Grade 10 Music LM 2

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Quarter II: AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC
CONTENT STANDARDS
The learner demonstrates understanding of... 1. Characteristic features of Afro-Latin
American music and Popular
music.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The learner... 1. Performs vocal and dance forms of Afro-Latin American music and
selections of Popular music.
DEPED The 1. learner...
Observes American dance and LEARNING popular styles, instruments, music

COMPETENCIES
COPY through and video, rhythms movies of Afro and
Latin live performances. 2. Describes the historical and cultural background of Afro-Latin
American and popular music. 3. Listens perceptively to Afro-Latin American and popular music.
4. Dances to different selected styles of Afro-Latin American and popular
music. 5. Analyzes musical characteristics of Afro-Latin American and popular
music. 6. Sings selections of Afro-Latin American and popular music in
appropriate pitch, rhythm, style, and expression. 7. Explores ways of creating sounds on a variety
of sources suitable to
chosen vocal and instrumental selections. 8. Improvises simple vocal/instrumental
accompaniments to selected
songs. 9. Choreographs a chosen dance music. 10. Evaluates music and music performances
using knowledge of musical
elements and style.
From the Department of Education curriculum for MUSIC Grade 10 (2014)
37
All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or mechanical
including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office.
MUSIC ● Quarter II
38
MUSIC OF AFRICA
M usic
work,
has
religion,
always been
ceremonies,
an important
or even
part
in the daily life of the African, whether for

communication. Singing, dancing, hand
clapping and the beating of drums are essential to many African ceremonies, including those for
birth, death, initiation, marriage, and funerals. Music and dance are also important to religious
expression and political events.
However, because of its wide influences on global music that has permeated contemporary
American, Latin American, and European styles, there has been a growing interest in its own
cultural heritage and musical sources. Of particular subjects of researches are its rhythmic
structures and spiritual characteristics that have led to the birth of jazz forms.
African music has been a collective result from the cultural and musical diversity of the more
than 50 countries of the continent. The organization of this continent is a colonial legacy from
European rule of the different nations up to the end of the 19th century, whose vastness has
enabled it to incorporate its music with language, environment, political
DEPED developments, TRADITIONAL African
traditional immigration, MUSIC music is OF and largely AFRICA cultural functional diversity.
in nature, COPY used primarily in ceremonial rites, such
as birth, death, marriage, succession, worship, and spirit invocations. Others are work related or
social in nature, while many traditional societies view their music as entertainment. It has a
basically interlocking structural format, due mainly to its overlapping and dense textural
characteristics as well as its rhythmic complexity. Its many sources of stylistic influence have
produced varied characteristics and genres.
Some Types of African Music
Afrobeat Afrobeat is a term used to describe the fusion of West African with black American
music.
Apala (Akpala) Apala is a musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up the
worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan. Percussion instrumentation
includes the rattle(sekere), thumb piano(agidigbo), bell (agogo), and two or three talking drums.
Yoruba Apala Musicians
Afro-Latin American and Popular MusicAxe Axe is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and
Brazil. It fuses the Afro- Caribbean styles of the marcha, reggae, and calypso.
Jit Jit is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance
DEPED music influenced Jive Jive featuring is
played a a popular by lively on mbira-based drums and form uninhibited with of guitar guitar
South styles.
accompaniment,
variation African music of the
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jitterbug, a form of swing dance.
Juju Juju is a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms,
where the instruments in Juju are more Western in origin. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel
guitar, and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum or squeeze
drum).
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Kwassa Kwassa Kwassa Kwassa is a dance style begun in Zaire in the late 1980’s, popularized
by Kanda Bongo Man. In this dance style, the hips move back and forth while the arms move
following the hips.
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Marabi Marabi is a South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s which
evolved into African Jazz. DEPED American in
allow varying the dancers jazz, vamping ragtime more patterns and time blues and on the
repetitive with dance African floor.
harmony roots, Possessing it over COPY is characterized
an a extended keyboard period by style simple combining of time chords to

LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED BY AFRICAN MUSIC
Reggae Reggae is a Jamaican sound dominated by bass guitar and drums. It refers to a particular
music style that was strongly influenced by traditional mento and calypso music, as well as
American jazz, and rhythm and blues. The most recognizable musical elements of reggae are its
offbeat rhythm and staccato chords.
Salsa Salsa music is Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombian dance music. It comprises various
musical genres including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachacha, mambo and bolero.

richardrrr.blogspot.com Afro-Latin American and Popular MusicSamba Samba is the basic
underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is a lively and
DEPED rhythmical timed dancing Samba
dance. style. scene dance There in Brazil. and is a music set Thus, 44
of with dances—rather no one Soca
three dance steps can than to COPY be every claimed
a single bar, dance—that with making certainty the Samba define as the the “original” feel
Samba like a
Soca is a modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop music combining “soul” and “calypso” music.
Were This is Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call for early breakfast and prayers
during Ramadan celebrations. Relying on pre-arranged music, it fuses the African and European
music styles with particular usage of the natural harmonic series.
Zouk Zouk is fast, carnival-like hythmic music, from the Creole slang word for ‘party,’
originating in the Carribean Islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique and popularized in the
1980’s. It has a pulsating beat supplied by the gwo ka and tambour bele drums, a tibwa
rhythmic pattern played on the rim of the snare drum and its hi-hat, rhythm guitar, a horn section,
and keyboard synthesizers.
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VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC
Maracatu
Maracatu first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the strong rhythms of
African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies. The maracatu groups were called
“nacoes” (nations) who paraded with a drumming ensemble numbering up to 100, accompanied
by a singer, chorus, and a coterie of dancers.
Musical instruments used in Maracatu
DEPED The guerra, The is a shallow Maracatu
alfaia gongue, is snare a uses large agbe, drum mostly wooden and and percussion miniero.
the drum caixa-de-guerra that instruments is rope-tuned, which such complemented
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is as a the war-like alfaia, snare. tarol by the and Providing tarol caixa-de- which the clanging
sound is the gongue, a metal cowbell. The shakers are represented by the agbe, a gourd shaker
covered by beads, and the miniero or ganza, a metal cylindrical shaker filled with metal shot or
small dried seeds called “Lagrima fre Nossa Senhora.”
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Tarol
Caixa Miniero or Ganza All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means - electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office.
Alfaia Drum Agbe Sakere
Maracatu dance
Gongue
richardrrr.blogspot.com Afro-Latin American and Popular MusicBlues
The blues is a musical form of the late 19th century that has had deep roots in African-
American communities. These communities are located in the so-called “Deep South” of
the United States. The slaves and their descendants used to sing as they worked in the cotton and
vegetable fields.
The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful sound. The feelings that are evoked are
normally associated with slight degrees of misfortune, lost love, frustration, or loneliness. From
ecstatic joy to deep sadness, the blues can communicate various emotions more effectively than
other musical forms.
Noted performers of the Rhythm and Blues genre are Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway,
Aretha Franklin, and John Lee Hooker; as well as B.B. King, Bo Diddley, Erykah Badu, Eric
Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie Vaughan, and Jeff
Baxter. Examples of blues music are DEPED the
and Soul
following: Billie’s Blues.
Early Mornin’, A House is Not a COPY Home
Soul music was a popular music genre of the 1950’s and 1960’s. It originated in the
United States. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, and
often jazz. The catchy rhythms are accompanied by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves
which are among its important features. Other characteristics include “call and
response” between the soloist and the chorus, and an especially tense and powerful
vocal sound.
Some important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul
music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles and Little Richard
(who inspired Otis Redding) and James Brown were equally influential. Brown was known as
the
“Godfather of Soul,” while Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also often acknowledged as
“soul forefathers.” Examples of soul music are the following: Ain’t No Mountain High
Enough, Ben, All I Could Do is Cry, Soul to Soul, andBecha by Golly, Wow.
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James Brown
Etta James
Ray Charles
Spiritual
The term spiritual, normally associated with a deeply religious person, refers here to a Negro
spiritual, a song form by African migrants to America who became enslaved by its white
communities. This musical form became their outlet to vent their loneliness and anger, and is a
result of the interaction of music and religion from Africa with that of America. The texts are
mainly religious, sometimes taken from psalms of Biblical passages, while the music utilizes
deep bass voices. The vocal inflections, Negro accents, and dramatic dynamic changes add to the
musical interest and effectiveness of the performance. Examples of spiritual music are the
following: We are Climbing Jacob’s Ladder, Rock My Soul, When the Saints Go Marching In,
and Peace Be Still.
Call and Response
The call and response method is a succession of two distinct musical phrases usually rendered by
different musicians, where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary on or response to the
first. Much like the question and answer sequence in human
DEPED communication, vocal Boy, Bell by one
compositions. Chuck of the Berry.

signature it also Examples forms songs a by of strong Muddy call and resemblance Waters;
response and songs to School COPY

the are verse-chorus Day the - following: Ring, form Ring Mannish Goes in many the
WHAT TO KNOW
1. Which African music is usually heard on the radios today?
2. Among the types of African music, which is usually known as a type of music that
has originated from Brazil?
3. Which type of music was popularized by Bob Marley?
4. What is the music that is a New York Puerto Rican adaptation of Afro-Cuban
music?
5. What are the different musical instruments included in the maracatu?
44All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic or
mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office.
DEPED
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music
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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA
A frican music includes all the major instrumental genres of western music, including
strings,
winds, and percussion, along with a tremendous variety of specific African musical instruments
for solo or ensemble playing.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
A. Idiophones
These are percussion instruments that are either struck with a mallet or against one another.
1. Balafon - The balafon is a West
African xylophone. It is a pitched percussion instrument with bars made from logs or bamboo.
The xylophone is originally an Asian instrument that follows the structure of a piano. It came
from Madagascar to Africa, then to the Americas and Europe.
2. Rattles - Rattles are made of seashells, tin, basketry, animal hoofs, horn, wood, metal bells,
cocoons, palm kernels, or tortoise shells. These rattling vessels may range from single to several
objects that are either joined or suspended in such a way as they hit each other.
3. Agogo - The agogo is a single bell or multiple bells that had its origins in
traditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias (percussion)
ensembles. The agogo may be called “the oldest samba instrument based on West African
Yoruba single or double bells.” It has the highest pitch of any of the bateria instruments.
4. Atingting Kon - These are slit gongs used to communicate between villages. They were
carved out of wood to resemble ancestors and had a “slit opening” at the bottom. In
certain cases, their sound could carry for miles through the forest and even across water to
neighboring islands. A series of gong “languages” were composed of beats and pauses,
making it possible to send highly specific messages.
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5. Slit drum - The slit drum is a hollow percussion
instrument. Although known as a drum, it is not a true drum but is an idiophone.
It is usually carved or constructed from bamboo or wood into a box with one or more slits in the
top. Most slit drums have one slit, though two and three slits (cut into the shape of an “H”)
occur. If the resultant tongues are different in width or thicknesses, the drum will produce
two different pitches.
6. Djembe - The West Africandjembe (pronounced zhem-bay) is one of the best-known African
drums is. It is shaped like a large goblet and played with bare hands. The body is carved from a
hollowed trunk and is covered in goat skin.
Log drums come in different shapes and sizes as well: tubular drums, bowl-shaped drums, and
friction drums. DEPED Some the the are have
seeds drum, drum played rattling have and head, the using one beads metal lower the head, hands
higher placed and the others COPY

tone jingles or the inside or sticks have tone pitch. attached produced. two the or The both;
heads. drum. to more the These and The outside They tension sometimes
bigger
drums
are or
in
sometimes held under the armpit or with a sling.
7. Shekere - The shekere is a type of gourd and shell megaphonefrom West Africa, consisting of
a dried gourd with beads woven into a net covering the gourd. Theagbe is another gourd drum
with cowrie shells usually strung with white cotton thread. The axatse is a small gourd, held by
the neck and placed between hand and leg.
8. Rasp - A rasp, or scraper, is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by
scraping the notches on a piece of wood (sometimes elaborately carved) with a stick, creating a
series of rattling effects.
Antique wooden rasp
Gourd shekere
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music DEPED

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B. Membranophones
Membranophones are instruments which have vibrating animal membranes used in drums.
Their shapes may be conical, cylindrical, barrel, hour-glass, globular, or kettle, and are played
with sticks, hands, or a combination of both. African drums are usually carved from a single
wooden log, and may also be made from ceramics, gourds, tin cans, and oil drums. Examples of
these are found in the different localities – entenga (Ganda), dundun (Yoruba), atumpan (Akan),
and ngoma (Shona), while some are constructed with wooden staves and hoops.
1. Body percussion - Africans frequently use their bodies as musical instruments. Aside from
their voices, where many of them are superb singers, the body also serves as a drum as people
clap their hands, slap their thighs, pound their upper arms or chests, or shuffle their feet.
This body percussion creates exciting rhythms which also stir them to action. Moreover, the
wearing of rattles or bells on their wrists, ankles, arms, and waists enhances their emotional
response.
2. Talking drum - The talking drum is used to send messages to announce births, deaths,
marriages, sporting events, dances, initiation, or war. Sometimes it may also contain gossip or
jokes. It is believed that the drums can carry direct messages to the spirits after the death of a
loved one.
However, learning to play messages on drums is extremely difficult, resulting in its waning
popularity. An example of the talking drum is the luna.
Luna
C. Lamellaphone
One of the most popular African percussion instruments is the lamellaphone, which is a set of
plucked tongues or keys mounted on a sound board. It is known by different names according to
the regions such as mbira, karimba, kisaanj, and likembe.
Mbira (hand piano or thumb piano) - The thumb piano or finger xylophone is of African origin
and is used throughout the continent. It consists of a wooden board with attached staggered metal
tines (a series of wooden, metal, or rattan tongues), plus an additional resonator to increase its
volume. It is played by holding the instrument in the hands and plucking the tines with the
thumbs, producing a soft plucked sound.
DEPED D. Chordophones
Chordophones These include bows, are instruments harps, lutes, which zithers, produce and
sounds lyres COPY

of from various the vibration sizes.
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of strings.
1. Musical bow - The musical bow is the ancestor of all string instruments. It is the oldest and
one of the most widely-used string instruments of Africa.
It consists of a single string attached to each end of a curved stick, similar to a bow and arrow.
The string is either plucked or struck with another stick, producing a per-cussive yet delicate
sound. The earth bow, the mouth bow, and the resonator-bow are the principal types of musical
bows.
The earth bow, ground bow, or pit harp consist of a hole in the ground, a piece of flexible wood
and a piece of chord. The musician plucks the taut string to accompany his singing. When the
half gourd is not buried, the performer holds the instrument very tightly under his knee flat side
down, so that the chord puts enough tension on the wood to bend it into the shape of a hunting
bow.
Afro-Latin American and Popular MusicA more advanced form of ground bow is made from a log,
half a gourd, a flat piece of wood, and cord. The wooden strip is driven firmly into one end of the
log and the half gourd is fastened to the log about 2 feet away from the wooden strip. The cord,
fastened from the wooden strip to the gourd, is stretched so tightly into the shape of a bow. The
player holds the instrument on the ground by placing one leg across the log between the
resonating gourd and the wooden strip.
2. Lute (konting, khalam, and the nkoni ) - The lute, originating from the Arabic states, is shaped
like the modern guitar and played in similar fashion. It has a resonating body, a neck, and one or
more strings which stretch across the length of its body and neck. The player tunes the strings by
tightening or loosening the pegs at the top of the lute’s neck.
West African plucked lutes include
DEPED 3. Kora while made from - also The
having a kora gourd is features or Africa's calabash. similar most A support
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to sophisticated a lute. the for konting, Its the body bridge harp,
khalam, is
49 and the nkoni.
is set across the opening and covered with a skin that is held in place with studs. The leather
rings around the neck are used to tighten the 21 strings that give the instrument a range of over
three octaves. Thekora is held upright and played with the fingers.
African kora
4. Zither - The zither is a stringed instrument with varying sizes and shapes whose strings are
stretched along its body. Among the types of African zither are the raft or Inanga zither from
Burundi, the tubular or Valiha zither from Malagasy, and the harp or Mvet zither from Cameroon.
Nkoni
Raft zither
5. Zeze - The zeze is an African fiddle played with a bow, a small wooden stick, or plucked with
the fingers. It has one or two strings, made of steel or bicycle brake wire. It is from Sub-Saharan
Africa. It is also known by the namestzetze and dzendze, izeze and endingidi; and on Madagascar
is called lokanga (or lokango) voatavo.
E. Aerophones
Aerophones are instruments which are produced initially by trapped vibrating air columns or
which enclose a body of vibrating air. Flutes in various sizes and shapes, horns, panpipes, whistle
types, gourd and shell megaphones, oboe, clarinet, animal horn and wooden trumpets fall under
this category.
1. Flutes - Flutes are widely used throughout Africa and either vertical or side-blown. They are
usually fashioned from a single tube closed at one end
DEPED and blown like a bottle.
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Panpipes consist of cane pipes of different lengths tied in a row or in a bundle held together by
wax or cord, and generally closed at the bottom. They are blown across the top, each providing a
different note. 50Atenteben (Ghana) Fulani Flutes
2. Horns - Horns and trumpets, found almost everywhere in Africa, are commonly made from
elephant tusks and animal horns. With their varied attractive shapes, these instruments are
end-blown or side-blown and range in size from the small signal whistle of the southern cattle
herders to the large ivory horns of the tribal chiefs of the interior. One trumpet variety, the
wooden trumpet, may be simple or artistically carved, sometimes resembling a crocodile’s
head.
DEPED
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music
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Kudu horn - This is one type of horn made from the horn of the kudu antelope. It releases a
mellow and warm sound that adds a unique African accent to the music. This instrument, which
comes in a set of six horns, reflects the cross of musical traditions in Africa. Today, the kudu
horn can also be seen in football matches, where fans blow it to cheer for their favourite teams.
3. Reed pipes - There are single-reed pipes made from hollow guinea corn or sorghum stems,
where the reed is a flap partially cut from the stem near one end. It is the vibration of this reed
that causes the air within the hollow instrument to vibrate, thus creating the sound.
There are also cone-shaped double-reed instruments similar to the oboe or shawm. The most
well-known is the rhaita or ghaita, an oboe-like double reed instrument from northwest Africa. It
is one of the primary instruments used by traditional music ensembles from Morocco. The rhaita
was even featured in the Lord of the Rings soundtrack, specifically in the Mordor theme.
4. Whistles - Whistles found throughout the continent may be made of wood or other materials.
Short pieces of horn serve as whistles, often with a short tube inserted into the mouthpiece. Clay
can be molded into whistles of many shapes and forms and then baked. Pottery whistles are
sometimes shaped in the form of a head, similar to the Aztec whistles of Central America and
Mexico.
5. Trumpets - African trumpets are made of wood, metal, animal horns, elephant tusks, and
gourds with skins from snakes, zebras, leopards, crocodiles and animal hide as ornaments to the
instrument.
They are mostly ceremonial in nature, often used to announce the arrival or departure of
important guests. In religion and witchcraft, some tribes believe in the magical powers of
trumpets to frighten away evil spirits, cure diseases, and protect warriors and hunters from harm.
African whistle
African Musical Instruments from the Environment
M any
skin
instruments
and horns,
of
as
Africa
well as
are
improvised
made from
ones
natural elements like wood, metal, animal,

like tin cans and bottles. These are mainly used to
provide rhythmic sounds, which are the most defining element of African music. Africans make
musical instruments from the materials in the environment, like forest areas from where they
make large wooden drums. Drums may also be made of clay, metal, tortoise shells, or gourds.
Xylophones are made of lumber or bamboo, while flutes can be constructed wherever reeds or
bamboo grow. Animal horns are used as trumpets while animal hides, lizard skins, and snake
skins can function as decorations as well as provide the membranes for drum heads. Laces made
of hides and skins are used for the strings of harps, fiddles, and lutes.
On the other hand, bamboo was used to form the tongues of thumb pianos, the frames of stringed
instruments, and stamping tubes. Strips of bamboo are even clashed together rhythmically.
Gourds, seeds, stones, shells, palm leaves, and the hard-shelled fruit of the calabash tree are
made into rattles. Ancient Africans even made musical instruments from human skulls decorated
with human hair while singers use their body movements to
DEPED accompany Modern empty everything as
soda oil cans Africans drums, and their and anything. singing.
make bottles, and tin use At cans. are of present, becoming recycled These new people, waste
increasingly materials materials bursting that important
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are with such more rhythm, as strips for easily the make of accessible, construction roofing
music metal, such with
of percussion instruments. Some rhythmic instruments like scrapers, bells, and rattles also
provide the pitch and timbre when played in an ensemble to provide contrasts in tone quality and
character.
WHAT TO KNOW
1. What are the classifications of African music?
2. What are the characteristics of each classification of African music?
3. Name some African musical instruments under the following categories:
a. idiophones b. chordophones c. membranophones d. aerophones
4. Describe how African musical instruments are sourced from the environment.
Give examples.
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music MUSIC OF LATIN

AMERICA
T he
Spanish-Portuguese,
music of Latin America
and African.
is the product
Sometimes
of three major influences – Indigenous,

called Latin music, it includes the countries that have
had a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the following areas:
a. Andean region (a mountain system of western South America along the Pacific coast from
Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela b.
Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
and Panama c. Carribean – Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique,
and Puerto Rico d. Brazil
At the same time, because of the inter-racial cross breeding and migration, the above- named
countries were also somewhat commonly populated by five major ancestral groups
DEPED as follows:
a. b. c. Indian descendants of the original of the region before the arrival African descendants
from Western European descendants mainly the French, Dutch, Italian, and 53 from British of
native COPY Christopher and Spain Americans Central
and who were the inhabitants

Columbus
Africa Portugal but also including
d. Asian descendants from China, Japan, India, and Indonesia/Java e. Mixed descendants from
the above-named groups
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC
1. Indigenous Latin-American Music
Before the arrival of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other European colonizers, the natives were
found to be using local drum and percussion instruments such as the guiro, maracas, and turtle
shells, and wind instruments such as zampona (pan pipes) andquena(notched-end flutes) remain
popular and are traditionally made out of the same aquatic canes, although PVC pipe is
sometimes used due to its resistance to heat, cold, and humidity. Generally, quenas only are
played during the dry season. Materials came from hollow tree trunks, animal skins, fruit shells,
dry seeds, cane and clay, hardwood trees, jaguar claws, animal and human bones, and
specially-treated inflated eyes of tigers.
Quena
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Zampona
The indigenous music of Latin America was largely functional in nature, being
DEPED 2. used singing guard Native for against
American/Indian and religious dancing sickness worship served and Music

to natural and implore ceremonies. disasters, the gods and The for
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of good use course of harvest, instruments provide victory recreation.
as in well as battles,
The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal native Americans share many similar yet
distinctive music elements pertaining to melody, harmony, rhythm, form, and dynamics. Short
musical motives from descending melodic lines were a common feature, where tempo, rhythm,
and tone colors vary with the specific occasion or ritual. Many dance forms were repetitious,
while songs had a wide range of volume levels.
Some of the Native American music includes courtship songs, dancing songs, and popular
American or Canadian tunes like Amazing Grace, Dixie, Jambalaya, and Sugar Time. Many
songs celebrate themes like harvest, planting season or other important times of year.
3. Afro-Latin American Music
The African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced in its rich and varied
rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various percussion instruments. Complex layering
of rhythmic patterns was a favorite device, where
Maracas
Guiro
Turtle shells
Afro-Latin American and Popular Musicfast
paced tempos add to the rhythmic density. Vocal music
was often deep- chested while instrumental music greatly relied on resonant drums and
sympathetic buzzers to produce rich sounds and occasional loud volume levels to reflect their
intensity.
4. Euro-Latin American Music
The different regions of Latin America adopted various characteristics from their European
colonizers. Melodies of the Renaissance period were used in Southern Chile and the Colombian
Pacific coasts, while step-wise melodies were preferred in the heavily Hispanic and
Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia. Alternating Chile and adopted dual
meters, in Cuba such and as Puerto 68
and Rico, 44
, known as “sesquialtera” were immortalized in found in the song I Wanna Be in America from
Leonard Bernstein’s Broadway hit West Side Story. Other European influences were
manifested in the texture of Euro-Latin American music, from unaccompanied vocal solos to
those accompanied by stringed instruments.
DEPED 5. Mixed The Americans, diversity
American and of Euro-Latin races Music
and Americans cultures account from COPY

the for Native the rich Americans, combinations Afro-Latin of musical elements including the
melodic patterns, harmonic combinations, rhythmic complexities, wide range of colors and
dynamics, and various structural formats.
This musical fusion of Latin America combining native instruments with European counterparts
and musical theories was further enriched by the instruments brought by the African slaves. The
result of the massive infusion of African culture also brought about the introduction of other
music and dance forms such as the Afro- Cuban rumba, Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia,
and the Brazilian samba.
6. Popular Latin American Music
Latin America has produced a number of musical genres and forms that had been influenced by
European folk music, African traditional music, and native sources. Much of its popular music
has in turn found its way to the many venues and locales of America, Europe, and eventually the
rest of the world. Its danceable rhythms, passionate melodies, and exotic harmonies continue to
enthrall music and dance enthusiasts worldwide even as the forms themselves undergo constant
modifications that are more relevant to the times. Some of these Latin American popular music
forms are tango, bossa nova, samba, son, and salsa.
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a. Samba
The samba is a dance form of African origins around 1838 which evolved into an African-
Brazilian invention in the working class and slum districts of Rio de Janeiro. Its lively rhythm,
consisting each was meant that create of to a be 24 a meter executed feeling but of containing for
a singing, 34
three steps meter instead, dancing, and parading in the carnival. Samba has a number of
variations, so that there is no clear-cut definition of a singlesamba form. Its most adventurous
kind is known as the batucada, referring at once to a large percussion ensemble of up to a
hundred players, a jam session, or an intensely polyrhythmic style of drumming.
b. Son
DEPED The the played wooden today, American
African son its with is sticks music, most a rumba the fusion that tres important particularly
rhythms of (guitar), are the hit popular of legacy together). contrabass, Bantu as the music is
origin. forerunner its Although or bongos, COPY

influence Originating canciones of maracas, the the on son (songs) salsa.
in present-day Cuba, is and seldom of claves it Spain is usually heard Latin (two and
c. Salsa
The salsa is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico that started in
New York in the mid 1970’s. Its style contains elements from the swing dance and hustle as
well as the complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Carribean dance forms of pachanga and guaguanco.
The execution of the salsa involves shifting the weight by stepping sideways, causing the hips to
move while the upper body remains level. The arms and shoulders are also incorporated with the
upper body position. In each, a moderate tempo is used while the upper and lower bodies act in
seeming disjoint as described above.
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA
T and
he varied
percussion
cultures
instruments.
developed
As
in
with
Latin
the
America
gave rise to different types of wind

African continent, their rich history dating
back thousands of years ago with the Aztec, Maya, and other prehistoric cultural groups in Latin
America understandably generates their own brands of creativity in making music.
In Central America, the ancient civilizations of the Aztec and Maya peoples used various
instruments mainly for religious functions and usually by professional musicians. As some
instruments were considered holy and it was further believed that music was supposed to glorify
the gods, mistakes in playing these instruments were considered offensive and insulting to them.
Some of their instruments include the following:
Tlapitzalli
Thetlapitzalli is a flute variety from the Aztec culture made of clay with decorations of abstract
designs or images of DEPED their Teponaztli
deities.
The out and teponaztli COPY carved 57 is a Mexican
from a piece slit drum hollowed of hardwood. It is then decorated with designs in relief or carved
to represent human figures or animals to be used for both religious and recreational purposes.
Conch
The conch is a wind instrument made from a seashell usually of a large sea snail. It is prepared
by cutting a hole in its spine near the apex, then blown into as if it were a trumpet.
Rasp
The rasp is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping a group of
notched sticks with another stick, creating a series of rattling effects.
Huehueti
The huehueti is a Mexican upright tubular drum used by the Aztecs and other ancient
civilizations. It is made of wood opened at the bottom and standing on three legs cut from the
base, with its stretched skin beaten by the hand or a wooden mallet.
Whistles
Whistles are instruments made of natural elements such as bone from animals. The eagle-bone
whistle is the most common whose function is to help symbolize the piece’s purpose.
DEPED Incan Among Instruments
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the Incas of South America, two instrumental
varieties were most common:

a. Ocarina
The ocarina was an ancient vessel flute made of clay or ceramic with four to 12 finger holes and
a mouthpiece that projected from the body.
b. Panpipes (Zamponas)
Thezamponas were ancient instruments tuned to different scalar varieties, played by blowing
across the tubetop. Typical models were either in pairs or as several bamboo tubes of different
lengths tied together to produce graduated pitches of sound.
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Andean Instruments
The Andean highlands made use of several varieties of flutes and string instruments that include
the following:
a. Pitus
The pitus are side-blown cane flutes that are played all year round.
b. Wooden Tarkas
The tarkas are vertical duct flutes with a mouthpiece similar to that of a recorder, used during the
rainy season.
c. Quenas
The quenas are vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made from fragile bamboo. They are
used during the dry season.
d. Charango
The charango is a ten-stringed Andean guitar from Bolivia. It is the size of a ukulele and a
smaller version of the mandolin, imitating the early guitar and lute brought by the Spaniards. It
produces bright sounds and is often used in serenades in Southern Peru.
Mariachi
The Mariachi is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose original ensemble consisted of
violins, guitars, harp, and an enormous guitarron (acoustic bass guitar). Trumpets were later
added, replacing the harp. Mariachi music is extremely passionate and romantic with their
blended harmonies and characterized by catchy rhythms. Its musicians are distinctly adorned
with wide-brimmed hats and silver buttons.
DEPED WHAT 1. 2. 60TO KNOW What are
What are the the different musical characteristics of instruments each instrument?
of Latin COPY
American music?
VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC
L their
atin American
many vocal
instruments
and dance
are
forms
extremely
which
useful
in adding life, color, and variety to

have captured the world’s attention and
affectionate adoption. In the Philippines, many of these characteristics have been taken in,
particularly in the Brazilian bossa nova, cha cha, rumba, and the Argentine tango. Other dance
forms became locally popular especially in the 1960’s and 1970’s until the arrival of disco
and rock music. However, the original Latin dance forms have been experiencing constant
revivals of their popularity especially in “ballroom dancing” as the trendier modern styles
also fade almost as quickly as they come.
1. Cumbia
Originating in Panama and Colombia, the cumbia became a popular African courtship dance
with European and African instrumentation and characteristics. It contained varying Colombia;
used are the 24 drums , rhythmic meters among the major locations 44 , and of African 68
meters origin, in Panama, such and as the 22

meter tabora in Mexico. (bass – Instruments 24 meter in
drum), claves,
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music whichare hard, thick sticks that sets the beat, guitar,
accordion, clarinet, modern flute, and caja, a type of snare drum.
2. Tango
The word tango may have been of African origin meaning “African dance” or from the
Spanish word taner meaning “to play” (an instrument). It is a foremost Argentinian and
Uruguayan urban popular song and dance that is related to the
DEPED Cuban nationalistic development
fashionable England contradanza, and in other Argentinian was Parisian in parts habanera, the
society of slum piece Western in areas and of the Europe.
music Cuban early of COPY Buenos part that tango, of
Aires, is the and most 20th and remains expressive. century, eventually a 20th as well Its became
century main
as in
During the 1890’s, the working class of Buenos Aires, Argentina came across a new kind
of rhythm known as the tango, whose choreographic steps followed the dance trend of the
Viennese Waltz and the polka involving close contact between the male and female dancers.
Tango later became more intellectual in the 1940’s when more poetic lyrics were inserted
and allowed little freedom. Later in the 1960’s, more improvisation and movement were
incorporated into the form, allowing the singers and dancers more room for creative expressions.
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3. Cha Cha
The cha cha is a ballroom dance the originated in Cuba in 1953, derived from the mambo and its
characteristic rhythm of 2 crochets – 3 quavers – quaver rest, with a syncopation on the
fourth beat. The cha cha may be danced with Cuban music, Latin Pop, or Latin Rock. The Cuban
cha cha, considered more sensual that may contain polyrhythmic patterns, has a normal count of
‘two-three-chachacha’ and ‘four and one, two, three’.
4. Rumba
The rumba popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in a complex duple
meter pattern andtresillo, which is a dotted quaver – dotted quaver – dotted semiquaver
rhythm. It is normally used as a ballroom dance where a solo dancer or couple would be in
an embrace though slightly apart, with the rocking
DEPED of the hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence
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There ostinato claves, instruments. and often is
and pattern a containing repetitive It other contains played Cuban cross jazz melody by elements
the rhythms.
percussion maracas, with that an
became a model for the cha cha, mambo, and other Latin American dances. It was also used for
concert music, as it appeared in theSecond Piano Concerto of the French composer Darius
Milhaud.
5. Bossa nova
Bossa nova originated in 1958-59 as a movement effecting a radical change in the classic Cuban
samba. The wordbossacomes from the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro, which means
either “trend” or “something charming,” integrating melody, harmony, and rhythm into a
swaying feel, where the vocal style is often nasal. The nylon-stringed classical guitar is the most
important instrument of this style. Bossa nova contains themes centering on love, women,
longing, nature, and youthfulness.
Bossa nova emerged in the 1950’s when a slower, gentler version of the samba became
popular with the upper and middle class sectors of society. It was music for easy and relaxed
listening, conducive to romantic dates and quiet moments at the lounges.
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Afro-Latin American and Popular Music A foremost
figure of bossa nova is Antonio Carlos Jobim,
who became famous with his song Desafinado (1957). He collaborated with Vincius de Moraes
in the play Orfeu da Conceicao (1956), musical recording ofCancao do Amor Demais (1958),
and the song Garota de Ipanema or Girl from Ipanema (1962) that turnedbossa nova’s
popularity into a worldwide phenomenon.
Antonio Carlos Jobim
In the Philippine pop music scene, Sitti Navarro is a singer who has become known as the
“Philippines’ Queen ofBossa Nova.” Some of her bossa nova songs include Para sa Akin,
Hey Look at the Sun, Lost in Space, and Kung Di Rin Lang Ikaw.
DEPED 6. Reggae
Reggae is an urban popular 63 Sitti music Navarro
and COPY dance style that originated in Jamaica in the
mid 1960’s. It contained English text coupled with Creole expressions that were not so
familiar to the non-Jamaican. It was a synthesis of Western American (Afro-American) popular
music and the traditional Afro-Jamaican music, containing a western-style melodic-harmonic
base with African sounds and characteristics, American pop and rock music mannerisms, and a
preference for a loud volume in the bass.
The best-known proponent of reggae music is Bob Marley, a Jamaican singer-songwriter,
musician, and guitarist. He achieved international fame and acclaim for songs such as: One Love,
Three Little Birds; No Woman, No Cry; Redemption Song; and Stir It Up.
Bob Marley
7. Foxtrot
The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originated after 1910 in the USA. It was executed
as a one step, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern. The tempo varied from 30 to 40 bars per
minute and had a simple duple meter with regular 4-bar phrases. There was no fixed step pattern,
instead borrowing from other dance forms and having a simple forward/backward sequence. The
foxtrot gave rise to other dances such as the black bottom, Charleston, and shimmy.
8. Paso Doble
The paso doble (meaning “double step”) is a theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards
in bullfights, where the music was played as the matador enters (paseo) and during passes just
before the kill (faena). DEPED The march-like
steps hand dance forward movements, is character, arrogant with the foot
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and where heels stomping, dignified accompanied the dancer with sharp a takes duple and by
artistic strong meter,
quick movements, with the head and chest held high.
WHAT TO KNOW
1. What are the different vocal and dance forms of Latin American music?
2. What are the characteristics of each vocal and dance form of Latin American
music?
3. Which type of music was popularized by Bob Marley?
4. Which type of music was popularized by Antonio Carlos Jobim?
5. Who is known as the “Philippines’ Queen of Bossa Nova”?
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music JAZZ T music

he arrival
of African
of the
jazz genre did not come overnight. It

slaves who migrated to America. As music is
was an offshoot of the
considered a therapeutic
outlet for human feelings, the Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in
their home country as well as to voice out their sentiments on their desperate
condition at that time. Since then, these melancholy beginnings have evolved into
various more upbeat jazz forms which the world has adopted and incorporated into
other contemporary styles.
RAGTIM
E
Ragtime is an American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in the Afro-
American communities in St. Louis and New Orleans. Its style was said to be a modification of
the “marching mode” made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generated
by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforward bass line.
Its music is written unlike jazz which is mainly improvised, and contains regular meters and clear
phrases, with an alternation of low bass or bass octaves and chords.
DEPED COPY
Jelly Roll Morton
Foremost exponents of ragtime were Jelly Roll Morton who was an American ragtime
and early jazz pianist and composed Frog I More Rag. Scott Joplin, who also
composed the popular Maple Leaf Rag, Solace, and The Entertainer. Joplin is also
knows as the “King of Ragtime.” Ragtime also influenced a number of classical
composers, among them Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, and Igor Stravinsky, who
injected ragtime rhythmic elements in their compositions.
BIG BAND
The term ‘Big Band” refers to a large ensemble form originating in the United
States in the mid 1920’s closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz
elements. Relying heavily on percussion (drums), wind, rhythm section (guitar,
piano, double bass, vibes), and
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office.
Scott Joplin
brass instruments (saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins and other string
instruments) to accompany a lyrical melody. A standard big band 17-piece instrumentation

consists of the following musical instruments percussion, brass, and woodwind instrruments: five
saxophones (most often two altos, two tenors, and one baritone), four
trumpets, four trombones (often including one bass trombone), and a four-piece rhythm section
(composed of drums, acoustic bass or electric bass, piano and guitar). Some big bands use
additional instruments. Big band music originated in the United States and is associated with jazz
and the swing.
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Among the great big bands were the Glenn Miller Orchestra (A String of Pearls, Moonlight
Serenade, In The Mood, American Patrol, and Smoke Gets in Your Eyes); the Count Basie
Orchestra (April in Paris); and the Benny Goodman Orhcestra (Sing, Sing, Sing); while some
solo signers such as Cab Calloway (Minnie the Moocher) Doris Day (Stardust, I’m in the Mood
for Love); Roy Eldridge, and others also collaborated with big bands.
BEBOP
Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz which is characterized by a fast tempo,
instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation that emerged during World War II. The speed of the
harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted in a heavy performance where the instrumental sound
became more tense and free.
Its main exponents were trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, alto sax player Charlie Parker, drummers
Max Roach and Roy Haynes, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonius Monk; guitarist Charlie
Christian; tenor sax players Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins, who was also a composer; and
trombonist JJ Johnson.
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Dizzy Gillespie
Glenn Miller Orchestra
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music JAZZ ROCK
Jazz rock is the music of 1960’s and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz elements
into rock music. A synonym for “jazz fusion,” jazz rock is a mix of funk and
R&B (“rhythm and blues”) rhythms, where the music used amplification and
electronic effects, complex time signatures, and extended instrumental compositions
with lengthy improvisations in the jazz style.
Popular singer/songwriters Joni Mitchell, Tim

Buckley, and Van Morrison were among those
who adopted the jazz rock style.
Joni Mitchell
Some popular groups that emerged using the above music styles were the
following:
● Grateful Dead
● Cream
● Frank Zappa
DEPED
● Soft Machine
● Hatfield and the North
WHAT TO
KNOW
● ● ● ● ● ● Blood,
Sweat, and Tears Santana Traffi
Chicago Steely Dan Lighthouse 1. What are the different jazz forms?
COP
Y
2. What are the characteristics of each jazz form?
3. Name one of the Big Bands that became popular.
4. Which type of music was adopted by singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell?
5. Name three of the popular groups that used the jazz rock style.
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POPULAR MUSIC P opular

of the
music literally means “music
past. As it
of the populace,” similar to traditional folk music

developed in the 20th century, pop music
(as it has come to be called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of
people, whether on radio or in live performances. From the standard songs and ballads of the
legendary Cole Porter, George Gershwin, and Frank Sinatra to the rock and roll craze of Elvis
Presley and the Beatles and the present day idols in the alternative music and disco modes,
popular music is now shared by the entire world.
BALLADS
The ballad originated as an expressive folksong in narrative verse with text dealing typically
about love. The word is derived both from the medieval French “chanson balladee” and
“ballade” which refers to a dancing song. Used by poets and composers since the 18th century, it
became a slow popular love song in the 19th century.
Today, the term ballad now refers to a love song in a slightly pop or rock style, with the
DEPED following 1. characteristics:
Blues Ballads This is a fusion of Anglo-American that deals with the anti-heroes character of the
performer more resisting than and the Afro-American narrative authority.
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content, The styles form from and the 19th century emphasizes the is accompanied by the banjo
or guitar.
2. Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads
This is a blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars ending on the dominant or half-cadence,
followed by a refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form. The B section acts as the
bridge, and the piece normally ends with a brief coda.
Some enduring pop standard and jazz ballads include The Man I Love (George Gershwin, above
left), Always (Irving Berlin, above center), andIn a Sentimental Mood (Duke Ellington, above
right).
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music 3.
Pop and Rock Ballads
A pop and rock ballad is an emotional love song with suggestions of folk music, as in the
Beatles’ composition “The Ballad of John and Yoko” and Billy Joel’s “The Ballad of Billy.”
This style is sometimes applied to strophic story-songs, such as Don McLean’s
“American Pie.”
Don McLean
STANDARDS
In music, the term “standard” is used to denote the most popular and enduring songs
from a particular genre or style, such as those by Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgers and
Hart. Its style is mostly in a slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed mood. It also features highly
singable melodies within the range and technical capacity of the everyday listener.
Among the foremost proponents of this style was Frank
DEPED Sinatra, Board,” or also “The known
COPY Voice.” as “Ol His traditional was producer, Blue
genre a Eyes,” successful was pop “Chairman director, categorized and singer, jazz. of actor,
and the
He as
conductor. His hit singles include My Way and Strangers in the Night.
Frank Sinatra (far left) and Nat King Cole (left)
Another well-loved standards singer was American balladeer Nat King Cole. Although an
accomplished pianist, he owes most of his popular musical fame to his soothing baritone voice,
which he used to perform in big band, vocal jazz, swing. traditional pop, and jump blues genres.
He was the first black American to host his own television show and maintained worldwide
popularity over 40 years past his death. He is widely considered “one of the most important
musical personalities in United States history.” His hit songs include Unfogettable, Mona
Lisa, and Too Young.
Matt Monroe was an English singer who became one of the most popular entertainers in the
international music scene during the 1960s. Throughout his 30-year career, he filled cabarets,
nightclubs, music halls, and stadia in Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and Hong Kong to Africa,
the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas. Among his hit singles
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included Portrait of My Love, Softly as I Leave You, the James bond theme From Russia with
Love, Born Free, which became his signature song, and Walk Away.
Other popular singers of standards were Perry Como, Bing Crosby, Andy Williams, Sammy
Davis Jr., Doris Day, Patti Page, Barbra Streisand, and Paul Anka.
ROCK AND ROLL
Rock and roll was a hugely popular song form in the United States during the late
1940’s to the 1950’s. It combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues,
jazz, and gospel music with the Western swing and country music. The lead instruments were
the piano and saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by modern instruments.
DEPED In string form by sonhip its amplifiers
came classic bass on the during or form, and ocean, bass the microphones rock guitar, age
“rock and of and technological and roll a to roll.”
employed set raise of the drums change volume. one that or when two provided It derived
electric COPY
electric the its guitars guitars name rhythmic were from (lead, supplemented pattern. the rhythm),
mot This of a a
The greatest exponent of the rock and roll style was the legendary Elvis Presley. His hit songs
such as Heartbreak Hotel and Blue Suede Shoes were complemented by his good looks and
elaborate movements that included hugging the microphone as he sang.
Presley’s style was the precursor of the British band known as The Beatles, whose
compositions further boosted rock and roll as the favorite genre of the times. Examples of The
Beatles’ songs in this genre are I Saw Her Standing There, Get Back, While My Guitar
Gently Weeps, Rock and Roll Music, and Ticket to Ride.
Matt Monroe
Elvis Presley
The Beatles

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The Beatles’ John Lenon and Paul McCartney as Composers/Songwriters
John Lennon (1940-1980) was an English musician, singer, performer, songwriter and
co-songwriter. He was born and raised in Liverpool, England. He rose to worldwide fame as a
founder member of the rock band The Beatles, which was considered as “the most
commercially successful band in the history of popular music.”
Lennon formed as songwriting partnership with Paul McCartney, which is considered as “one of
the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.” Lennon’s hit
compositions for the Beatles include Strawberry Fields Forever, Help, In My Life, Tomorrow
Never Knows, Rain, Norwegian Road, I am the Walrus, Come Together, You’ve Got to
Hide Your Love Away, and Happiness is a Warm Gun.
When The Beatles disbanded in 1970, Lennon embarked on a solo career. Among his solo top
billboard hits include Imagine, Mind Games, Power to the People, Dream, Nobody Told Me,
Watching the Wheels, Woman, Whatever Gets You Through the Night, and Instant Karma.
In 2002, according to a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons, John was voted in eighth place.
In 2008, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him the “fifth-greatest singer of all time.” He was
posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987; and into the Rock and Roll
Hall of Fame twice as a member of The Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 1994.
Sir James Paul McCartney (1942- ) is an English singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist,
co-writer, and composer. Paul gained worldwide popularity and fame as a member of The
Beatles, which included John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. Beatles was one of the
most influential groups in the history of pop music.
The songwriting partnership with Lennon for the Beatles is one of the most celebrated of the
20th century. McCartney has been “recognized as one of the most successful composers
and performers of all time, with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100
million singles of his work with the Beatles and as a solo artist.” It has been known that
more than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, which is more than any other
copyrighted song in history.
McCartney was a two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The
Beatles in 1988, and as a solo artist in 1999. He is a 21-time Grammy Award winner
having won both individually and with The Beatles. He has written or co-written 32
songs that
have reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.
As of 2014, McCartney had sold more than “15.5 million RIAA-certified units” in the
United States. He was knighted in England for his services to music. His top hit compositions for
The Beatles include Hey Jude; Fool on the Hill; I’ll Follow the Sun; I Will; I Saw Her
Standing There; All My Loving; Paperback Writer; Michelle; Eleanor Rigby; We Can Work It
Out; And I Love Her; Here, There, and Everywhere; Penny Lane; and others.
DISCO
The 1970s saw the rise of another form of pop music known as “disco.” Disco music
pertained to rock music that was more danceable, thus leading to the establishment of venues
for public dancing also called discos. The term originated from the French word “discotheque”
which DEPED means The rhythmically for
electric ease disco a guitars, of library style dancing, controlled for and had phonograph electric
and a records. soaring and reverberating by accompanied a steady beat by (usually strings, 44
pianos or synthesizers.
meter) horns, sound
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Famous figures of the disco genre include ABBA, Donna Summer (“The Queen of Disco”),
The Bee Gees; Earth, Wind, and Fire; KC and the Sunshine Band; The Village People; and
Gloria Gaynor, bringing us such hits as Dancing Queen, Stayin’ Alive, Boogie Wonderland,
and Hot Stuff.
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ABBA
Donna Summer
Earth, Wind, and Fire
The Bee Gees
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music POP MUSIC
Parallel with the disco era, other pop music superstars continued to emerge. Among them were
Neil Sedaka (Laughter in the Rain), Diana Ross and the Supremes (Stop in the Name of Love),
Olivia Newton John (Hopelessly Devoted to You), Stevie Wonder (You Are the Sunshine of My
Life), Elton John (Skyline Pigeon), The Carpenters (We’ve Only Just Begun), and Barry
Manilow (Mandy).
Pop superstars in more recent years include solor artists Celine Dion (My Heart Will Go On),
Madonna (Material Girl), Whitney Houston (I Will Always Love You), Mariah
Diana Ross and the Carey(Hero), Justin Timberlake(Justified), Britney Spears
Supremes (Oops, I Did It Again), Beyonce (Irreplaceable), Lady Gaga (Bad Romance), and
Bruno Mars (Just The Way You Are); as well as vocal groups such as Boyz II Men (Four Seasons
of Loneliness), The Backstreet Boys (I Want It That Way), N’Sync (This I Promise You),
Destiny’s Child (Survivor), among many others.
DEPED Michael Jackson, “The King
Perhaps Joseph of Jackson Pop”
the most who popular COPY

was solo born performer on August of 29, all time 1958 is and Michael died on June 25, 2009.
He was an American recording artist, entertainer, singer-songwriter, record producer, musical
arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, and philanthropist.
The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut as an entertainer in 1968 as a
member of The Jackson 5. He then began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group
and was referred to as the "King of Pop" in subsequent years. Jackson's 1982 album Thriller
remains the world's best-selling album of all time, and four of his other solo studio albums are
among the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and
HIStory (1995).
In the early 1980s, he became a dominant figure in American popular music and culture. He was
the first African American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following on MTV. The
popularity of his music videos airing on MTV, such as Beat It, Billie Jean, and Thriller—widely
credited with transforming the music video from a promotional tool into an art
form—helped bring the relatively new channel to fame. Videos such as Black or White
and Scream made Jackson an enduring staple on MTV in the 1990s.
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With stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of physically
complicated dance techniques, such as the“robot” and the “moonwalk.” His distinctive musical
sound and vocal style influenced many hip hop, pop music, and contemporary R&B artists across
several generations world-wide. Jackson donated and raised millions of dollars for beneficial
causes through his “Heal the World Foundation,” charity singles, and support of 39
charities.
One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, his
other achievements include “Multiple Guinness World Records”—including one for
"Most Successful Entertainer of All Time"—13 Grammy Awards, 13 number one singles
in his solo career, and the sale of 750 million records worldwide. Jackson is one of the world’s
most famous artists because of his highly successful career which made him a part of
popular culture for nearly four decades.
At the time of his death, Jackson was preparing for “This Is It,” a series of 50 concerts
that would have been held at The O2 arena in London beginning July 13, 2009, and a world tour
to follow after the series of concerts. After Michael Jackson's death, Billboard's entire top nine
positions on Billboard's Top Pop Catalog Albums chart housed Jackson-
DEPED related titles on July 1, 2009.
COPY
Today’s As the 21st Pop
century Music continues Idols

to unfold, more and more pop groups emerge spanning an entire range of musical styles and
genres. There are music groups like Black Eyed Peas, K Pop (Korean), My Chemical Romance,
Fall Out Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Souja Boy, Train, Maroon 5, and One Direction.
While solo performers include Adele, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Rihanna, Chris Brown, Ariana
Grande, Justin Beiber, Miley Cyrus, Katy Perry, Nikki Minaj, Selena Gomez, and others.
74
One Direction
Rihanna Ed Sheeran
HIP HOP AND RAP

Hip hop music is a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually (but not always)
includes portions of rhytmically chanted words called “rap.” In rapping, the artist speaks
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music along
with an instrumental or synthesized beat. Hip hop arose
in the 1970s within the Afro-American and Latino youth in the Bronx area of New York City.
But by the 1980s, it had spread to many other countries. It has since evolved into a subculture
that encompasses music (rapping, DJing, scratching, and beatboxing); a nearly acrobatic style of
dancing, called break dancing; a distinct manner of dress; and graffiti-style artwork.
Among the early hip hop artists were LL Cool J and Run-D.M.C. While more recent popular
names in this genre have been Beastie Boys, Eminem, and Kanye West.
75 Eminem
Kanye West
ALTERNATIVE MUSIC
Alternative music was an underground independent form of music that arose in the
1980’s. DEPED It it lyrics, styles noise music
was became pop, known such and are widely You defiant C86, as for Belong new Madchester,
its popular attitudes. unconventional wave, with in punk Me, It the Industrial was 1990’s Shake
rock, also practices characterized It as post-punk, Rock, Off.
a way such and COPY to defy as Shoegazing. indie by
distorted “mainstream” high rock, energy guitar gothic Examples levels sounds, rock rock, of
that music. jangle oppressive alternative bred Thus, pop, new
WHAT TO KNOW
1. Briefly describe the historical and cultural background of African, Latin American,
jazz, and popular music.
2. Analyze the musical characteristics of African, Latin American, jazz, and popular
music.
3. How did the following music reflect life in their respective cultures and the
conditions at that time? a. African music – maracatu, blues, soul, spiritual, call and response b.
Latin American Music – cumbia, tango, cha cha, rumba, bossa nova,
reggae, foxtrot, paso doble c. Jazz – ragtime, big band, bebop, jazz rock d. Popular music –
ballads, standards, rock and roll, disco, pop, hip hop and
rap, alternative music
76
PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC
T the
he one
type
word
commonly
that comes
termed
to mind
as Original
when we
Pinoy
think
of contemporary Philippine music is

Music or Original Philippine Music, or
OPM for short. It was originally used to refer only to Philippine pop songs, particularly ballads,
such as those popular after the collapse of its predecessor, the Manila Sound, in the late 1970s up
until the present.
In the 1960s to 1970s, Nora Aunor, Pilita Corrales, Eddie Peregrina, Victor Wood, Asin, APO
Hiking Society, and others were highly popular OPM singers. In the 1970s to 1980s, the major
commercial Philippine pop music artists were Claire dela Fuente, Didith Reyes, Rico Puno, Ryan
Cayabyab, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, Hajji Alejandro, Rey Valera, Freddie Aguilar, Imelda
Papin, Eva Eugenio, Nonoy Zuñiga, and many others.
ORIGINAL PILIPINO MUSIC (OPM)
DEPED The ballads. 1980s ● ● Among to 1990s
Ryan Kahit George Kastilyong the Cayabyab are Ika’y classics Canseco also Buhangin,
Panaginip regarded that (Kay (Kapantay emerged Ganda Tubig as Lang) the ay golden were at
ng Langit, Langis) Ating those era Musika,
of created COPY
Philippine
by:
● Willie Cruz (Sana’y Wala Nang Wakas, Bituing Walang Ningning)
● Jose Mari Chan (Beautiful Girl, Please Be Careful With My Heart, Constant Change)
● Gary Valenciano (Sana Maulit Muli)
Most of these compositions made use of Western-type melody and harmony, while expressing
uniquely Filipino emotions in movingly poetic lyrics. These came to be known as OPM, and
were popularized by solo artists like Pilita Corales, Nora Aunor, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi,
Hajji Alejandro, Leah Navarro, Sharon Cuneta, Martin Nievera, Gary Valenciano, ZsaZsa
Padilla, Regine Velasquez, and Ogie Alcasid.
At the start, OPM was centered in Manila, where Tagalog and English are the dominant
languages. However, other ethno-linguistic groups such as the Visayan, Bikol, Kapampangan,
and Ilocano also began to sing and record their songs in their native dialects.
Ryan Cayabyab
George Canseco
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music 77

Gary Valenciano
Between the 1980s and 1990s, OPM was led by artists such as Martin Nievera, Gary Valenciano,
Lea Salonga, Regine Velasquez, Sharon Cuneta, Vina Morales, Raymond Lauchengco, Francis
Magalona, Pops Fernandez, José Mari Chan, Dingdong Avanzado, Janno Gibbs, Ogie Alcasid,
Joey Albert, Manilyn Reynes, among many others.
In the 1990s, the famous solo artists and bands included The Eraserheads, Smokey Mountain,
Donna Cruz, Jessa Zaragoza, Ariel Rivera, Southborder, Afterimage, Andrew E., Jaya,
Rivermaya, Parokya ni Edgar, among many others. Underground bands emerged and along with
them were their perceptions of idealism and self-expression.
DEPED More Seguerra, Charice recently,
Pempengco, and international OPM and stars others.

singers have Arnel included Pineda Yeng COPY
(of Constantino, the international Sarah rock Geronimo, group, Journey), Aisa
Sarah Geronimo Arnel Pineda Charice
PHILIPPINE POP MUSIC
P op
imitation,
music in
of
the
Western
Philippines
hits. It
started
started
as
with
an adaptation
or translation, if not complete

Bobby Gonzales’ Hahabol-habol (Hot Pursuit), a local version of
the rock and roll songs of the 1950s, and Rico Puno’s Luneta, a local adaptation of The Way We
Were. This immediately clicked with the youth and eventually gained wide acceptance even
among the “burgis” (bourgeois or elite) crowd.
Rico J. Puno
Martin Nievera
DEPED
COPY
PHILIPPINE JAZZ
P hilippine
pianist and
musicians
recording
have
artist
also
Boy
been
Katindig,
inspired
who
by jazz music. Among them are jazz

comes from the well-known clan of musicians that includes
jazz piano legend Romy Katindig and saxophonist Eddie Katindig. The Katindig family
pioneered Latin jazz in Manila.
Other notable Filipino jazz musicians include Lito Molina, Angel Peña, Emil Mijares, and
internationally known jazz pianist Bobby Enriquez.
78
The start of the “Manila Sound” in the mid-1970s gave rise to songs using a colloquial
language called Taglish, a combination of Tagalog and English. These Filipino lyrics sung to pop
melodies resulted in highly singable songs with contemporary appeal.
Among the proponents of the Manila Sound were the Hotdog, Cinderella, The Rainmakers, and
the Apo Hiking Society. After waning briefly in the 1990’s, this sound regained popularity in
recent years with remakes of the 1970’s originals by contemporary rock bands.
Hotdog (above) and The Apo Hiking Society (right)
Bobby Enriquez
Lito Molina and the Jazz Friends
Eddie Katindig
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK MUSIC
nment. Some of the Filipino composers who
oned this style were Joey Ayala, Grace Nono,
The Philippines also saw the rise of alternative folk
Edru Abraham of Kontragapi
music which was different from the traditional and
emporaryong Gamelan Pilipino”).
popular form. This new form combined ethnic Freddie Aguilar
instrumentation with electronic accompaniment,
while presenting themes or issues of society and the
Among other Filipino composers whose styles ranged from folk to semi-ethnic
werewere Freddie Aguilar, best known for his song Anak; Yoyoy Villame, composer
of Magellan; Florante, composer of Ako’y Isang Pinoy; and Gary Granada,
composer of Ka Bayani.
PHILIPPINE ROCK DEPED T the was (with
he year 1973
members rock introduced “Pinoy” their beat Joey song rock with by “Pepe” Ang
saw the birth
the music Filipino Himig legendary Smith, which Natin) lyrics. Wally Juan
of Philippine
successfully which This de Gonzales, la new Cruz had merged sound for Band
COPY and its

or
the originator of Jeproks, Mike Hanopol, who later

became a major symbol of Pinoy rock.
Other early exponents of Pinoy rock included the band Maria Cafra; Sampaguita, the
female rocker; and folk-rock singer Heber Bartolome and his Banyuhay band, whose
songs expressed strong messages of nationalism.
Continuing this legacy of Pinoy rock today are vocal groups

and bands that include River Maya, The Dawn, True Faith,
The Eraserheads, Wolfgang, Bamboo,Parokya ni Edgar,
Hale, Sandwich, SugarFree, Sponge Cola,and others.
Parokya
ni
Edgar
Bamboo
79
Juan de la Cruz Band
PINOY RAP
I n
Francis
the Philippines,
Magalona
rap was also made popular by such composers and
performers as
(Mga Kababayan Ko and Watawat) and Andrew E (Humanap Ka ng Pangit).
Francis Magalona was born on October 4, 1964 and died on March 6, 2009. He is also known
as FrancisM, “Master Rapper,” and “The Man From Manila.” He was a Filipino rapper,
songwriter, producer, actor, director, television host, and photographer. He is often hailed as
the “King of Pinoy Rap” and is considered a legend in the Philippine music community.
With the success of his earliest albums, Magalona was the
Francis Magalona first Filipino rapper to cross over to the mainstream. He is also credited for
having pioneered the merging of rap with Pinoy rock, becoming a significant influence on artists
in that genre as well. He was later awarded a posthumous
DEPED Presidential Filipino, Pop Music and
Collaborations
Medal his sense of Merit of national “for his pride musical that continue and artistic to
COPY
inspire brilliance, us.”
his deep faith in the
Philippine pop artists have also collaborated with classical artists and orchestras in a number of
their recordings and concerts. Some of the concerts of Martin Nievera, Gary Valenciano, Regine
Velazquez, Lea Salonga, and Sharon Cuneta have featured the Philippine Philharmonic
Orchestra, the ABS-CBN Orchestra, and the Manila Philharmonic Orchestra in performances at
the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and the Philippine International Convention Center
(PICC), both known venues for classical music, as well as at the Araneta Coliseum and Folk Arts
Theater (FAT). Classical musicians have also performed in malls and other commercial venues to
popularize classical music, popular music, and OPM.
SUMMARY
From theater tunes to rock and roll, pop, standards, hip hop, rap, and contemporary
ballads—whether in the West, in the Philippines, or anywhere else in the world—these
all provided a rich and diverse musical background in the development of Philippine
contemporary music. The development of Philippine music was also influenced by the history of
the country—from its pre-Spanish roots, through the Spanish and American periods, up
to the present. It has since evolved to have its own rich and distinct identity.
80
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music WHAT TO KNOW
1. How did the different forms of popular music reflect life in the 20th century? 2. Differentiate
the characteristics of Philippine pop, rock, and rap music. 3. What role did media like radio,
television, and recordings play in the development
of these different musical genres? 4. Describe the “Manila Sound” in Philippine pop music. 5.
Name some well-known OPM performers.
WHAT TO PROCESS
Class Activity
1. Your teacher will play one recording of each of the following: African Music, Latin American
Music, Jazz, Popular Music (standards, rock and roll, disco), and OPM (ballad, Pinoy rock,
Pinoy rap). Listen carefully to each recording.
DEPED 2. WHAT Participate musical TO
UNDERSTAND
genre in a and class style.
discussion on the COPY

distinctive features and qualities of each
Activity 1: Making Improvised African and Latin American Instruments Individual or
Group Activity
1. Make improvised African or Latin American instruments using dried vegetables,
animal hide, wood, strips of roofing metal, tin cans, bamboo, etc.
2. Create a rhythmic/harmonic accompaniment for any song you know using these
improvised African or Latin American instrument.
3. How did you relate in making improvised African or Latin American musical
instruments found in the environment?
Activity 2: Choreography to Express the Music Individual or Group Activity
1. Conceptualize a choreography to show some dance steps set to the following
music: a. African b. Latin American
81
82
c. Jazz d. Popular (Pop) Music e. OPM
2. How does it feel to conceptualize the dance movements in each music category?
WHAT TO PERFORM
Group Activities
1. Class Singing Concert – live performance
a. Your teacher will divide the class into four groups.
b. Each group will be asked to draw lots to sing a song from one of the following
musical genres: For African Music - choose from Kumbaya, Waka Waka, or Mbube
DEPED c. For Latin-American For Jazz - choose
from or All That For Pop and OPM - Decide among your music choose group Jazz Someone -
from your One members the Note own to Watch movie song. Samba which
COPY
Over Chicago
of Me by Ella Fritzgerald
you will sing, plan the choreography or movements to accompany the song, play a musical
instrument, and record the group’s performance on video.
d. Learn your assigned song, using the lyrics on the following pages. Practice
it, with the choreography and accompaniment. Then, perform it in class.
2. Dance Interaction
a. As your group performs in class, invite the other class members to join you
in the dance movements or choreography that you have prepared.
b. Do an impromptu selection of “Best Dance Performance” among your
classmates.
3. Music Video Award
a. During the class performance, the assigned group member(s) will record
your group’s performance using a mobile phone, tablet, or video camera.
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music b. Simulate a “Music Video Award” event by joining the
other groups in
presenting your respective videos in class.
c. The class members will choose the “Best Song Performance” based on
how well the group presented their assigned music genre.
Kum-ba-ya Kum-bay-ya is a spiritual song that was first recorded in the 1920s. It became a
popular standard campfire song in Girl or Boy Scouting and during summer camps. The song is
originally a simple petition to God to come and help those in need. This inspiring hymn is heard
in many countries of Central Africa. It has great personal meaning and the singer often creates
his own words as he works or pray. The words “Kum Bay Ya” mean “come by here” or “stay
nearby.”
DEPED Someone’s Kum Kum Kum bay bay bay
COPY
O laughing, ya, ya, Lord, ya, my my my kum
Lord, Lord, Lord, my 83

kum bay kum bay kum bay bay ya. Lord, kum ya; ya; ya
bay ya Someone’s laughing, my Lord, kum bay ya Someone’s laughing, my Lord, kum
bay ya O Lord, kum bay ya.
Someone’s crying, my Lord, kum bay ya Someone’s crying, my Lord, kum bay ya
Someone’s crying, my Lord, kum bay ya O Lord, kum bay ya.
Someone’s praying, Lord, kum bay ya Someone’s praying, Lord, kum bay ya
Someone’s praying, Lord, kum bay ya O Lord, kum bay ya.
Someone’s singing, my Lord, kum bay ya Someone’s singing, my Lord, kum bay ya
Someone’s singing, my Lord, kum bay ya O Lord, kum bay ya.
84
Waka Waka (This Time for Africa) FIFA World Cup 2010 Official Anthem
"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)" or in Spanish, "Waka Waka (Esto es África)" is a song by
Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira. It feautures South African band, Freshlyground, and pairs
an African Colombian rhythm with a Soca-inspired beat. Its lyrics encourage one to aim for
one’s goals, like a soldier on a battlefield. The song was used as the official song of the
2010 FIFA World Cup held in South Africa.
You're a good soldier
You know it's serious Choosing your battles
We're getting closer Pick yourself up
This isn’t over And dust yourself off
The pressure is on And back in the saddle
You feel it You're on the frontline
But you've got it all Everyone's watching
DEPED
Believe it One Note Samba
COPY Samba de Uma Nota Só ("One-Note Samba") is a
song composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim, with Portuguese lyrics by Newton Mendonça and
English lyrics by Jobim. The song title refers to the main melody line, which at first consists of a
long series of notes of a single tone.
This is just a little samba Built upon a single note Other notes are bound to follow But the root is
still that note
Now this new note is the consequence Of the one we've just been through As I'm bound to be The
unavoidable consequence of you
There's so many people Who can talk and talk, and talk And just say nothing Or nearly nothing
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music I have used up all the scale I know and at the end I've come to
nothing I mean nothing
So I come back to my first note As I come back to you I will pour into that one note All the love I
feel for you
Any one who wants the whole show Re mi fa so la ci do He will find himself with no show Better
play the note you know
So I come back to my first note I must come back to you
DEPED I All Any Re He will mi will the one pour
fa love find who so into la I himself wants feel ci that do
for COPY the with one you
whole note
no show
show
Better play the note you know
Someone To Watch Over Me
There's a saying old, says that love is blind Still we're often told, "Seek and ye shall find" So I'm
going to seek a certain lad I've had in mind
Looking everywhere, haven't found him yet He's the big affair I cannot forget Only man I ever
think of with regret
I'd like to add his initial to my monogram Tell me, where is the shepherd for this lost lamb?
85
86
There's a somebody I'm longin' to see I hope that he, turns out to be Someone who'll watch over
me
I'm a little lamb who's lost in the wood I know I could, always be good To one who'll watch over
me
Although he may not be the man some Girls think of as handsome To my heart he carries the key
Won't you tell him please to put on some speed Follow my lead, oh, how I need Someone to
watch over me
Won't you tell him please to put on some speed
DEPED Follow Someone Someone my to to lead,
watch watch oh, over over how me me

I need
COPY
Evaluation of Performing Activities
Rating scale:
5 = Very Good 2 = Poor 4 = Good 1 = Needs Follow-up 3 = Fair
Rate scores are based on the groups’ performance quality.
1. How well did our group perform our assigned music?
a. African Music _______________ b. Latin American Music _______________ c. Jazz
_______________ d. Pop Music / OPM _______________
2 How well can I identify the different musical genres
based on instrumentation, melody, rhythm, text, timbre, harmony, and purpose?
_______________
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music 3.
How well can I describe the characteristics of
each genre as I listened to the melody, harmony, rhythm, and lyrics? _______________
4. How well did our group perform the different
dance moves for our assigned song? _______________
5. How well can I (individually) sing the following
musical genres? a. African Music _______________ b. Latin American Music
_______________ c. Jazz _______________ d. Popular / Pop Music _______________ e. OPM
_______________
Teacher’s Rating of the Performance
DEPED 1. 2. 3. 87
Musicianship (musical Presentation Ensemble elements, coordination impact (60%) technique)
and and showmanship organization COPY (20%) (20%)
_______________ _______________
_______________

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