8Qc bai dQc, dien Y (Yes) neu n('>i dung cau dlla ra thong nhat voi quan di~m

cua tac gia, dien N (No) neu khong thong nhat.

01 Polygraphs are instruments that monitor a person's physical and psychological

reactions, but their usefulness is debatable. People call them 'lie detectors',
but these instruments do not detect lies. They can only detect whether signs
of abnormal behaviour are being displayed. In some cases, a truthful person
may be considered a liar because he or she was nervous, embarrassed, or
scared during an examination. Despite this, many American law enforcement
agencies still use them, claiming that they are worthwhile for measuring the
psychological reactions of subjects under pressure. However, there are no
specific reactions associated with lying and, therefore, the polygraph usually
functions as a means of reinforcing expectations. If this occurs in police work, it
can lead to wrongful arrests, which is why the polygraph should be abandoned
as a method of investigation.

1 It is essential for police forces to use the polygraph in criminal cases.

02 When two people engage in a conversation, they tend to keep a certain

distance from one another. This personal distance is not due to body odour or
disrespect, but rather to an invisible boundary. Everyone has such a boundary,
which shows how familiar a person is with the person he or she is talking
to. Interestingly, the average personal distance varies from culture to culture.
This can lead to cllitural misunderstandings, as tourists may find themselves
uncomfortably ·c~ose to locals, or vice versa. That's why it is important to
remember that cultural norms are not universal. People must respect the fact
that others have different definitions of personal distance, while not expecting
the rest of the world to conform to their desired behaviours.

2 People's body odour makes others stay away from them.

3 Tourists can find that local people are too close to them.

~ Vocabulary

01 polygraph n. may ghi tim v~t ly abnormal a. khiic thvong

law enforcement agency phr. co quan chap phiip wrongful a. bat c6ng, v6 ly
02 body odour phr. mui co the invisible a. v6 hinh vice versa phr. ngVQc l9i
norm n. quy ph9m, tieu chuan conform v. tuan thea, lam theo
 E>QC b~li dQc, dien N (No) neu n(?i dung cau dua ra mau thuan voi quan di§m cua
tac gia, dien NG (Not Given), neu khong c6 thong tin.

03 The railway system in the UK is the oldest in the world, whi<;:h is unsurprising
in a country with such an impressive history of industrialism. The first UK
passenger train opened in 1807, but was actually pulled by horses rather than
steam driven. It was not until 1825 that the first locomotive-hauled train in the
\ world opened, and it was utilised to transport cargo, such as coal, between
the cities of Stockton and Darlington. This was quickly followed in 1830 by the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first intercity passenger railway.
This service introduced many of the elements of train travel that are now taken
for granted, such as scheduled services. In the 1840s, the UK experienced a
huge boom in railway expansion, to the extent that almost the whole country
was connected by t~ close of the decade. This railway system unfortunately
deteriorated in the 20th century, leaving Britain with one of the worst networks
of all developed countries.

4 The Stockton and Darlington line was the first to move people between cities.
5 The British train network fell into decline due to a lack of investment.

04 Artificial reefs are often added to aquatic environments to increase fish

populations, protect habitats, and enhance fishing opportunities. The argument
for artifiqial reefs is that they increase the number of fish by drawing young fish
to the area. However, extensive research into marine environments has yet
to determine if artificial reefs merely attract fish or actually result in increased
reproduction. An artificial reef was built in Lake Michigan to improve the
fishing of a type of fish called smallmouth bass in the area. Researchers are
investigating the effectiveness of this artificial reef in increasing the population
size. The difference between attracting fish and boosting fish reproduction is
critical. If the artificial reef attracts fish but does not promote reproduction, the
population of smallmouth bass will decrease. Conversely, if the fish reproduce
on the reef, it will help to create a more stable population. ·
6 Research tias shown that fish reproduce more on artificial reefs.
T The number of smallmouth bass in Lake Michigan is falling.

~Vocabulary

03 locomotive n. aau may (xe \(Ia) haul V. keo, \6i intercity a. giua cac thanh pho
scheduled service phr. v~m chuyen o!nh ky
04 artificial reef phr. r?n san ho nhan t?o aquatic a. thuy sinh habitat n. m6i tnJong song
 E>QC bai dQC, diem Y (Yes) neu n{}i dung cau dtJa ra thong nhat voi quan di~m cua
tac gia, dien N (No) neu kh6ng thong nhat va dien NG (Not Given) neu kh6ng
c6 thong tin trong bai dQc.

05 Traditionally, the mental processes of learning, remembering, and forgetting were

considered distinct. Today, however, scientists studying memory development
and retention have discovered that the contrast between these processes is less
evident than previously thought. Research now suggests that memory should
be perceived as a learning process with three steps that always occur in the
following order: acquisition, short-term, and long-term. The application of this
notion in the classroom could have a significant impact on students' ability to
retain and understand material.

®Recently processed sensory input, data provided by the sense organs, is first
stored temporarily in short-term memory. Only a limited amount of information
may stay here for 15 to 30 seconds before it is either suddenly erased or moved
to long-term memory. In contrast, long-term memory has the capacity for storing
an infinite amount of information and can be accessed for many years without
being forgotten. Therefore, in a classroom environment, there should be more
emphasis on stimulating students' long-term memory, rather than utilising
material in a wide-ranging but superficial way. Making teachers understand
the different ways in which the memory stores information would allow them to
become better educators.

8 Memories can move from long-term to short-term memory.

9 There is a limited amount of space in the long-term memory.

10 Teachers should use material in a less broad manner.

Cau true ngii' phap can nho

® Cau true dong vi cii ngii' danh W giii'a hai dau phtly
f/f
Recently processed sensory input, data provided by the sense organs, is first stored
A 8
temporarily in short-term memory.
Thong tin ve giac quan moi dll<;ic xllly, duli$u do cac giac quan cung cap, trlloc het
dll<;ic lllu tru t<;~m thai trong tri nhO ngan h<;~n.
o> Khi hai ngu danh tcf dung lien tiep nhau va cung lien quan den m(it 51,1 Vi$c nhllng dlla
ra thong tin khac nhau, thi ngu danh W thu hai dll<;ic coi Ia dong vi cua ngu danh til thu
nhat. Trang van viet thllong c6 dau ph~y gilla hai c1,1m W va trong van n6i c6 51,1 ngat
quang gilla chung.

~ Vocabulary
QS distinct a. khac bi$t, ro r$t retention n. SIJ ghi nho acquisition n. s1,1 tiep thu, gianh du9c
retain v. nho, duy tri sensory a. (thu¢c) giac quan temporarily adv. nhat thai, t9m thai
capacity n. kha nang stimulate v. klch thlch. khuyen khlch
wide-ranging a. ph9m vi r¢ng superficial a. nong q;n. hoi h9t
06 As the business world becomes more global, it is also likely to become more
diverse. In fact, increasing diversity among the workforce and the customer
base is now considered inevitable in most countries. And while there is a trend
towards more workplace diversity, its advantages are not always assured.
Therefore, businesses must learn to cultivate diversity and make sure that it
is used strategically for gaining a business advantage. Generally speaking,
workplace diversity includes all the attributes that the various employees
bring with them. This includes national origin, race, religion, age, and many
other variables. An effective business strategy that promotes qiversity will be
inclusive and avoid discrimination or hostility to individuals or groups with these
various characteristics. This should be accomplished through both celebrating
diversity and not engaging in any culturally exclusive activities, which might
\ alienate people from certain cultures.

Managed properly, workplace diversity can result in a variety of benefits. When

people of diverse backgrounds are brought together, it increases the range of
perspectives. A broader set of opinions can be advantageous when a company
needs to find a solution to a problem or develop a creative business plan.
Moreover, diversity can create better community relations and help expand
the customer base. Be~use most companies are in business to make profit,
they usually do not concentrate on a single category of customers. Instead,
they target customers from a range of socio-economic backgrounds. Having a
culturally diverse staff enables employers to better understand their customers,·
and to know how best to communicate with them and attract them. In this
globalised economy, the companies that come out on top will be those who
both value cultural diversity and use it to their advantage.

11 Not all of the benefits of diversity in the workplace are guaranteed ..

12 Discrimination in the workplace is common in the business world.

13 Businesses tend to focus on customers of a single type.

14 Diverse employees are better equipped to face crises.

~ Vocabulary
06 diverse a. da d\mg customer base phr. co so khach hang inevitable a. kh6ng the tranh kh6i,
tat yeu cultivate v. nu6i duong, boi duong strategically adv. m¢t each chien ILI<;lc
attribute n. thu¢c tinh national origin phr. qu6c tjch variable n. bien s6
hostility n. thai d¢ tho djch exclusive a. d¢c quyen, d¢c chiem, lo?i tru
alienate v. xa lanh. bai xich
0'1 Although many people are bilingual or trilingual, individuals with a high degree
of proficiency in several languages are known as polyglots. Recently, there has
been considerable debate within the scientific community over whether the
extensive language ability of certain people can be attributed to biological or
behavioural factors.

One theory is that polyglots are biologically different from those who are unable
to learn more than one or two languages. An experiment run by Dr Narly
Golestani at University College London has shown that these polyglots have
a cerebral cortex with a distinct shape and structure, particularly in the parietal
lobes, areas that are associated with the processing of audio information. In
addition~Golestani argues, the white matter that connects these components of
the brain has a much greater volume. This suggests that certain people have a
genetic inclination towards language acquisition.

It is widely accepted that genetics impacts an individual's ability to learn

languages. However, these experiments are not definite proof that ability in new
languages is based on biology. In fact, the distinctive brain structure of polyglots
is more likely to be a result of the regular stimulus that occurs through learning
languages. If a person uses certain areas of his or her brain more frequently,
such as those associated with studying languages, it can lead to the alteration of
the structure of this organ. Therefore, the physical differences found in polyglots
are probably the result of behavioural factors such as regular language learning,
rather than the cause.
 15 Scientists generally agree that language ability is due to biological factors.

16 An area of the brain is a different shape in people who speak several

languages.

17 Genetics can influence a person's ability in their native language.

18 A polyglot's different brain structure is not something they are born with.

Cau true ngi1 phap can nho

® M~nh de sap nh~p giua hai dau ph~y

In addition, Golestani argues, the white matter that connects these
m~nh de (chil ngi1 + d¢ng W)

components of the brain ...

Them vao d6, Golestani l~p lu~n. chat trang gan ket cac thanh phari nay cua nao_
r+ Ta c6 th~ sll d1,1ng m~nh de (chu ngil + di)ng tU) giila hai dau phily trong cau. Cau
true nay dli<;Jc gQi Ia cau true sap nhi).p, mang nghia "theo (chu ngil) (di)ng tll)" cho
cau chfnh.

Cac di)ng tU "argue" (li).p lu~n), "state" (chl ra), "believe" (tin rang) thllong dli<;Jc sll
d1,1ng trong m~nh de sap nhi).p (chu ngil + di)ng tll) giila hai dau phay.

Ehip an· D!ch nghia · Giai thich trang 291

~Vocabulary

07 bilinguala. sll d1,1ng hai ng6n ngu, song ngu trilingual a. sll dyng ba ng6n ngu
polyglot n. nguoi thong th(lo nhieu ng6n ngu be attributed to phr. dVQC quy cho, dvQc coi Ia do
cerebral cortex phr. v6 nao parietal lobe phr. thi:Jy dlnh white matter phr. chat trang
inclination n. d¢ doc, d¢ nghieng, khuynh huang alteration n. stJ bien d6i
READING PASSAGE 1

Studying the Benefits of Cacao

Used to make chocolate and a range of other cacao products, cacao beans CJ.re
actually the seeds of the cacao tree, which grows throughout the tropical regions
of Central and South America. Eating these seeds has long been thought to have
positive effects on people's health. Cacao is generally considered to be a good
source of antioxidants including flavonoids, which can stop or prevent cell damage.
One study conducted by Cornell University has discovered that a cup of hot cocoa,
a warm chocolate drink made from cacao, has far more antioxidants than a similar
serving of red wine or tea. Indeed, eating or drinking some chocolate is a good way
to get a regular dose of cacao, the positive effects of which offset the calories if
consumed in moderation.

Scientists have also studied the effects of consuming cacao on rates of heart
disease, cancer, and diabetes, with some surprising results. Norman Hollenberg, a
professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School, conducted a study on the Kuna
people in Panama, who drink more than five cups of cacao every day. Hollenberg
discovered that four of the five most common fatal diseases strokes, heart failure,
cancer and diabetes- were much less common among the Kuna than among other
Panamanian people. Whil~ Hollenberg's study is fascinating, the observational
nature of his research m~ans his findings do not indicate scientific proof that cacao
would have the same benefits for everyone. The isolation of the Kuna people
from the outside world also makes Hollenberg's research results questionable.
Nevertheless, it is apparent that cacao intake does have some link with reduced
rates of disease. Therefore, although further studies need to be carried out on how
exactly cacao affects the body, more people should consider eating it regularly.
Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage 1?
\
Write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the. writer
NOT GIVEN it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
~
1 There is a higher amount of antioxidants in cocoa than wine.

2 Regularly eating large amounts of chocolate is beneficial.

3 The Kuna people rely on cacao for many essential nutrients.

4 Cancer is the only disease that is less common among the Kuna.

5 The Kuna's isolation raises questions about the claim that eating cacao is beneficial
to everyone.

~Vocabulary

antioxidant n. chat chong oxi h6a regular dose phr. lv9ng thvong xuyen offset v. bu trcr
in moderation yhr. m¢t each dieu d¢ diabetes n. tieu dvong radiology n. nganh X quang
fatal a. chi m;;mg, chet ngvoi stroke n. d¢t quy observational a. (thu¢c) quan sat
isolation n. stf c6 l~p. tach bi$t questionable a. dang ngo, bj d~t dau hoi intake n. stf n;;Jp vao
READING PASSAGE 2

Families with Different Tongues'

In many families, parents speak two different native languages, and they must decide
which one their child learns

Learning multiple languages is often said to be a positive ·activity. And in

many cases, learning a second language is a choice. But what about bilingual
families that have a mother and father whose native languages are different?
Should the children of the household be forced to learn both the 'mother' and
'father' tongues? The truth is that it should be determined by the significance
of the two languages globally. If both languages are of practical use to the
children throughout their life, then the pros outweigh the cons. Imagine a family
in Germany with a German-speaking father and a Chinese-speaking mother.
It might seem impractical for a child in the household to learn Chinese. The
languages are very different, so the effort and time involved in learning the
mother's language would be significant. In addition, the opportunities to utilise
it outside the household might be limited for a child.

Despite these drawbacks, learning Chinese for this child would be useful for several
reasons. First, the child would be able to communicate with the mother's side of the
family, such as during a visit to grandparents in China. Perhaps inore importantly,
though, learning both languages would give the child a competitive advantage
in the job market. According to the Chinese embassy in Berlin, there are now
several thousand Chinese companies with offices in Germany. There are also an
increasing number of Chinese investors buying German firms. These companies
often conduct their business in both languages, and therefore are in need of people
who can use both. Thus, bl:l~ause demand for people who are bilingual in German
and Chinese is on the riS'S, the child would have unique career opportunities that
are not available to monolingual language users.
Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading
Passage 2?

Write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the wrifer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6 Parents should always teach their native language to their children.

7 Chinese is the most useful language to learn in the current global economy.
\
8 More and more German cpmpanies are being taken over by Chinese investors.

9 Many monolingual people are losing jobs to people who are bilingual.

Question 10

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10 According to the writer, learning languages of both parents is beneficial if

A the child is not forced to learn them by the mother and father.
8 the child has an interest in learning both of them.
C both of them are equally easy for the child to learn.
D both of them offer a useful advantage to the child.

8ap an. D!ch nghia · Giai thich trang 297

~Vocabulary ----------------------------
tongue n. ng6n ngcr, ti€mg significance n. tam quan tr0 ng, y nghia monolingual a. su d1,1ng m¢t
ng6n ngcr outweigh v. ion hon, vuQt impractical a. khong thljc te utilise v. su d1,1ng
drawback n. sv h;:m che competitive advantage phr. IQi the c;;mh tranh embassy n. clai su quan