Microelectromechanical Microphone

The microelectromechanical microphone (MEMS) is a modification of the electret design that is

gradually replacing it in some mobile phones and headsets. MEMS microphone is made with the use of
micro-electromechanical systems processing methods. It can be produced even smaller than electret
microphones, with dimensions of just a few millimeters wide. Within that tiny space is a microchip
containing the mechanical sound diaphragm, a capacitor to transfer sound gathered as electrical current,
an amplifier to boost that current's signal, and a digital converter to turn it into audio data which can be
used by smartphones and computers. MEMS mics are also commonly referred to as microphone chips,
silicon microphones.

https://mynewmicrophone.com/what-is-a-mems-micro-electro-mechanical-systems-microphone/
https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/audio-music/question309.htm
https://www.coventor.com/blog/explanation-new-mems-microphone-technology-design/
MEMS microphones are now capable of recording stereo, active noise cancellation, directivity
(through beam formation), voice recognition, and other functions in addition to recording ambient
sound.

Laser Microphone
A laser microphone captures vibrations from a plane, such as a windowpane, and sends the signal to a
photo detector, which converts the reflected laser beam into an audio signal. When sound reaches the
windowpane, it bends the laser beam, which may then be converted into sound using a photocell.
Scientists have been working on a new sort of laser microphone in recent years that works by flowing
smoke across a laser beam directed at a photocell, which is then converted to an audio signal. This kind is
not designed for common sound recording, such as music, but it is ideal for surveillance because the laser
can follow sound over long distances invisibly.
The laser microphone can reproduce audio detected from a vibrating surface with
relatively high accuracy: less than 8% distortion. As an additional feature, the laser
microphone is also able to transmit audio via amplitude-modulated laser signal, capture the
laser signal, and output the audio.