IT ASSIGNMENT

Q.1 Difference between Internet , Intranet and Extranet

Point of
difference Internet Intranet Extranet

Accessibility
of network Public Private Private

To share information
with suppliers and
Specific to an vendors it makes the use
Availability Global system. organization. of public network.

Restricted area up to an
All over the Restricted area up organization and some
Coverage world. to an organization. of its stakeholders or so.

Accessible only to the

It is accessible It is accessible only members of organization
Accessibility to everyone to the members of and external members
of content connected. organization. with logins.

It is largest in
No. of number of The minimal The connected devices
computers connected number of devices are comparable with
connected devices. are connected. Intranet.

Single Single/ Multiple

Owner No one. organization. organization.
Q.2 Block diagram to illustrate basic components of computer
system-

Functions of the components-

1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. You
should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which takes as
inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the
input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.

2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage.

Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It is because the
processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided
to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster
access and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system is
designed to do the above functionality. It provides space for storing data and instructions.

The storage unit performs the following major functions:

• All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.
• Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.
3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is
called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the
storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type
of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit. 
4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting
useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must
also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable
form. Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.
5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are
performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are
Q.3 Difference between compiler, interpreter, assembler
1. Compiler : 
The language processor that reads the complete source program written in high-level
language as a whole in one go and translates it into an equivalent program in
machine language is called a Compiler.  Example: C, C++, C#, Java.   
In a compiler, the source code is translated to object code successfully if it is free of
errors. The compiler specifies the errors at the end of the compilation with line
numbers when there are any errors in the source code. The errors must be removed
before the compiler can successfully recompile the source code again.

2. Assembler :
The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly language into
machine code. The source program is an input of an assembler that contains
assembly language instructions. The output generated by the assembler is the object
code or machine code understandable by the computer. Assembler is basically the
1st interface that is able to communicate humans with the machine. We need an
Assembler to fill the gap between human and machine so that they can communicate
with each other. code written in assembly language is some sort of
mnemonics(instructions) like ADD, MUL, MUX, SUB, DIV, MOV and so on. and
the assembler is basically able to convert these mnemonics in Binary code. Here,
these mnemonics also depend upon the architecture of the machine. 
For example, the architecture of intel 8085 and intel 8086 are different.

3. Interpreter : 
The translation of a single statement of the source program into machine code is
done by a language processor and executes immediately before moving on to the
next line is called an interpreter. If there is an error in the statement, the interpreter
terminates its translating process at that statement and displays an error message.
The interpreter moves on to the next line for execution only after the removal of the
error. An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or
scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine
code.            
Example: Perl, Python.

Q.4 An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between

computer hardware components and the user. Every computer system must have at
least one operating system to run other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS
Office, Notepad Games, etc., need some environment to run and perform its tasks.
The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer’s language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer
or mobile device without having an operating system.
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):

 Batch Operating System

 Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
 Network OS

Batch Operating System

Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the
same process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a
group.

The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In
this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch
card and submit it to the computer operator.

Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems

Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell)
to use a single computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which
is shared among multiple users is termed as time sharing.

Real time OS
A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is very
small. Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems are the Real
time OS example.

Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide
very fast computation to its users.

Network Operating System

Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to
manage data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.

Q.5

1. SuperComputer
A Supercomputer is the very fastest and powerful, and expensive type of computer for processing
data. Supercomputers’ size and storage capacity are also huge (can occupy huge premises)
designed to process vast amounts of data in a short time with high productivity.
These are specially made to perform multi-specific tasks. Therefore, many CPUs work in parallel
order on these supercomputers. This function of a Supercomputer is called Multiprocessing or
Parallel Processing.

A supercomputer’s design is complicated, like it can be heterogeneous, combining computers of

different architectures, is significantly surpassed most existing personal computers. This made
this machine an ultra-high-performance supercomputer.

Each part of a supercomputer is responsible for its own specific task, such as structuring and
solving the most complex problems requiring an incredible amount of calculations.

Examples: IBM Roadburner, IBM Blue Gene, Intel ASI Red. PARAM-1000, and CRAY-XMP-14.

2. Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computers are multi-programming, high-performance computers, and multi-user,
which means they can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time on the computer.

The storage capacity of the mainframe is enormous, with a high-speed data process as well. As
well as handling hundreds of input and output devices at a time.

The mainframe is a highly efficient computer capable of simultaneously solving complex

calculations and continuously for a long time . These computers have several microprocessors that
have the ability to function the data at too high performance and speed.

The mainframe is ahead of our conventional modern Personal computers in almost every metric.
The possibility of their “hot” replacement in the mainframe computer ensures continuity of
operation. And the standard amount of processor utilization effortlessly exceeds 85% of the total
power.

Somehow mainframes can be more powerful than supercomputers because the mainframe
supports many processes simultaneously. On the other hand, supercomputers can run a single
program but faster than a mainframe. In the past, Mainframes requires entire rooms or even
floors of whole buildings for set up.

In today, IBM company is leading the production of mainframe computers. Mainframe reliability

is increased with development in the past 60 years. These computers can fix most of the hardware
and software bugs.

Examples: IBM Es000 series, ICL39 Series, and CDC 6600.

3. Mini Computer
Minicomputer is a digital and multi-user computer system with the connection of more than one
CPU. Thus, many people can work on these computers simultaneously instead of a single person.
Also, it can process with other accessories like a printer, plotter, etc.
Minicomputers are the medium type of computers that have more functionality power and are
expensive than microcomputers. On the other hand, the size, storage, and speed of minicomputers
are large but less than the mainframe and supercomputers.

Minicomputers are made for performing multiple computing tasks at a single point of time,
instead of assigning many microcomputers for a single task, which will be time-consuming and
expensive.

In general, a minicomputer is a multi-threaded system (several processes at a time) capable of

supporting from one to up to 200 users simultaneously: these computers are currently used
to store large databases, multi-user applications, and the automation industry.
Examples: PDP 11 and IBM (8000 Series).

4. Micro Computer
Today we are using many computers at home is also the most common microcomputer. With this
invention of the microprocessors in the year 1970, it became possible to use computers for people
personally at a low cost and reasonable price known as Digital Personal Computer.

The design of microcomputers is minimal in size and storage capacity. These computers consist
of many parts like Input and Output devices, Software, operating systems, networks, and
Servers all these need to connect to form a complete Personal Digital Computer.

There is not only a PC or laptop are examples of microcomputers. Other examples of the

microcomputer are smartphone, Tablet, PDA, server, palmtop, and workstation.
The primary purpose of microcomputers is to keep and process the everyday tasks and needs of
the people. Only one person can work on a single PC at a time, but its operating system
is multitasking. The PC can be connected to the Internet to take benefits and enhance the user
experience.
The development of multimedia, small equipment, optimized energy consumption, and
the LAN made the microcomputers increase in demand for every field.
The increase in the demand and need for microcomputers between the people leads to
the tremendous development of each part related to the microcomputers.

Examples: Desktops, tablets, smartphones, and Laptops.

Computers on the Basis of Hardware Design and Data Handling

1. Analog Computer
An analog computer performs tasks using continuous data (the physical amount that changes
continuously). Analog computers are used primarily to measure physical units like the voltage,
pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert them into digits.

It is also used to measure and perform arithmetic calculations of numbers, the length of an object,
or the amount of voltage that passes through a point in an electrical circuit. Analog computers
obtain all their data from some measurement way.
Analog computers are mainly used in the fields of science and engineering. Analog computers are
slow and equipped to measure things rather than countable or check.

The efficiency of this computer increases when we get the result of the data in graphs, etc.
Analog Computers cannot store statistics.

A simple clock, the vehicle’s speedometer, Voltmeter, etc. are examples of analog computing.

2. Digital Computer
As its name suggests, a digital computer represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical
values, or any other special symbols. This computer is the computer that calculates the number
for processing the data.
They run on electronic signs, and the binary numeral method Binary System 0 or 1 is used for
calculation. Their speed is fast.

It can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, occurrence, subtraction, multiplication, or

division and all types of logical(mathematical) operations. Today, most of the computers
available in the market are digital computers.
Digital computers are built to bring the solution of equations to an almost unlimited precision, but
in a bit slow manner compared to analog computers. To some extent, they all have similar
components for receiving, processing, sorting, and transmitting data and use a relatively small
number of essential functions to perform their tasks.
Digital computers use discrete electrical signals for operation rather than continuous electrical
signals as analog computers have, making them the most common form of computers today
because of their versatility, speed, and power.
The desktop or Laptop at our home is one the common and best example of a digital computer.

Other Examples of Digital Computers

 Personal Desktop Computers,
 Calculators,
 Laptops, Smartphones, and Tablets,
 Chromebooks,
 Digital watch,
 Accounting machines,
 Workstations,
 Digital clock, etc.

3. Hybrid Computer
A hybrid computer is a combined complex computer unit built using both analog and
digital properties and united by a single control system. The purpose of designing hybrid
computers is to provide functions and features that can be found on both analog and digital
devices.

The aim behind creating a hybrid computer is to create a kind of work unit that offers the best of
both types of computers. Hybrid computers are extremely fast when driving equations, even
when those calculations are incredibly complex.
As both the properties of a computer consist in the form of a single hybrid computer made
possible to solve too complex calculations or problems, at the same time, these devices are not
only too expensive but also able to solve complex issues a bit fastly.

Incorporating the properties of both(analog and digital) computers into hybrid computers makes it
possible to resolve more difficult equations immediately.
The analog computer systems solve the equation process immediately. But it is not necessary that
those solutions would be completely accurate.

Here, the digital computer system gives 100 % correct solutions, but it takes a bit of time in the
calculation. Therefore, Hybrid computers are made to overcome the flaws of both these analog
and digital systems.

Q.6
A PivotTable is an interactive way to quickly summarize
large amounts of data. You can use a PivotTable to analyze
numerical data in detail, and answer unanticipated
questions about your data. A PivotTable is especially
designed for:
 Querying large amounts of data in many user-friendly
ways.
 Subtotaling and aggregating numeric data,
summarizing data by categories and subcategories,
and creating custom calculations and formulas.
 Expanding and collapsing levels of data to focus your
results, and drilling down to details from the summary
data for areas of interest to you.
 Moving rows to columns or columns to rows (or
"pivoting") to see different summaries of the source
data.
 Filtering, sorting, grouping, and conditionally
formatting the most useful and interesting subset of
data enabling you to focus on just the information you
want.
  Presenting concise, attractive, and annotated online or
printed reports.
For example, here's a simple list of household expenses on
the left, and a PivotTable based on the list to the right:
Household expense data Corresponding PivotTable

Q.7

Financial functions in MS-EXCEL

1: FV – Future Value
This function is used to calculate the Future Value of an investment for fixed, repeated
payments where the interest rate remains the same. 
2: XNPV – Net Present Value
This formula is the opposite of the one above, working to calculate the company’s Net
Present Value using irregular dates, taking into account discount rate applied, value of in /
outflows at different dates for these transactions. XNPV is more specific as it uses precise
dates that relate to each cash flow in the series, whilst the NPV formula assumes that time
periods remain the same.
3: XIRR – Extended Internal Rate of Return
XXIR calculates a business’ internal rate of return for different cash flows according
to different dates.

Returns have always been the basic benchmarks for investors while assessing and measuring
potential or existing growth. IRR indicates the expected annual growth over time in a way
that’s easier to compare between investments than using just NPV. The rate of return
calculated by XIRR is the interest rate corresponding to XNPV = 0. It can be used to compare
potential investments or calculate returns on investments where there are multiple
transactions happening at different times. 

Finance analysts should use XIRR over the regular IRR formula. Most cash flow periods
won’t match with IRR. Therefore, it is better to use XIRR. Cash flows will be different for
different periods, and XIRR provides accurate details about each and every transaction for the
specified time.

Formula =XIRR(value, dates, [guess])

4: MIRR – Modified Internal Rate of Return

This formula works to calculate the expected return of a series of cash flows whilst
still factoring in the cost of borrowing (discount rate) and reinvestment rate.

Finance analysts use MIRR to calculate and understand the success or failure of

investment compared to another investment.
5: EFFECT – Effective Interest Rate
The EFFECT function calculates the effective annual interest rate for non-annual
compounding loans. Analysts often need to make decisions on which financial loan will be
best for a business. The EFFECT function is helpful as it makes it easier to draw
comparisons between loans with different rates or periods, ultimately helping to make a
decision, and shows how compounding periods change the Effective Interest Rate.
6: PMT – Payment
This is probably the most commonly used feature in excel by Finance analysts, as it is a
financial function that calculates the payment for a loan based on a constant interest rate, the
number of periods and the loan amount.

This function is frequently used in Real Estate financial modeling where they use this
formula to calculate the present value of investments after considering number of periods and
rate of interest. It provides total payment, including the interest and principal amounts.
7 Mathematical Functions used in
MS Excel with Examples
1. SUM
2. AVERAGE
3. AVERAGEIF
4. COUNTA
5. COUNTIF
6. MOD
7. ROUND

1 SUM
If you want to SUM values of a number of cells quickly, we can use
the SUM in excel of the mathematics category.
For example, look at the below data in excel.

From this, we need to find what the total production qty and total salary is.
Open SUM function in the G2 cell.

A select the range of cells from C2 to C11.

Close the bracket and hit the enter key to get the total production qty.
So, the total production quantity is 1506. Similarly, apply the same logic to
get the total salary amount.

2 AVERAGE
Now we know what overall sum values are. Out of these overall total of
employees, we need to find the average salary per employee.
Open the AVERAGE function in the G4 cell.

Select the range of cells for which we are finding the average value, so our
range of cells will be from D2 to D11.
So the average salary per person is $4,910.

3 AVERAGEIF
We know the average salary per person; for further drill-down, we want to
know what is the average salary based on gender. What is the average
salary of Male & Female?

 This can be achieved by using the AVERAGEIF function.

 The first parameter of this function is Range; choose cells from B2

to B11.
 In this range, we need to take into consideration only male
employees, so enter the criteria as “M.”

 Next, we need to choose what the average range is, i.e., from D1 to
D11.
  So, the average salary of male employees is $4,940; similarly, apply
the formula to find the female average salary.

The female average salary is $4,880.

4 COUNTA
Let’s find out how many employees are there in this range.
  To find a number of employees, we need to use
the COUNTA function in excel.

COUNTA function will count the number of non-empty cells in the

selected range of cells. So totally there are 10 employees on the list.

5 COUNTIF
After counting the total number of employees, we may need to count how
many male and female employees are there.

 So this can be done by using the “COUNTIF” function. COUNTIF

counts the cells based on the criteria given.
 The range is nothing in which range of cells we need to count since
we need to count the number of male or female employees who
choose cells from B2 to B11.

 Criteria will in the selected Range what do we need to count???

Since we need to count how many male employees are there, give
the criteria as “M.”
  Similar copy the formula and change the criteria from “M” to “F.”

6 MOD
MOD function will return the remainder when one number is divided by
another number. For example, when you divide number 11 by 2, we will
get the remainder as 1 because only till 10 number 2 can divide.

 For example, look at the below data.

  By applying a simple MOD function, we can find the remainder
value.

7 ROUND
When we have fraction or decimal values, we may need to round those
decimal values to the nearest integer number. For example, we need to
round the number 3.25 to 3 and 3.75 to 4.

 This can be done by using a ROUND function in excel.

 Open ROUND function in C2 cells.
  Select the Number as B2 cell.

Ans 8 – Generations of computers-

FIRST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES (1940–

1956)
The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory, and
they were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate, and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions. The maximum internal storage capacity was 20,000 characters. 

First-generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming

language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time. It would take operators days or even weeks to set up a new problem. Input was based on punched
cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

It was in this generation that the Von Neumann architecture was introduced, which displays the design
architecture of an electronic digital computer. Later, the UNIVAC and ENIAC computers, invented by J.
Presper Eckert, became examples of first-generation computer technology. The UNIVAC was the first
commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

A UNIVAC computer at the Census Bureau. Image Source: United States Census Bureau

Recommended Reading: Webopedia’s ENIAC definition

SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS (1956–

1963)
The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The
transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late
1950s. This generation of computers also included hardware advances like magnetic core memory,
magnetic tape, and the magnetic disk.

The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still
generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube. A second-generation computer still relied on punched cards for input and printouts
for output.

An early Philco Transistor (1950s). Image Source: Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles

From Binary to Assembly

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,
which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were
also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the
first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

(1964–1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users would interact with a third generation computer
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run
many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers, for
the first time, became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.

Did You Know… ? Integrated circuit (IC) chips are small electronic devices made out of a semiconductor
material. The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and
Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.

FOURTH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSORS

(1971–PRESENT)
The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip. The technology in the first generation that filled an entire room could now
fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, integrated all the components of the
computer, from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls, on a single chip.

In 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the
Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life
as more and more everyday products began to use the microprocessor chip.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet. Each fourth-generation computer also saw the computer
development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld technology.

Intel’s first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Image Source: Intel
Timeline (PDF)

FIFTH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE (PRESENT AND BEYOND)
Fifth generation computer technology, based on artificial intelligence, is still in development, though there
are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. This is also so far the
prime generation for packing a large amount of storage into a compact and portable device.

Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in

years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that will respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Ans 9 –
OMR- Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is the technology of electronically taking out data
from marked fields, such as oval shades and fill-in fields, on printed forms. OMR technology
scans a printed form and reads predefined positions and records where marks are made on the
form. This technology is useful for applications in which large numbers of hand-filled forms
need to be processed quickly and with greater accuracy, such as questionnaires, and academic
exams. A common OMR application is the use of “oval sheets” for multiple-choice tests used
by schools and colleges. The student indicates the answer on the test by filling in the
corresponding oval, and the form is fed through an optical mark reader, a device that scans
the document and reads the data from the marked fields. 

OCR: Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is an input device that is used to scan the
printed/ handwritten text materials into computer-readable text making it easy to edit and
store. It is used to read the cheque numbers in the banks arid millions of magazines and
letters are sorted every day by OCR machines.

MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader enables special characters printed in magnetic ink
to be read and input rapidly to a computer. MICR is used extensively in banking because
magnetic- ink characters are difficult to forge.

BARCODE READER- A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an optical

scanner that can read printed barcodes, decode the data contained in the barcode and send the
data to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light
sensor translating for optical impulses into electrical signals.

Humanware – It is the method of adding a human facet into the development of

computer programs. The main goal of developing humanware is to make hardware and
software as functional as possible. A computer system is made up of three major components
—hardware, software, and humanware.

Firmware -It is a software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware

device. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device communicates with the other
computer hardware. ... Firmware is typically stored in the flash ROM of a hardware device.

Ans 10 - What is the application of IT in banking system?

Information technology in banking sector refers to the use of sophisticated information and
communication technologies together with computer science to enable banks to offer better
services to its customers in a secure, reliable and affordable manner and sustain competitive
advantage over other banks.

Ans 11 –
Difference Between Primary and Secondary Memory

BASIS FOR
PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY
COMPARISON

Basic Primary memory is directly Secondary memory is not

accessible by Processor/CPU. directly accessible by CPU.

Altered Name Main memory. Auxiliary memory.

Data Instructions or data to be Data to be permanently

currently executed are copied to stored is kept in secondary

main memory. memory.

Volatility Primary memory is usually Secondary memory is non-

volatile. volatile.

Formation Primary memories are made of Secondary memories are

semiconductors. made of magnetic and

optical material.

Access Speed Accessing data from primary Accessing data from

memory is faster. secondary memory is slower.

 BASIS FOR
PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY
COMPARISON

Access Primary memory is accessed by Secondary memory is

the data bus. accessed by input-output

channels.

Size The computer has a small The computer has a larger

primary memory. secondary memory.

Expense Primary memory is costlier than Secondary memory is

secondary memory. cheaper than primary

memory

Memory Primary memory is an internal Secondary memory is an

memory. external memory

Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM is volatile memory, which means that the information temporarily stored in
the module is erased when you restart or shut down your computer. Because the
information is stored electrically on transistors, when there is no electric current,
the data disappears. Each time you request a file or information, it is retrieved
either from the computer's storage disk or the internet. The data is stored in RAM,
so each time you switch from one program or page to another, the information is
instantly available. When the computer is shut down, the memory is cleared until
the process begins again. Volatile memory can be changed, upgraded, or expanded
easily by users. Find out if your computer needs more memory.
ROM is non-volatile memory, which means the information is permanently stored
on the chip. The memory does not depend on an electric current to save data,
instead, data is written to individual cells using binary code. Non-volatile memory
is used for parts of the computer that do not change, such as the initial boot-up
portion of the software, or the firmware instructions that make your printer run.
Turning off the computer does not have any effect on ROM. Non-volatile memory
cannot be changed by users.

Difference between Input and Output devices:

INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE

It accepts data from user. It reflects processed data to user.

It is directly commanded by user. It is commanded by processor.

It converts user friendly instruction into It converts machine’s instructions to user

machine friendly. intelligible.

It takes the data from the user and sends it to It takes the processed data from the
the processor for execution. processor and sends it back to the user.

It helps the computer is displaying the

It helps the computer is accepting the data. data.

The design of output devices are less

The design of input devices are more complex. complex.

Ex: Keyboard, Image Scanner, Microphone, Ex: Monitor, Printers, Plotters, Projector,
Pointing device, Graphics tablet, Joystick. Speakers.

Ans 12 –
Cloud computing refers to the use of hosted services, such as data storage,
servers, databases, networking, and software over the internet. The data is
stored on physical servers, which are maintained by a cloud service
provider. Computer system resources, especially data storage and
computing power, are available on-demand, without direct management by
the user in cloud computing.
Types of Cloud Computing
 

Cloud computing can either be classified based on the deployment model

or the type of service. Based on the specific deployment model, we can
classify cloud as public, private, and hybrid cloud. At the same time, it can
be classified as infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service
(PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS) based on the service the cloud
model offers.

Private cloud
 

In a private cloud, the computing services are offered over a private IT

network for the dedicated use of a single organization. Also termed
internal, enterprise, or corporate cloud, a private cloud is usually managed
via internal resources and is not accessible to anyone outside the
organization. Private cloud computing provides all the benefits of a public
cloud, such as self-service, scalability, and elasticity, along with additional
control, security, and customization.
 

Private clouds provide a higher level of security through company

firewalls and internal hosting to ensure that an organization’s sensitive
data is not accessible to third-party providers. The drawback of private
cloud, however, is that the organization becomes responsible for all the
management and maintenance of the data centers, which can prove to be
quite resource-intensive.
 
Public cloud
 

Public cloud refers to computing services offered by third-party providers

over the internet. Unlike private cloud, the services on public cloud are
available to anyone who wants to use or purchase them. These services
could be free or sold on-demand, where users only have to pay per usage
for the CPU cycles, storage, or bandwidth they consume.
 

Public clouds can help businesses save on purchasing, managing, and

maintaining on-premises infrastructure since the cloud service provider is
responsible for managing the system. They also offer scalable RAM and
flexible bandwidth, making it easier for businesses to scale their storage
needs.
 

Hybrid cloud
 

Hybrid cloud uses a combination of public and private cloud features. The
“best of both worlds” cloud model allows a shift of workloads between
private and public clouds as the computing and cost requirements change.
When the demand for computing and processing fluctuates, hybrid
cloud allows businesses to scale their on-premises infrastructure up to the
public cloud to handle the
Applications
1. Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily
design attractive cards, booklets, and images. Cloud computing allows us to
store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on the cloud and
access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider is
 responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery
application for retrieving the lost data.

2. Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every

organization requires the cloud business application to grow their business. It
also ensures that business applications are 24*7 available to users.