HIGH RISE BUILDING

1.
A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in
terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a residential, office building, or other
functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined.

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DEMAND FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS :

• High rise buildings are becoming more prominent these days due to following reasons
• scarcity of land
• increasing demand for business and residential space
• economic growth
• technological advancement
• innovations in structural systems
• desire for aesthetics in urban settings
• cultural significance and prestige
• human aspiration to build higher

CLASSIFICATION :

•While building the skeletal core of high rise buildings, engineers and construction specialists have to
take a call on the interior and exterior structures of the high rise buildings.

•There are two common techniques used by engineers.

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CLASSIFICATION :
•While building the skeletal core of high rise buildings, engineers and construction specialists have to
take a call on the interior and exterior structures of the high rise buildings.

•There are two common techniques used by engineers.

1. INTERIOR STRUCTURES:

• In this technique, steel columns and beams are clustered at the core of the building’s skeleton.
The steel columns and beams provide the structural strength for the high rise building.
• Engineers create a stiff back hole that can resist the tremendous wind flow.
• The inner core is used as an elevator shaft , and the design allows lots of open space on each
floor.

TYPES OF INTERIOR STRUCTURES :

• Rigid frames.
• Shear wall hinged frame.
• Shear wall (or shear truss) frame interaction system.
• Outrigger structures.

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2. Exterior structures:

• In this technique, steel columns and beams are at the perimeter of the high rise buildings. They
provide structural support and support the entire building by acting as a skeletal support.
• Engineers moved the columns and beam from the core to the perimeter ,creating a hollow , rigid
tube as strong as the core design , but weighting much , much less.

TYPES IN EXTERIOR SYSTEM :

• Tube.
• Diagrid.
• Space truss structure.
• Super frame.
• Exo-skeleton.

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INTERNAL STRUCTUREAL SYSTEM:

1.RIGID STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:

• In rigid frame structure, beams and columns are constructed monolithically to withstand moments imposed due to loads.
• The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the bending stiffness of the columns, girders and connections in-plane
• It is suitable for reinforced concrete buildings.

USES:
• It may be used in steel construction as well, but the connections
will be costly.
• Burj Al Khalifa which is the tallest structure in the world is
constructed using rigid frame system.

ADVANTAGES :
• One of the advantages of rigid frames is the likelihood of
planning and fitting of windows due to open rectangular
arrangement.
• Members of rigid frame system withstand bending moment,
shear force, and axial loads.
• 20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed using rigid frame
system.
• Advantages of rigid frame include ease of construction, labors
can learn construction skills easily, construct rapidly, and can be
designed economically.
• Maximum beam span is 12.2m and larger span beams would
suffer lateral deflection.

DISADVANTAGE:
• A disadvantage is that the self-weight is resisted by the action
from rigid frames.
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2. SHEAR WALL HINGED FRAME :

• Reinforced concrete planar solid or coupled shear walls have

been used for high-rise construction to resist lateral forces
caused by wind and earthquakes.

• Treated as vertical cantilevers fixed at the base.

• When two or more shear walls in the same plane are

interconnected by beams or slabs the total stiffness of the
system exceeds the sum of the individual wall stiffness.
•
• Hinged frames are used for this interconnection.

• The connecting beam forces the walls to act as a single unit by

restraining their individual cantilever actions. These are
known as coupled shear walls.

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3. SHEAR WALL AND FRAME SYSTEM :

• It consists of wall and frame that interact horizontally to provide stronger and stiffer system.
• The walls are usually solid (not perforated by openings) and they can be found around the stairwells,
elevator shafts, and/or at the perimeter of the building.
• The walls may have a positive effect on the performance of the frames such as by preventing a soft
storey collapse.
• Wall-frame system suitable for buildings with storey number ranges from 40-60 storey which is
greater than that of shear or rigid frame separately.
• braced frames and steel rigid frames provide similar advantages of horizontal interaction.

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4. OUTRIGGED STRUCTURE : 8.

• Outrigger are rigid horizontal structures designed to improve

building overturning stiffness and strength by connecting the core
or spine to closely spaced outer columns.
• The central core contains shear walls or braced frames.
• Outrigger systems functions by tying together two structural
systems (core system and a perimeter system), and render the
building to behave nearly as composite cantilever.
• The outriggers are in form of walls in reinforced concrete building
and trusses in steel structures.
• Multilevel outrigger systems can provide up to five times the
moment resistance of a single outrigger system.
• Practically, Outrigger systems used for buildings up to 70 stories.
Nonetheless, it can be used for higher buildings.
• Not only does the outrigger system decline building deformations
resulting from the overturning moments but also greater efficiency
is achieved in resisting forces.

OUTRIGGED PLACEMENT
IN TALL BUILDINGS

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EXTERNAL STRUCTURE SYSTEM :

1. Tube structural system

• This system consists of exterior columns and beams that create rigid
frame, and interior part of the system which is simple frame designed to
support gravity loads.
• The building behaves like equivalent hollow tube.
• It is substantially economic and need half of material required for the
construction of ordinary framed buildings.
• Lateral loads are resisted by various connections, rigid or semi-rigid,
supplemented where necessary by bracing and truss elements.

USES:
• It is used for the construction of buildings up to 60 storey's.
• Types of tube structure system include framed tube system ,trussed tube
system , bundled tube system , and tube in tube system .

• Trussed tube system is formed when external bracing added to make a

structure stiffer. This structure type suitable for building up to 100
storeys.
• Bundled tube system consists of connected tubes and it withstand
massive loads.
• A tube-in-tube system (hull core) is obtained, if the core is placed inside
the tube frame structure.

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TRUSSED TUBE SYSTEM

FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

BUNDLED TUBE
SYSTEM

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2. DIAGRID STRUCTURAL SYSTEM :

• Diagrid is an exterior structural system in which all perimeter

vertical columns are eliminated and consists of only inclined
columns on the façade of the building.
• Shear and over-turning moment developed are resisted by axial
action of these diagonals compared to bending of vertical columns in
framed tube structure.
• Vertical columns in the core are designed for carrying gravity loads
only and the diagrid is useful for both gravity and lateral loading.
• Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing
efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness .
• The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures.
• The major difference between a braced tube building and a diagrid
building is that, there are no vertical columns present in the
perimeter of diagrid building.
Hearst tower in New York
• The diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined
columns and as bracing elements and due to their triangulated
configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members.
• Diagrid structures do not need high shear rigidity cores because
shear can be carried by the diagrids located on the perimeter.

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ADVANTAGES:
• Diagrid has good appearance and it is easily
recognized.
• The configuration and efficiency of a diagrid system
reduce the number of structural element required on
the façade of the buildings, therefore less obstruction
to the outside view.
• The structural efficiency of diagrid system also helps
in avoiding interior and corner columns, therefore
allowing significant flexibility with the floor plan.
• Perimeter “diagrid” system saves approximately 20
percent structural steel weight when compared to a
conventional moment-frame structure. IBM Building in Pittsburgh
EXAMPLE :
• An early example of the diagrid structure is the IBM
Building in Pittsburgh built in the early 1960s, with its
13- storey building height. IBM Building , Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
• The Swiss Re tower in London, Hearst tower in New
York, CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, Mode
Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, West tower in
Guangzhou,

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3. SPACE TRUSS STRUCTURE :
• Space truss structures are modified braced tubes with diagonals connecting
the exterior to interior.
• In a typical braced tube structure, all the diagonals, which connect the
chord members – vertical corner columns in general, are located on the
plane parallel to the facades.
• However, in space trusses, some diagonals penetrate the interior of the
building.

BANK OF CHINA TOWER

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4. SUPER FRAME STRUCTURE :

• Superframe structures can create ultra high-rise buildings

upto 160 floors.

• Superframes or Megaframes assume the form of a portal

which is provided on the exterior of a building.

• The frames resist all wind forces as an exterior tubular

structure.

• The portal frame of the Superframe is composed of

vertical legs in each corner of the building which are
linked by horizontal elements at about every 12 to 14
floors.

• Since the vertical elements are concentrated in the corner

areas of the building, maximum efficiency is obtained for
resisting wind forces.

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5. EXO-SKELETON STRUCTURAL
SYSYTEM :

• In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systems are

placed outside the building lines away from their facades.
• Due to the system’s compositional characteristics, it acts as
a primary building identifier – one of the major roles of
building facades in general cases.
• Fire proofing of the system is not a serious issue due to its
location outside the building line.
• The result is an exoskeleton that is a key component of the
skyscraper’s structure, taking both gravitational and lateral
loads. Its position on the building’s exterior also provides a
high degree of overall rigidity.
• Along with eliminating the need for column lines between
the centre of the floor plate and the perimeter walls, the
exoskeleton also allowed the thickness of the building’s
central service core to be reduced.
• While traditional proposals for achieving the structure
included a three-foot-thick concrete shear-wall core, the
concrete exoskeleton bracing, along with a post-tensioned
floor slab system, meant the core wall thickness could be
reduced by half.
One Thousand Museum in Miami
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1. With the present technology and known materials , it is possible to
build more higher and faster.

2. It is now possible to build skyscrapers so fast using pre- fabricated

units that it can lead to environmental problems, stress on resources
and overcrowding if not controlled.

3. To build higher the base of the building will have to be made wider.

4. The bundled tube system was a great innovation and was able to span
great heights during it's time , to attain the height of burj khalifa the
bundled tube system will need a bigger base when compared with the
buttressed core system.

5. New improved structural systems and new materials in the future can
lead us to even greater heights and more stable buildings.

It’s not technology holding buildings back. It’s money.

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