comprehension – 1
3 2
If a, b, g be the roots of the equation ax + bx + cx+ d = 0. To obtain the equation whose roots are
f(a), f(b), f(g), where f is a function, we put y = f(a) and simplify it to obtain a = g(y) (some function of y).
3 2
Now, a is a root of the equation ax + bx + cx + d = 0, then we obtain the desired equation which is
3 2 3 2
a{g(y)} + b{g(y)} + c{g(y)} + d = 0. For example, if a, b, g are the roots of ax + bx + cx + d = 0.
1 1 1 1
To find equation whose roots are , , we put y =
a b g a
1
Þ a=
y
3 2
As a is a root of ax + bx + cx + d = 0
a b c
we get 3
+ 2 + +d = 0
y y y
3 2
Þ dy + cy + by + a = 0
This is desired equation.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions
2
11. If a, b are the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0, then the roots of the equation
2 2
a(2x + 1) + b(2x + 1) (x – 1) + c(x – 1) = 0 are-
2a + 1 2b + 1 2a - 1 2b - 1 a +1 b +1 2a + 3 2b + 3
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
a -1 b -1 a +1 b +1 a-2 b-2 a -1 b -1
2 r r
12. If a, b are the roots of the equation px – qx + r = 0, then the equation whose roots are a 2 + and b2 +
p p
is-
3 2 2 2
(A) p x + pq x + r = 0 (B) px – qx + r = 0
3 2 2 2 2
(C) p x – pq x + q r = 0 (D) px + qx – r = 0
3 æ 1+ a ö
13. If a, b, g are the roots of the equation x – x – 1 = 0, then the value of P ç ÷ is equal to -
è 1- a ø
(A) –7 (B) –5 (C) –3 (D) –1
Comprehension – 2
x 2 - 3x - 4
Consider a rational function f(x) = and a quadratic function
x 2 - 3x + 4
g(x) = x2 – (b + 1)x + b – 1, where b is a parameter.
14. The sum of integers in the range of f(x) , is

(A) – 5 (B) – 6 (C) – 9 (D) – 10
15. If both roots of the equation g(x) = 0 are greater than – 1, then b lies in the interval
æ -1 ö æ -1 ö
(A) (– ¥, – 2) (B) ç -¥, ÷ (C) (– 2, ¥) (D) ç , ¥ ÷
è 4 ø è 2 ø
16. The largest natural number b satisfying g(x) > – 2 " x Î R, is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
31
JEE-Mathematics
Comprehension – 3
Consider two quadratic trinomials f(x) = x2 – 2ax + a2 – 1 and g(x) = (4b – b2 – 5) x2 – (2b – 1) x + 3b,
where a, b Î R.
17. The values of a for which both roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are greater than – 2 but less than 4, lie in the
interval
(A) – ¥ < a < – 3 (B) – 2 < a < 0 (C) – 1 < a < 3 (D) 5 < a < ¥
18. If roots of the quadratic equation g(x) = 0 lie on either side of unity, then number of integral values of b is equal
to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
19. If f (x) < 0 " x Î [0, 1], then a lie in the interval
(A) – 1 < a < 1 (B) 0 < a < 2 (C) 0 < a < 1 (D) a > 3
32
SECTION - 1 : NUMERICAL ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS
3 2
1. If the roots of the equation, x + Px + Qx – 19 = 0 are each one more than the roots of the equation,
3 2
x – Ax + Bx – C = 0, where A, B, C, P & Q are constants then the value of A + B + C is equal to :
2
2. The number of value(s) of 'b' for which the equation, 2log1/25 (bx + 28) = – log5 (12 – 4x – x ) has coincident
roots, is :
2
3. For x Î [1, 5], y = x – 5x + 3 has the greatest equal to
4. If n + 20 and n – 21 are both perfect square of natural numbers, where n is a natural numbers, Find n.
5. The number of integers 'n' such that the equation nx2 + (n + 1)x + (n + 2) = 0 has rational roots only, is
6. Find the value of the biquadratic expression, x4 - 8 x3 + 18 x2 - 8 x + 2 when x = 2 + 3.
2
7. Let a, b, c, d be distinct real numbers and a and b are the roots of quadratic equation x – 2cx – 5d = 0. If c
2
and d are the roots of the quadratic equation x – 2ax – 5b = 0 then find the numerical values of
a + b + c + d.
2
8. Find the product of the real roots of the equation, x + 18x + 30 = 2 x 2 + 18x + 45 .
4 3 2
9. Two roots of a biquadratic x – 18x + kx + 200x – 1984 = 0 have their product equal to (–32). Find the value
of k.
SECTION - 2 : MATRIX - MATCH QUESTIONS
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.
2
10. Consider the equation x + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0, where ‘a’ is a parameter. Match of the real values
of ‘a’ so that the given equation has
Column-I Column-II
æ 8ö
(A) imaginary roots (p) ç -¥, - ÷
è 7ø
(B) one root smaller than 3 and other root greater than 3 (q) (–1, 4)
(C) exactly one root in the interval (1, 3) & 1 and 3 are (r) æ 4 8ö
ç - ,- ÷
è 3 7ø
not the root of the equation
(D) one root smaller than 1 and other root greater than 3 (s) æ 4ö
ç -¥, - ÷
è 3ø
33
JEE-Mathematics
2
11. Consider the quadratic trinomial f (x) = 2x – 10px + 7p – 1, where p is a parameter. Find the range of p in
the following conditions given in column-I.
Column-I Column-II
2
(A) If both roots of f (x) = 0 are confined in (– 1, 1) then (p) æç , ¥ö÷
è5 ø
(B) Exactly one root of f (x) = 0 lies in (–1, 1) (q) f
(C) Both roots of f (x) = 0 are greater than 1 (r) æ - 1 , 1 ö

çè ÷
17 3 ø
(D) One root of f (x) = 0 is greater than 1 and other root of (s) æç -¥, - 1 ù È é 1 , ¥ö÷
è 17 úû êë 3 ø
f (x) = 0 is less than – 1
(t) æç -¥, - 1 ö÷ È æç 1 , ¥ö÷

è 17 ø è3 ø
34
SECTION - 1 : SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS

2 2
1. The quadratic equations x – 6x + a = 0 and x – cx + 6 = 0 have one root in common. The other roots of the
first and second equations are integers in the ratio 4 : 3. Then the common root is [AIEEE-2008]
(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2
2. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a quadratic equation. Sachin made a mistake in writing down the constant
term and ended up in roots (4, 3). Rahul made a mistake in writing down coefficient of x to get roots (3, 2).
The correct roots of equation are: [AIEEE-2011]
(1) –4, –3 (2) 6, 1 (3) 4, 3 (4) –6, –1
sinx –sinx
3. The equation e –e – 4 = 0 has : [AIEEE-2012]
(1) exactly four real roots. (2) infinite number of real roots.
(3) no real roots. (4) exactly one real root.
2
4. The value of k for which the equation (k – 2) x + 8x + k + 4 = 0 has both roots real, distinct and negative
is : [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 6 (4) 1
2 2
5. The values of 'a' for which one root of the equation x – (a + 1) x + a + a – 8 = 0 exceeds 2 and the
other is lesser then 2, are given by : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
(1) –2 < a < 3 (2) 3 < a < 10 (3) a >10 (4) a < – 2
2 3p
6. If a and b are roots of the equation x + px + = 0, such that |a – b| = 10 , then p belongs to the
4
set : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
(1) {2, –5} (2) {–3, 2} (3) {3, –5} (4) {–2, 5}
x-5
7. The least integral value a of x such that > 0 , satisfies : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
x 2 + 5x - 14
2 2 2 2
(1) a – 7a + 6 = 0 (2) a + 3a – 4 = 0 (3) a + 5a – 6 = 0 (4) a – 5a + 4 = 0
2 2
8. If equations ax + bx + c = 0, (a, b, c Î R, a ¹ 0) and 2x + 3x + 4 = 0 have a common root, then
a : b : c equals : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
(1) 2 : 3 : 4 (2) 3 : 2 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 : 3 (4) 4 : 3 : 2
9. The equation 3x 2 + x + 5 = x – 3, where x is real, has : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]

(1) no solution (2) exactly two solutions
(3) exactly one solution (4) exactly four solutions
2
+ 4x - 60
10. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation (x 2 - 5x + 5)x = 1 is : [JEE 2016 Mains]
(1) 3 (2) –4 (3) 6 (4) 5
2 2
11. If the equations x + bx – 1 = 0 and x +x + b = 0 have a common root different from –1, then |b| is equal to:
[JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2016]
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 3 (4) 2
35
JEE-Mathematics
12. Let p(x) be a quadratic polynomial such that p(0) = 1. If p(x) leaves remainder 4 when divided by x – 1 and
it leaves remainder 6 when divided by x + 1; then : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2017]
(1) p(2) = 19 (2) p(–2) = 19 (3) p(–2) = 11 (4) p(2) = 11
2
13. The sum of all the real values of x satisfying the equation 2( x - 1)(x + 5x - 50)
= 1 is :
(1) 16 (2) –5 (3) –4 (4) 14
14. The values of l such that sum of the squares of the roots of the quadratic equation,
2
x + (3 – l) x + 2 = l has the least value is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
4 15
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4) 1
9 8
2 2
15. If l be the ratio of the roots of the quadratic equation in x, 3m x +m(m–4)x+2 = 0, then the least value
1
of m for which l + = 1 , is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
l
(1) 2 - 3 (2) 4 - 3 2 (3) -2 + 2 (4) 4 - 2 3
2
16. The number of integral values of m for which the quadratic expression. (1+2m)x – 2(1+ 3m)x + 4(1 + m),
x Î R, is always positive, is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) 8 (2) 7 (3) 6 (4) 3
17. The number of integral values of m for which the equation (1 + m2)x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 has
no real root is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) infinitely many (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 1
18. Let p, q Î R. If 2 - 3 is a root of the quadratic equation, x2 + px + q = 0, then :
(1) q2 + 4p + 14 = 0 (2) p2 – 4q – 12 = 0 (3) q2 – 4p – 16 = 0 (4) p2 – 4q + 12 = 0
19. If a,b and g are three consecutive terms of a non-constant G.P. such that the equations ax2 + 2bx + g = 0
and x2 + x – 1 = 0 have a common root, then a(b + g) is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) bg (2) 0 (3) ag (4) ab
20. Let a, b Î R, a ¹ 0 be such that the equation, ax2 – 2bx + 5 = 0 has a repeated root a, which is also a
root of the equation, x2 – 2bx – 10 = 0. If b is the other root of this equation, then a2 + b2 is equal to :
(1) 26 (2) 25 (3) 28 (4) 24
21. The sum of the solutions of the equation x -2 + x ( )

x - 4 + 2 = 0, (x > 0) is equal to :
(1) 4 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 12
36
y +1 a b
Let a and b be the roots of the equation x + x + 1 = 0. Then for y ¹ 0 in R, a y+b 1 is equal
2
22.
b 1 y+a
to [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
3 3 2 2
(1) y (2) y – 1 (3) y(y – 1) (4) y(y – 3)

33
1. The least positive value of 'a' for which the equation 2x2 + (a – 10)x + = 2a has real roots is
2
37
JEE-Mathematics
2
1. If the roots of the equation bx + cx + a = 0 be imaginary, then for all real values of x, the expression
2 2 2
3b x + 6bcx + 2c is :- [AIEEE-2009]
(1) Greater than –4ab (2) Less than –4ab (3) Greater than 4ab (4) Less than 4ab
2 2
2. Let for a ¹ a1 ¹ 0, f(x) = ax + bx + c, g(x) = a1x + b1x + c1 and p(x)=f(x) – g(x). If p(x) = 0 only for
x = –1 and p(–2) = 2, then the value of p(2) is : [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 18 (2) 3 (3) 9 (4) 6
2 2
3. If a, b, c, d Î R and 1 is a root of the equation ax + bx + c = 0, then the curve y = 4ax + 3bx + 2c,
a ¹ 0 intersects x-axis at [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
(1) no point
(2) exactly two distinct point
(3) exactly one point
(4) two distinct points whose coordinates are always rational numbers
3 3
4. If p and q are non-zero real numbers and a + b = –p, ab = q, then a quadratic equation whose roots
a 2 b2
are , is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
b a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(1) qx + px + q = 0 (2) px + qx + p = 0 (3) qx – px + q = 0 (4) px – qx + p = 0
2 1 1
5. Let a and b be the roots of equation px + qx + r = 0, p ¹ 0. If p, q, r are in A.P. and + = 4 , then the
a b
value of | a - b | is [JEE 2014 Mains]
34 2 13 61 2 17
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 9 9 9
1 1 2
6. If and are the roots of the equation, ax + bx + 1 = 0 (a ¹ 0, a, b Î R), then the equation,
a b
3 3
x(x + b ) + (a – 3abx) = 0 has roots : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
3 3 3 1 1
- - 3
(1) a 2 and b 2 (2) a 2 and b 2
(3) a b 2
and a 2b
(4) a b and a b
2 2
7. If a and b are roots of the equation x 2 - 4 2kx + 2e 4 ln k - 1 = 0 for some k, and a + b = 66, then
3 3
a + b is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
(1) 248 2 (2) 280 2 (3) -32 2 (4) -280 2
2
8. The sum of the roots of the equation, x + | 2x – 3| – 4 = 0, is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
(1) – 2 (2) 2 (3) – 2 (4) 2
38
2 2
9. If non-zero real numbers b and c are such that min f(x) > max g(x), where f(x) = x + 2bx + 2c and
2 2 c
g(x) = – x – 2cx + b (x Î R); then lies in the interval : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
b
é 1 ù é1 1 ö æ 1ö
(1) ê
ë 2
, 2ú
û
(2) ( 2, ¥ ) (3) ê 2 ,
ë
÷
2ø
(4) çè 0, ÷ø
2
3 2
10. If 2 + 3i is one of the roots of the equation 2x – 9x + kx – 13 = 0, k Î R, then the real root of this equation:
1 1
(1) exists and is equal to – (2) exists and is equal to
2 2
(3) exists and is equal to 1 (4) does not exist
4 2 2 2
11. If the two roots of the equation, (a – 1) (x + x + 1) + (a + 1) (x + x + 1) = 0 are real and distinct,
then the set of all values of 'a' is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2015]
æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1ö æ 1 ö
(1) çè 0, ÷ø (2) çè - ,0÷ø È çè 0, ÷ø (3) çè - ,0÷ø (4) (– ¥, –2) È (2, ¥)
2 2 2 2
æ 1ö
12. If x is a solution of the equation, 2x + 1 – 2x –1 = 1 , çè x ³ ÷ø , then 4x 2 –1 is equal to :
2
1 3
(1) 2 2 (2) (3) 2 (4)
2 4
13. If, for a positive interger n, the quadractic equation, x (x+1) + (x + 1) (x + 2) +.....+ (x + n - 1) (x + n)=10n
has two consecutive integral solutions, then n is equal to : [JEE 2017 Mains]
(1) 10 (2) 11 (3) 12 (4) 9
14. Let S = {x Î R : x ³ 0 and 2| x - 3| + x ( x - 6 ) + 6 = 0} . Then S : [JEE-MAIN-2018]

(1) is an empty set (2) Contains exactly one element
(3) contains exactly two elements (4) contains exactly four elements
2 15 15
15. Let a and b be two roots of the equation x + 2x + 2 = 0, then a + b is equal to :
(1) 512 (2) –512 (3) –256 (4) 256
2
16. If both the roots of the quadratic equation x – mx + 4 = 0 are real and distinct and they lie in the interval
[1, 5], then m lies in the interval : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) (4, 5) (2) (3, 4) (3) (5, 6) (4) (–5, –4)
17. The number of all possible positive integral values of a for which the roots of the quadratic equation,
2
6x – 11x + a = 0 are rational numbers is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) 2 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 4
2
18. Consider the quadratic equation (c–5)x – 2cx + (c – 4) = 0, c ¹ 5. Let S be the set of all integral values
of c for which one root of the equation lies in the interval (0,2) and its other root lies in the interval (2,3).
Then the number of elements in S is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) 11 (2) 18 (3) 10 (4) 12
39
JEE-Mathematics
2
19. If one real root of the quadratic equation 81x + kx + 256 = 0 is cube of the other root, then a value of
k is [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) –81 (2) 100 (3) –300 (4) 144
2
20. Let a and b be the roots of the quadratic equation x sin q – x (sin q cos q + 1) + cos q = 0
¥ æ n (-1)n ö
(0 < q < 45º), and a < b. Then å ç a + bn ø÷ is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
n= 0 è
1 1 1 1
(1) + (2) +
1 - cos q 1 + sin q 1 + cos q 1 - sin q
1 1 1 1
(3) - (4) -
1 - cos q 1 + sin q 1 + cos q 1 - sin q
n
æaö
21. If a and b be the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 2 = 0, then the least value of n for which ç ÷ = 1 is:
èbø
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5
22. If three distinct numbers a,b,c are in G.P. and the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx2 +2ex + ƒ=0
have a common root, then which one of the following statements is correct? [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
d e ƒ
(1) d,e,ƒ are in A.P. (2) , , are in G.P.
a b c
d e ƒ
(3) , , are in A.P. (4) d,e,ƒ are in G.P.
a b c
23. If m is chosen in the quadratic equation (m2 + 1) x2 – 3x + (m2 + 1)2 = 0 such that the sum of its roots
is greatest, then the absolute difference of the cubes of its roots is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) 8 3 (2) 4 3 (3) 10 5 (4) 8 5
24. If a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation, x 2 + xsin q –2sin q = 0, q Î æç 0, p ö÷ , then
è 2ø
a12 + b12
(a -12
)
+ b -12 ( a - b )
24 is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
26 212 212 212

(1) (2) (3) (4)
( sin q + 8 )12 ( sin q - 8 )6 ( sin q - 4 )12 ( sin q + 8 )12
25. The number of real roots of the equation 5 + |2x – 1| = 2x (2x – 2) is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
n n
26. If a and b are the roots of the equation 375x2 – 25x – 2 = 0, then lim å a r + lim å b r is equal to :
n ®¥ n ®¥
r=1 r=1
21 29 1 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
346 358 12 116
40
27. Let a and b be two real roots of the equation (k + 1) tan2x – 2 . l tanx = (1 – k), where k(¹ –1) and
l are real numbers. If tan2 (a + b) = 50, then a value of l is ; [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2020]
(1) 5 (2) 10 (3) 5 2 (4) 10 2
28. Let a and b be the roots of the equation x2 – x – 1 = 0. If pk = (a)k + (b)k, k ³ 1, then which one
of the following statements is not true ? [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2020]
(1) (p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5) = 26 (2) p5 = 11
(3) p3 = p5 – p4 (4) p5 = p2 · p3
29. Let S be the set of all real roots of the equation, 3x(3x – 1) + 2 = |3x – 1| + |3x – 2|. Then S :
(1) is an empty set. (2) contains at least four elements.
(3) contains exactly two elements. (4) is a singleton.
30. The number of real roots of the equation, e4x + e3x – 4e2x + ex + 1 = 0 is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2020]
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 1
41
JEE-Mathematics
2
1. Let a, b, c, p, q be real numbers. Suppose a, b are the roots of the equation x + 2px + q = 0 and
1 2 2
a, are the roots of the equation ax + 2bx + c = 0, where b Ï {–1, 0, 1}
b
2 2
STATEMENT-1– (p – q)(b – ac) ³ 0
and
STATEMENT-2– b ¹ pa or c ¹ qa
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008, 3 (–1)]
2 2
2. The smallest value of k, for which both the roots of the equation, x – 8kx + 16(k – k + 1) = 0 are real, distinct
and have values at least 4, is [JEE 2009, 4 (–1)]
3 3
3. Let p and q be real numbers such that p ¹ 0, p ¹ q and p ¹ –q. If a and b are nonzero complex numbers
3 3 a b
satisfying a + b = – p and a + b = q, then a quadratic equation having and as its roots is
b a
3 2 3 3
(A) (p + q)x – (p + 2q)x + (p + q) = 0 [JEE 2010, 3]
3 2 3 3
(B) (p + q)x – (p – 2q)x + (p + q) = 0
3 2 3 3
(C) (p – q)x – (5p – 2q)x + (p – q) = 0
3 2 3 3
(D) (p – q)x – (5p + 2q)x + (p – q) = 0
2 n n
4. Let a and b be the roots of x – 6x – 2 = 0, with a > b. If an = a – b for n ³ 1, then the value of
a10 - 2a 8
is [JEE 2011]
2a 9
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2 2
5. A value of b for which the equations : x + bx – 1 = 0 , x + x + b = 0,
have one root in common is - [JEE 2011]
(A) - 2 (B) -i 3 (C) i 5 (D) 2
2 2
6. If the equations x + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax + bx + c = 0, a, b, c Î R, have a common root, then a : b : c is:
[JEE 2013 Mains, 4]
(A) 3 : 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 3 : 2
7. A pack contains n cards numbered from 1 to n. Two consecutive numbered cards are removed from the pack
and the sum of the numbers on the remaining cards is 1224. If the smaller of the numbers on the removed cards
is k, then k – 20 = [JEE 2013 Adv, P-1, 4]
2
8. Let S be the set of all non-zero real numbers a such that the quadratic equation ax –x + a = 0 has two
distinct real roots x1 and x2 satisfying the inequality |x1 – x2| < 1. Which of the followign intervals is(are) a
subset(s) of S? [JEE Adv. 2015]
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 1ö
(A) ç - , - ÷ (B) ç - , 0÷ (C) ç 0, ÷ (D) ç , ÷
è 2 5ø è 5 ø è 5ø è 5 2ø
42
p p
9. Let - < q < - . Suppose a1 and b1 are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x sec q +1 = 0 and a2 and b2 are
6 12
2
the roots of the equation x + 2x tan q – 1 = 0. If a1 > b1 and b2 > a2, then a1 + b2 equals [JEE Adv. 2016]
(A) 2 tanq (B) 2 secq (C) –2 tanq (D) –2secq
Paragraph (Q. 10 to Q.11)
Let p, q be integers and let a, b be the roots of the equation, x2 – x – 1 = 0, where a ¹ b. For n = 0, 1, 2, ...,
let an = pan + qbn.
FACT : If a and b are rational numbers and a + b 5 = 0 , then a = 0 = b. [JEE Adv. 2017]
10. If a4 = 28, then p + 2q =

(A) 14 (B) 7 (C) 12 (D) 21
11. a12 =
(A) 2a11 + a10 (B) a11 – a10 (C) a11 + a10 (D) a11 + 2a10
2
12. Let a and b be the roots of x – x – 1 = 0, with a > b. For all positive integers n, define
a n - bn
an = , n³1
a -b
b1 = 1 and bn = an–1 + an+1, n > 2.
Then which of the following options is/are correct ? [JEE Adv. 2019]
¥
a 10
(A) a1 + a2 + a3 + ..... + an = an+2 – 1 for all n > 1 (B) å 10nn =
89
n =1
¥
b 8
(C) å 10nn =
89
n n
(D) bn = a + b for all n > 1
n =1
43
JEE-Mathematics
ANSWERS
EXERCISE-1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B A C C B B C C A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B B C C A A B A C A
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26
Ans. C C D A D B
EXERCISE-2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C CD BC ABCD C BC C B ABC ACD
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. C C D B D B C B C
EXERCISE-3
l Numerical 1. 18 2. 1 3. 3 4. 421
5. 3 6. 1 7. 30 8. 20 9. 86
l Match the Column 10. (A) ® (q) ; (B) ® (prs); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (s)
11. (A) ® (r) ; (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (q)
EXERCISE-4A
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 4 2 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 1
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 or 2 or 3 1 2
Que. 21 22
Ans. 3 1
Que. 1
Ans. 8
EXERCISE-4B
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 2 3 3 Bonus/1 3 1 3 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 4
EXERCISE-5
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B 2 B C B B 5 AD C C
Que. 11 12
Ans. C A,B,D
44
Not To Be Discussed in Class

2
1. The set of all real numbers x for which x – |x + 2| + x > 0, is [JEE 2002 (screening),3]
(A) (–¥, –2) U (2, ¥) (B) (–¥, – 2 ) U ( 2 , ¥)
(C) (–¥, –1) U (1, ¥) (D) ( 2 , ¥)
2
2. If the quadratic polynomial P(x) = (p – 3)x – 2px + 3p – 6 ranges from [0, ¥) for every x Î R, then the value
of p can be
3
(A) (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 7
2
2
2 k +1 k+2 æ a ö
3. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are and , then ç ÷ equals
k k +1 è a + b + c ø
2 2 2 2 2
(A) k (B) (k + 1) (C) (k + 2) (D) k (k + 1)
2 2 2
4. If min. (2x – ax + 2) > max. (b – 1 + 2x – x ) then roots of the equation 2x + ax + (2 – b) = 0, are
(A) positive and distinct (B) negative and distinct
(C) opposite in sign (D) imaginary
2
5. The following figure shows the graph of f (x) = ax – bx + c. Then which one of the following is correct?
b y
(A) >0 f(x)
c
(B) a and c are of opposite sign O x
(C) a and b are of same sign a b
(D) None
2
6. If p and q are the roots of the quadratic equation x – (a – 2)x – a = 1 (a Î R), then the minimum value
2 2
of (p + q ) is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 6
7. The product of all values of x which make the following statement true (log3x)(log59) – logx25 + log32 = log354,
is
(A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 5 5 (D) 25
2 2
8. If the roots of the equation x – 5x + 16 = 0 are a, b and the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0 are
2 ab 2
(a + b ) and , then- [AIEEE-2002]
2
(A) p = 1 and q = 56 (B) p = 1 and q = –56 (C) p = –1 and q = 56 (D) p = –1 and q = –56
9. If a and b be the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) = c and c ¹ 0, then roots of the equation
(x – a) (x – b) + c = 0 are - [AIEEE-2002]
(A) a and c (B) b and c (C) a and b (D) a + b and b + c
2 2 a b
10. If a = 5a – 3, b = 5b – 3 then the value of + (where a ¹ b) is- [AIEEE-2002]
b a
19 25 19
(A) (B) (C) - (D) None of these
3 3 3
135
JEE-Mathematics
2
11. The number of real solutions of the equation x – 3| x | + 2 = 0, is- [AIEEE-2003]
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2
12. The real number x when added to its inverse gives the minimum value of the sum at x equal to-
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) –2 (D) 2 [AIEEE-2003]
13. Let two numbers have airthmetic mean 9 and geometric mean 4. Then these numbers are the roots of the
quadratic equation- [AIEEE-2004]
2 2 2 2
(A) x + 18x – 16 = 0 (B) x – 18x + 16 = 0 (C) x + 18x + 16 = 0 (D) x – 18x – 16 = 0
2
14. If (1 – p) is a root of quadratic equation x + px + (1 – p) = 0 then its roots are- [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 0, – 1 (B) – 1, 1 (C) 0, 1 (D) – 1, 2
2 2
15. If one root of the equation x + px + 12 = 0 is 4, while the equation x + px + q = 0 has equal roots,
then the value of ‘q’ is- [AIEEE-2004]
49
(A) 3 (B) 12 (C) (D) 4
4
2
16. If value of a for which the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation x – (a – 2)x – a – 1 =0 assume
the least value is- [AIEEE-2005]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 1
2 2
17. If the roots of the equation x - bx + c = 0 be two consecutive integers, then b – 4c equals-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) –2 [AIEEE-2005]
3x 2 + 9x + 17
18. If x is real, then maximum value of is- [AIEEE-2006]
3x 2 + 9x + 7
17 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 41
7 4
2
19. If the difference between the roots of the equation x + ax + 1 = 0 is less than 5 , then the set of
possible values of a is [AIEEE-2007]
(A) (–3, ¥) (B) (3, ¥) (C) (–¥, –3) (D) (–3, –2) È (2, 3)
2 2
20. The value of a for which one roots of the quadratic equation (a – 5a + 3) x + (3a – 1) x + 2 = 0
is twice as large as the other is [AIEEE-2003]
2 1 1 2
(A) - (B) (C) - (D)
3 3 3 3
2
21. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the square
a b c
of their reciprocals, then , and are in [AIEEE-2003]
c a b
(A) geometric progression (B) harmonic progression
(C) arithmetic-geometric progression (D) arithmetic progression
2 2
22. If both the roots of the quadratic equation x – 2kx + k + k - 5 = 0 are less than 5, then k lies in the
interval- [AIEEE-2005]
(A) [4, 5] (B) (-¥, 4) (C) (6, ¥) (D) (5, 6)
2 2
23. All the values of m for which both roots of the equation x – 2mx + m – 1 = 0 are greater than –2 but
less than 4, lie in the interval- [AIEEE-2006]
(A) –1 < m < 3 (B) 1 < m < 4 (C) –2 < m < 0 (D) m > 3
136
2
24. If the roots of the quadratic equation x + px + q = 0 are tan 30° and tan 15°, respectively then the value
of 2 + q – p is- [AIEEE-2006]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
25. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are equal and l Î R.. If the roots of the
2
equation x + 2(a + b + c)x + 3l(ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real, then [JEE 2006, 3]
4 5 æ1 5ö æ4 5ö
(A) l < (B) l > (C) l Î ç , ÷ (D) l Î ç , ÷
3 3 è3 3ø è 3 3ø
2
26. Let a, b be the roots of the equation x – px + r = 0 and a/2, 2b be the roots of the equation
2
x – qx + r = 0. Then the value of 'r' is [JEE 2007]
2 2 2 2
(A) (p – q) (2q – p) (B) (q – p) (2p – q) (C) (q – 2p) (2q – p) (D) (2p – q) (2q – p)
9 9 9 9
SECTION - 2 : MULTIPLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
x 2 + 34x - 71
27. For x Î R, the expression can not lie between,
x 2 + 2x - 7
(A) (5, 7) (B) (12, 19) (C) (1, 4) (D) (8, 9)
28. In which of the following inequalities, the set of all real values of x is same as the set of all real values of k for
2
which the equation kx – 4x + k = 0 has real roots and satisfying 1 – k £ 0?
2
(A) 0 £ log2x £ 1 (B) x – 3x + 2 £ 0
(C) sin(px) £ 0 in [0, 2] (D) | x – 1 | £ 1
2
29. If the vertex of the parabola y = 3x – 12x + 9 is (a, b), then the parabola whose vertex is (b, a), is(are)
2 2
(A) y = x + 6x + 11 (B) y = x – 7x + 3
2 2
(C) y = – 2x – 12x – 16 (D) y = – 2x + 16x – 13
2 2 5a 2 2 2
30. Let x and y be 2 real numbers which satisfy the equations (tan x – sec y) = – 3 and (– sec x + tan y) = a ,
6
then the value of a can be equal to
2 -2 3 -3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 2
31. Let a, b and c be real numbers. Which of the following statement(s) about the equation (x – a)(x – b) = c is/are
incorrect?
(A) If c > 0, then roots are always real. (B) If c > 0, then roots are always non-real.
(C) If c < 0, then roots are always real. (D) If c < 0, then roots are always non-real.
2
32. If quadratic equation x + 2(a + 2b)x + (2a + b – 1) = 0 has unequal real roots for all b Î R then the possible
values of a can be equal to
(A) 5 (B) – 1 (C) – 10 (D) 3
2 2
33 If all values of x which satisfies the inequality log1/3 (x + 2px + p + 1) ³ 0 also satisfy the inequality
2 2
kx + kx – k £ 0 for all real values of k, then all possible values of p lies in the interval
(A) [– 1, 1] (B) [0, 1] (C) [0, 2] (D) [– 2, 0]
137
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 3 : MATRIX - MATCH QUESTIONS
2
34. The expression y = ax + bx + c (a, b, c Î R and a ¹ 0) represents a parabola which cuts the x-axis at the
2
points which are roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0. Column-II contains values which correspond to the
nature of roots mentioned in column-I.
Column-I Column-II
(A) For a = 1, c = 4, if both roots are greater
than 2 then b can be equal to (P) 4
(B) For a = –1, b = 5, if roots lie on either side of –1
then c can be equal to (Q) 8
(C) For b = 6, c = 1, if one root is less
than –1 and the other root greater than (R) 10
-1
then a can be equal to (S) no real value
2
x 2 - 6x + 5
35. Let f (x) =
x 2 - 5x + 6
Match the expressions / statements in Column I with expressions / statements in Column II.
Column I Column II
(A) If – 1 < x < 1, then f (x) satisfies (p) 0 < f (x) < 1
(B) If 1 < x < 2, the f (x) satisfies (q) f (x) < 0
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f (x) satisfies (r) f (x) > 0
(D) If x > 5, then f (x) satisfies (s) f (x) < 1 [JEE 2007]
36. Find the values of 'a' for which one of the roots of the quadratic equation, x2 + (2 a + 1) x + (a2 + 2) = 0
is twice the other root . Find also the roots of this equation for these values of 'a' .
x 2 + 2x - 3
37. If y = then find the interval in which y can lie for every x Î R wherever defined.
x 2 + 2x - 8
2 2
æ a ö æ b ö
38. If a and b be the roots of the equation x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 then find the value of ç ÷ +ç ÷ .
è1+ b ø è a +1ø
2 2 2 2
39. Let M be the minimum value of f(q) = (3 cos q + sin q) (sec q + 3 cosec q), for permissible real values of q and
P denotes the product of all real solutions of the equation

( x - 1)( 50 - 10x ) 2
= x – 8x + 7. Find (P M).
2
x - 5x
2 2
40. If the range of values of a for which the roots of the equation x – 2x – a + 1 = 0 lie between the roots of the
æ 1 ö
equation x – 2(a + 1) x + a (a – 1) = 0 is (p, q), find the value of ç q + 2 ÷ .
2
è p ø
2 2
41. Let x1 and x2 be the real roots of the equation x – kx + (k + 7k + 15) = 0. What is the maximum value
2 2
of (x1 + x2 ) ?
138
42. If 1 - log x 2 + log x 2 9 - log x 3 64 < 0 , then range of x is (a, b). Find the minimum value of (a + 9b).
2 æ a 2 b2 ö
43. If a, b are roots of the equation 2x + 6x + b = 0 where b < 0, then find the least integral value of çç + ÷.
è b a ÷ø
44. Suppose that a, b, c, d are rationals which satisfy a + b + c + d = 10, (a + b)(c + d) = 16,
2 2 2 2
(a + c) (b + d) = 21 and (a + d) (b + c) = 24, then find the value of (a + b + c + d ).
4 2 4 3 2
45. If sum of maximum and minimum value of y = log2 (x + x + 1) – log2 (x + x + 2x + x + 1) can be
expressed in form ((log2 m) – n), where m and 2 are coprime then compute (m + n).
2 2 2
46. If all the solutions of the inequality x – 6ax + 5a £ 0 are also the solutions of inequality x – 14x + 40 £ 0
then find the number of possible integral values of a.
2 2
47. If roots of the equation x – 10cx – 11d = 0 are a, b and those of x – 10ax – 11b = 0 are c, d,
then find the value of a + b + c + d. (a, b, c and d are distinct numbers) [JEE 2006, 6]
SECTION - 5 : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
2 3 2
48. If a, b are the roots of the equation x – 2x + 3 = 0 obtain the equation whose roots are a – 3 a + 5 a – 2,
3 2
b – b + b + 5.
2 3 2 2
49. If one root of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 be the square of the other, prove that b + a c + ac = 3abc.
2
50. Show that if p, q , r & s are real numbers & pr = 2 (q + s ), then at least one of the equations x + px + q = 0,
2
x + rx + s = 0 has real roots.
ax 2 + 2(a + 1)x + 9a + 4
51. Find the range of values of a, such that f ( x ) = is always negative.
x 2 - 8x + 32
x 2 + ax - 2
52. Find the values of ‘a’ for which -3 < < 2 is valid for all real x .
x2 + x + 1
2 2
53. If the quadratic equations x + bx + ca = 0 & x + cx + ab = 0 (where a ¹ 0) have a common root, prove that
2
the equation containing their other roots is x + ax + bc = 0.
2 3 2
54. The equation x – ax + b = 0 & x – px + qx = 0, where b ¹ 0, q ¹ 0, have one common root & the second
equation has two equal roots. Prove that 2(q + b ) = ap.
2
55. Find all values of a for which the inequality (a + 4) x – 2ax + 2a – 6 < 0 is satisfied for all x Î R.
2 2
56. Find all values of a for which both roots of the equation x – 6ax + 2 – 2a + 9a = 0 are greater than 3.
2
57. Find all the values of the parameter ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation x – ax + 2 = 0 belong
to the interval ( 0, 3 ).
2
58. Find the values of K so that the quadratic equation x + 2 ( K – 1 ) x + K + 5 = 0 has atleast one positive root.
59. If a < b < c < d then prove that the roots of the equation; (x – a )(x – c) + 2 (x – b ) (x –d) = 0 are real &
distinct.
139
JEE-Mathematics
2 th
60. If one root of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 is equal to the n power of the other, then show that
n 1/(n+1) n 1/(n+1)
(ac ) + (a c) + b = 0.
2 4 2
61. Let P(x) = x + bx + c, where b and c are integer. If P(x) is a factor of both x + 6x + 25 and
4 2
3x + 4x + 28x + 5, find the value of P(1).
2 2
62. Find the true set of values of p for which the equation : p.2cos x
+ p.2- cos x
- 2 = 0 has real roots.
2
63. If the coefficients of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are odd integers then prove that the roots of the
equation cannot be rational number.
2 2 2
64. If the three equations x + ax + 12 = 0, x + bx + 15 = 0 and x + (a + b ) x + 36 = 0 have a common
positive root, find a and b and the roots of the equations.
2
65. If the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 has real roots, of opposite sign in the interval (–2, 2) then prove that
c b
1+ - >0.
4a 2a
66. Find the maximum possible value of 8·27log 6 x + 27·8 log 6 x - x 3 , where x > 0.
2 2
67. For a £ 0, determine all real roots of the equation x – 2a x–a – 3a = 0.
n 2
68. The equation x + px + qx + r = 0, where n ³ 5 & r ¹ 0 has roots a 1, a 2 , a 3 ......... a n.
n
k
Denoting å a i by Sk .
i =1
(a) Calculate S2 & deduce that the roots cannot all be real.
(b) Prove that Sn + pS2 + qS1 + nr = 0 & hence find the value of Sn.
2
69. Find the number of integral values of a so that the inequation x – 2(a + 1)x + 3(a – 3) (a + 1) < 0 is satisfied
+
by atleast one x Î R .
2
70. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a ¹ 0 and let a, b be the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0.
3 2 3
Express the roots of a x + abcx + c = 0 in terms of a, b. [JEE 2001, Mains, 5 out of 100]
2
71. If x + (a – b)x + (1 – a – b) = 0 where a, b Î R then find the values of ‘a’ for which equation has unequal real
roots for all values of ‘b’. [JEE 2003, Mains-4 out of 60]
1 - 2x + 5x2 é p pù
72. Find the range of values of t for which 2 sin t = 2
, t Î ê- , ú . [JEE 2005(Mains), 2]
3x - 2x - 1 ë 2 2û
2 4+3 3
73. A quadratic polynomial f (x) = x + ax + b is formed with one of its zeros being where a and b are
2+ 3
4 3 2
æ 4 + 3 3ö
integers. Also g (x) = x + 2x – 10x + 4x – 10 is a biquadratic polynomial such that g ç ÷ = c 3+d
è 2+ 3 ø
where c and d are also integers. Find the values of a, b, c and d.
140
SECTION - 6 : ASSERTION–REASON QUESTIONS
Assertion & Reason

These questions contains, Statement-I (assertion) and Statement-II (reason).
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true
74. Statement-I – If a + b + c > 0 and a < 0 < b < c, then the roots of the equation
a(x – b) (x – c) + b(x – c)(x – a) + c(x – a) (x – b) = 0 are of both negative.
Because
Statement-II – If both roots are negative, then sum of roots < 0 and product of roots > 0
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
75. Statement-I – Let (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) denote a re-arrangement of (1, –4, 6, 7, –10). Then the equation
4 3 2
a1x + a2x + a3x + a4x + a5 = 0 has at least two real roots.
Because
2
Statement-II – If ax + bx + c = 0 and a + b + c = 0, (i.e. in a polynomial the sum of coefficients is zero)
2
then x = 1 is root of ax + bx + c = 0.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
2 2
76. Statement-I – If roots of the equation x – bx + c = 0 are two consecutive integers, then b – 4c = 1.
Because
2 2
Statement-II – If a, b, c are odd integer then the roots of the equation 4 abc x + (b – 4ac)x – b = 0 are real
and distinct.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
********
141
JEE-Mathematics
ANSWERS
YEAR LONG REVISION EXERCISE
SECTION - 1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B C D D D C C D C A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A A B A C D A D D D
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26
Ans. B B A D A D
SECTION - 2
Que. 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Ans. AD AB AC AD BCD BC ABC
SECTION - 3
Que. 34 35
Ans. (A)-s; (B)-qr; (C)-p (A)-prs; (B)-qs; (C)-qs; (D)-prs
SECTION - 4
æ 4ù
36. a = 4 ; roots are – 3 and – 6 37. y Î ç -¥, ú È (1, ¥) 38. 18 39. 24
è 9û
40. 17 41. 18 42. 25 43. 10 44. 39 45. 5 46. 0
47. 1210
SECTION - 5
2 æ 1ö
48. x – 3x + 2 = 0 is the required equation. 51. a Î çè -¥, - ÷ø
2
æ 11 ö é 11ö
52. –2 < a < 1 55. a Î (–¥, –6) 56. ç , ¥÷ 57. ê 2 2, ÷ø
è9 ø ë 3
é4 ù
58. k £ –1 61. 4 62. p Î ê , 1ú
ë5 û
64. a = –7 and b = – 8, (3, 4), (3, 5) and (3, 12) are the root. 66. 216.
67. x = a (1 - 2 ) , x = a ( 6 - 1) 68. (a) S2= 0, (b) Sn = – nr
2 2 2 2
69. 5 70. g = a b and d = ab or g = ab and d = a b
é p pù é 3p p ù
71. a > 1 72. ê - , - ú È ê , ú
ë 2 10 û ë 10 2 û
73. a = 2, b = – 11, c = 4, d = – 1
SECTION - 6
74. (D) 75. (A) 76. (B)
******
142

Quadratic Equation and Expression (Unit - 2)

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QUADRATIC EQUATION &

Recap of Early Classes

3.0 NATURE OF ROOTS

5.0 COMMON ROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

6.0 QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND IT'S GRAPHS

7.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

8.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

9.0 LOCATION OF ROOTS

10.0 THEORY OF EQUATIONS

11.0 TRANSFORMATION OF THE EQUATION

QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION

2.0 SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION & RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS

a 2b2 + b2 + 2abb + a2 a2 + b2 + 2aba a 2 ( a2 + b2 ) + 2ab(a + b) + 2b2

3.0 NATURE OF ROOTS

3.1 Real and Imaginary Roots

3.2 Rational and Irrational Roots

3.3 Integral Roots

which is possible when b = – 54. Ans. 10

Illustration 11. If the polynomial f(x) = x 2 + (p 2 + q)x + q – 9 is negative of the polynomial

BASICS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

1. Find the roots of following equations :

6. Let a, b, g be distinct real numbers such that

ab + bb + c = (sin q) b + (cos q)b

5.0 COMMON ROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

5.1 Only one Common Root

ca '- c ' a bc ' - b ' c

5.2 Both Root Common

So, a2 + a + c = 0 ... (1)

6.0 QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND IT'S GRAPHS

7.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

Illustration 20. If (a – 1)x2 – (a + 1)x + (a + 1) > 0 " x Î R, then range of a is

8.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC

a1x2 + b1x + c1 1 a1 x + b1 a1x 2 + b1x + c1

COMMON ROOTS, QUADRATIC AND RATIONAL EXPRESSION

4. Find the minimum value of :

(1) (2) a b x (3)

7. Find the range of 'a' for which :

9.0 LOCATION OF ROOTS

(iv) This means that the sum of the roots is zero

(vii) In this case

(ix) In this case

LOCATION OF ROOTS AND GENERAL EXPRESSION OF IInd DEGREE

(C) atleast one root lies in the interval ( – 1, 0)

10.0 THEORY OF EQUATIONS

11.0 TRANSFORMATION OF THE EQUATION

(ab + bg + ga)2 - 2abg (a + b + g )

We have 2010 x3 + 4 x2 + 1 = 0 b ... (1)

Þ 0 = (a–2 + b–2 + g –2) + 2(4)

Hence (a–2 + b–2 + g –2) = – 8. Ans.

THEORY OF EQUATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF ROOTS

and a2b3 + a3b2 .

SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

a 2 + b2 - c 2 25l 2 + 144 l 2 - 169l 2

\ From (1) and (2), we get

(i) f (0) ³ 0 Þ (a – 3) (a + 1) ³ 0 Þ a Î (– ¥, –1] È [3, ¥)

8. (a) c = 0; (b) c = 1; (c) b ® negative, c ® negative 9. (B)

(3) (i) a < 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D = 0 (v) a + b = 0 (vi) ab = 0

1. –3 < a < 0 < b < 1 2. C 3. a < 2 4. 12 < l < 16

6. (A) 7. (C) 8. (C)

SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS

11. If x, y are rational number such that x + y + ( x - 2y ) 2 = 2x - y + ( x - y - 1) 6 , then

(A) x (B) x (C) x (D) x

SECTION - 1 : MULTIPLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS