1

15.4.2021

Falguni Joshi
SY-BAMMC-A

ROLL NO. 39

ELECTRONIC MEDIA-I

SEM III- internal kt

2. INTRODUCTION TO SOUND FOR BOTH TV AND

RADIO.
A. INTRODUCTION TO SOUND.

What is sound?
Sound is a pressure wave which is created by a vibrating object. A sound is made
when air molecules vibrate and move in a pattern called waves, or sound waves.
A sound wave is a pressure wave. This means that regions of high pressure
(compression) and low pressure (rarefactions) are created as the sound source
vibrates. Waves have an amplitude, frequency, wavelength and time period.
When a wave is created, the distance between one compression and the next
compression is called the wavelength. The faster the sound waves pass a given
point, the shorter the wavelength and higher frequency. A certain number of
wavelengths pass a point in space is known as frequency of the sound wave. As
the wave propagates through the air, one full wavelength takes a certain time
period to pass a specific point in space. This means that sound waves with high
frequencies have short time periods, while those with low frequencies have long
time period. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its loudness or volume.
Larger amplitude means a louder sound; smaller amplitude means a softer sound.
2

The vibration of a source sets the amplitude of a wave. Humans can hear sound
as low as 20Hz and as high as 20,000Hz.

1. TYPES OF SOUND: NATURAL, AMBIENT, RECORDED.

There are three types of sound:
a. Natural Sound
b. Ambient Sound
c. Recorded Sound

Natural sounds are sounds that are produced in their actual setting i.e.
nature. They are the sounds of wild, tree branches, animals, insects, car
horns, etc. all of which add a layer of realism to the films.

Ambient sound also known as ambience or ambient audio means the

background sounds which are present in a scene or location. Common
ambient sound includes wind, water, birds, crowds, office noises, traffic etc.

Recorded sound is the reproduction of sound waves into fixed form from
which the contents can be heard or communicated again. It is recorded on
a device.

2. THE STUDIO SETUP

A recording studio setup is a space that is treated to record, produce, mix,

and master audio. In addition, it has the necessary gear and audio
equipment. Equipments are required to setup a studio are:

a. A computer: to process sound, a powerful computer with adequate

processing power and internal storage.

b. Audio Interface: it is the connect from analogue to digital for audio. It

converts analogue signals from a microphone or input device to data that a
3

computer can understand and convert back digital to analogue to be heard

through the studio monitors.

c. Microphones: A microphone is an acoustic-to-electrical transducer. It

converts sound in air into electrical signal, essential for recording studio. A
microphone has various types based on the purpose of its use, i.e. the
subject being recording. The three main types of microphones are:
Dynamic, Condenser and Ribbon.

3. TYPES OF RECORDING- TAPE RECORDING, DIGITAL RECORDING.

a. Audio tape recording:

In audio tape recording, the medium of recording is reel and not the
cassette. This reel or a magnetic tape is mounted on circular spindle.
Interviews, music and all types of programme material is stored on such
devices and played out as per the requirement. It is also known as reel to
reel tape recording. This technique was highly popular until 1990s. Today
many stations have replaced this by other digital equipment, where the
audio is recorded direct on to a computer hard disk, which can be re-
edited, stored, played out and archived.

b. Digital recording:

Digital recording, audio and video signals are picked up and converted into
a digital form and then stored on computer hard disk. Portable hard disks
are used for storage which is smaller in size than analogue cassettes. Audio
is in bit form. This sound is again converted in to their original analogue
waveforms so that they can be heard through speakers. Video signals are
also converted to original analogues wave forms to view on television. The
sound quality remains exactly the same as the original and unlike analogue
tape copies does not degrade as successive digital copies are made. Digital
recording technique is popular on many radio stations as vast amount of
4

programme material can be stored and it’s cheaper. Stations are using
portable machines like sonifex which contains portable machine disks, a
small memory card. So recording and editing on the spot is possible. This
machine can be plugged easily in to the computer’s USB port for on-screen
editing.

4. OUTDOOR RECORDING.

Outdoor recording is a big task compared to indoor recording. It contains

the whole different range of challenges and problems than indoor. It is very
important that you record the best sound emitted from the source and that
too without distortion. The most disturbing sound is wind noise or traffic
noise. While recording a radio and television programme, the position of
the mike should be such that so as to avoid wind noise gets the kikes as
close to the sound source as possible. Shotgun microphones are used by
many outdoor recorders. It won’t be difficult to record the information bit
by a news anchor or a small programme of music with one or two singers.
But big show will require a number of microphones. The recordings are
then brought to the studio and edited.

5. TYPES OF MICROPHONES.

There are different types of microphones that are available. Each type has
its own attributes, and different types of microphone are used in different
applications so that the best performance can be achieved under any given
circumstances. The different types of microphones can be categorized in a
number of different ways. Dependent upon the application, different
approaches may be applicable. Sometimes the different types may be
differentiated by their technology, other times it may be by directional
properties, and sometimes it may be by the diaphragm diameter.
5

Some of the major types of microphone technology include:

a. Dynamic microphone.

This type of microphone is widely used for stage performances and many
other applications. The moving coil microphones, has a small cone with a
coil will at its apex. This is held in a magnetic field and a current is induced
in the coil as it moves in line with the sound vibrations.

b. Condenser microphone:

The condenser microphone consists of a capacitor of which one plate is the

microphone diaphragm. As sound waves hit the diaphragm, it vibrates and
causes changes in capacitance. This can be converted into changes in
voltage. The condenser microphone gains its name from the fact that when
it was invented, capacitors were called condensers.

c. Electret microphone:

This type of microphone is effectively a derivative of the condenser

microphone type. It is electrostatic capacitor based and this eliminates the
need for a polarizing power supply by using a permanently charged
material. Although the technology has been used for some higher and
microphones, it is normally associated with small microphones for use in
electronic equipment. Here its size, and low cost of manufacture make it
ideal for many applications where ultimate performance is not needed.

d. Ribbon microphone.

This is a form of high quality microphone that was widely used as other
types can offer equal performance more conveniently. It typically consists
of a narrow aluminium ribbon which is corrugated to make it flexible. It is
suspended between the poles of a magnet so that when the aluminium
diaphragm moves, then a current is induced in the electrical circuit.
6

e. Crystal microphone:

The crystal or ceramic microphone uses the piezo-electric effect to

generate voltages. It is found that certain substances create a voltage
across them when they are stressed. In a crystal or ceramic microphone a
diaphragm is attached to a slice of piezo-electric material and the sound
vibrations pass to the diaphragm which in turn passes them to the piezo-
electric crystal.

f. Carbon microphone:

The carbon microphone was the first practicable form of microphone and
as a result it was used for many years was the main type of microphone
available. It was based on the fact that when carbon crystals are
compressed, their resistance reduces.

Microphones may also be categorised by their directional properties.

In some instances the directional properties of the microphone may be
more important than the technology used. Accordingly it may be necessary
to use a particular type of microphone according to its directivity.

The directional properties of a microphone are particularly important in

many instances. Many have a directional response, like the popular
cardioids response and these cuts out some extraneous noise. Omni
directional microphones will pick up sounds from all directions. This
enables the microphone to accept a variety of wanted sounds regardless of
their direction, but increases the levels of background noise and also
increases the possibility of acoustic feedback when used with public
address systems.
7

Microphones may also be categorised according to the diaphragm size.

The size of diaphragm can provide different characteristics, even for the
same technology type of microphone. Accordingly sometimes microphones
may be chosen for the type of diaphragm they use. When choosing the
microphone for a given application, it is wise to check its overall response
and tailor it to the type of sounds it is required for pick up.

C. ELECTRONIC NEWS GATHERING (ENG)

Electronic news gathering is when reporters and editors make use of

electronic video and audio technologies in order to gather and present
news. ENG can involve anything from single reporter with a single
professional video camera, to an entire television crew taking truck on
location. A type of digital filming set up that is usually remote of a main
production and requires minimal personnel and/or equipment. Reporters
here will make use of electronic video and audio technology to put together
and present the news or show. An ENG shoot could be as little as a singular
camera operator who is running audio, video and lights all on camera.

Since television was first introduced, news has been a very important
aspect of programming. It allowed people to find out about newsworthy
information as it was breaking instead of having to wait for it to be printed
in newspaper. It also allowed for audience to see footage of events that
were associated with news story. However, the issue with broadcasting
news on TV was that the footage wasn’t accessible for several hours after
something took place. This means that watching breaking news on TV
involved a reporter reading about the events. The introduction to electronic
news gathering changed that. Developed in the 1970s, electronic news
gathering involves television crew setting up live video signals so that they
8

can send video signals back to a studio and onto televisions. This practise
completely changed the shape of TV news as it was known.

Electronic news gather involves using electronic technologies, including

video and audio, so that news reporters can report newsworthy evens from
various locations outside of the studio. The process of electronic news
gathering can involve a single reporter using a professional video camera to
report a story to a full TV crew bringing a production truck on-site in order
to conduct a live news report.

The Importance of Electronic News Gathering:

Due to the advancements of technology and the impact of reporting live
on-scene, electronic news gathering has become a staple in reporting the
news. It has literally changed the shape of TV news reporting, as viewers
are able to be transported to the scene where breaking news is occurring.
For news stations and reporters, electronic news gathering is essential. Due
to the widespread adoption of even smarter technologies, it has become
even more commonplace. For example, a layperson can record a video of
breaking news on their smart phone, post it to social media, and the video
can go viral in a matter of minutes. As such, electronic news gathering has
become even more important for news outlets that want to stay ahead of
the competition.

1. SINGLE CAMERA:

One camera setup or single camera setup is very common in news

channels. Every news shoot is done on single camera. Sometimes anchor
links are shot on single camera. Camera light is used to shoot. Single
camera requires only one camera man. It can be tripod shoot or handheld.
Handheld camera is widely used in news channels. Now mobile is used
widely as single camera. For a single-camera set up there has to be much
9

attention to detail, since the camera is freely moving, anything in the

setting can be captured, so making sure the background/surroundings look
the same in each shot without disruptions is also important when it comes
to interviews. The difference between using multi-cameras or a single-
camera is that a single-camera does not have to be stationed in one spot,
the shooter can move around with the camera during the production. For
instance, the shooter can follow someone around or move from one scene
to another.

2. TWO MEN CREW:

This is very common in news channels. Two cameras with cameraman are
used for news shoots. This setup is usually shooting interview of important
people. In daily news shoot one camera is enough as reporter is the only
one in the frame, whereas in multi-camera setup the anchor and the guest
both are in the frame. Multi camera setup has advantage that one camera
is handled and one can be on tripod. Multi-Cameras are used typically for
event filming, live events, some TV shows, and interviews. There are usually
two or more cameras on set, sometimes even in different rooms. This
makes filming practical in order to capture as much footage and
perspectives as possible. The cameras are set up in specific sections and do
not move while filming, unlike a single-camera approach where the shooter
can move freely with the camera. In an interview the focus will be switched
from one interviewee to the other. Depending on the size, movement, and
scale of the event it can be difficult to only film with one camera.

D. ELECTRONIV FIELD PRODUCTION (EFP)

10

Electronic field production is a television industry term referring to a video

production which takes place in the field, outside of a formal television
studio, in a practical location or special venue. Typical applications of
electronic field production include awards shows, concerts and major
interviews for newsmagazine shows. EFP ranges from a camera operator or
crew of two capturing high quality imagery, to a multiple camera setup
utilizing videography, photography, advanced graphics and sound.
Electronic Field Production for a typical news magazine story may include
one or several interviews with B-roll gathered typically by a three-person
crew. Typically the crew shoots the interview at the home or workplace of
the interviewee. They may also go to additional locations that are a
backdrop to the story. Lighting and shooting style are consistent with each
show's "look" or criteria. After the interviews and B-Roll have been
gathered, the producer may either hand-deliver the media to the studio,
ship it by messenger service or a shipping company, or "feed it" in real time
via a local satellite service.

1. SINGLE CAMERA SETUP:

The single camera setup also known as portable single camera is a method
of video production. In this setup, each of the various shots and camera
angles is taken using the same camera, or multiple cameras pointed in one
direction, which are moved and reset to get different angles. Unlike film
producers, who almost always opts for single camera shooting, television
producers need to make a distinct decision to shoot in either single camera
or multiple cameras mode. The single camera setup gives the director more
control over each shot, but is more time consuming and expensive than
multiple camera setup. There is a lot of planning required before you can
start filming with a single camera. With the shooting scripts, all the
proposed shots are written in, it is then onto the camera director to do it.
With single camera setup, you have to shoot with one shot at a time.
Though this is time consuming, this means that each shot will be made
11

exactly how the director wants it. It is much better for converting director’s
thoughts into image.

Advantages of Single Camera Production:

 It is cheaper - only one camera is used.
 You have more control - lighting and sound for each shot are set for
each shot.
 It is more flexible for the actors - they don’t need to be on set at the
same time.
 Good if you have limited space.

Disadvantages for Single Camera Production:

 It takes longer to set up.

 You get less natural reactions as actors are not interacting - only one
is filmed at a time.
 Lots of repetition - you need to repeat the same shot 3 times to get
each angle as you can only get one at a time.
 There is longer editing time - you spend a lot more time in the editing
suit.

2. MULTI CAMERA SETUP:

The multiple camera setup also known as multiple camera mode of

production is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several
cameras are employed on the set and simultaneously record a scene. It
is often contrasted with single camera setup, which uses on camera.
Generally, two outer cameras shoot close-up shots of the two active
characters on the set at any given time, while the central camera or
cameras shoot a major and wider shot to capture the overall action and
12

establish the geography or the place. In this case multiple shot is

obtained in a single take without having to start and stop the action.
This is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time
after being shot as it reduces the time spent in editing. The multiple
camera setups gives the director less control over each shot but is faster
and less expensive than a single camera setup. Multiple cameras can
take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds
chronologically and is suitable for show which requires a live audience.
For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped
much faster than single camera. Single-camera productions are shot in
takes and various setups with components of the action repeated
several times and out of sequence; the action is not enacted
chronologically so is unsuitable for viewing by a live audience.

Advantages of Multiple Camera Production:

 Shorter shooting time - all the cameras are recording at the

session.
 You get more realistic reactions from actors as they are doing the
scene together.
 Lighting and sound setup is a lot easier.
 You can capture various angles and shots within 1 day.

Disadvantages of Multiple Camera Production:

 Longer to set up as you have more equipment.

 More expensive as you need to hire more people.
 Locations can be tricky with several cameras you risk them
appearing on film.

3. LIVE SHOW PRODUCTION

13

Live television is a television production broadcast in real-time, as events

happen, in the present. In a secondary meaning, it may refer to streaming
television over the Internet. In most cases live programming is not being
recorded as it is shown on TV, but rather was not rehearsed or edited and is
being shown only as it was recorded prior to being aired. Live Production is
about more than commanding an army of technicians, checking audio
feeds, and directing talent. These are crucial parts of the process, but live
production is really about the right-here, right-now unfolding of your story
before an audience’s eyes. Generally, on the part of the production crew
this requires a higher level of set up and preparation and certainly more
equipment than a standard one man band or videography company
typically have access to. Live television is often used as a device, even in
scripted programming to take advantage of these often to great success in
terms of attracting viewers.

3. INTRODUCTION TO FORMATS (FICTION AND NON-FICTION)

1. INTRODUCTION TO RADIO FORMATS

 News

Among all the spoken word formats on radio, news is the most popular.
News bulletins and news programmes are broadcast every hour by radio
stations. In India, only All India Radio is allowed to broadcast news.
Duration of news bulletins vary from 5 minute to 30 minutes. The longer
news bulletins have interviews, features, reviews and comments from
experts. Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual, and often
feature interviews with a number of different guests. Talk radio typically
14

includes an element of listener participation, usually by broadcasting live

conversations between the host and listeners who "call in" (usually via
telephone) to the show. Listener contributions are usually screened by a
show's producers in order to maximize audience interest and, in the case of
commercial talk radio, to attract advertisers. Generally, the shows are
organized into segments, each separated by a pause for advertisements;
however, in public or non-commercial radio, music is sometimes played in
place of commercials to separate the program segments.

 Documentary

A film in a movie hall, it is generally a feature film, which is story-based and

not real. But there are also documentary films which are based on real
people and issues. A lot of programmes you see on television are
educational and public service documentaries. Radio also has this format.
Unlike documentary films, radio documentaries have only sound – i.e. the
human voice, music and sound effects. So a radio documentary is a
programme based on real sounds and real people and their views and
experiences. Radio documentaries are based on facts presented in an
attractive manner or dramatically. Radio documentaries are radio’s own
creative format. The producer of a documentary needs to be very creative
to use human voice, script, music and sound effects very effectively. Radio
documentaries are also called radio features. In India for example, Radio
Documentary is gaining in popularity due to the flexibility, efficiency and
accessibility to the masses.
15

 Talk Show

This is the oldest format on radio of calling famous people and experts who
talk on specific topics. They speak for 15 to 20 minutes. Radio talk shows
can be defined as radio broadcasts centred primarily on conversational
speech. They encompass numerous discourse genres and formats, ranging
from political diatribes to highly interactive exchanges with members of the
listening audience. Many talk shows have hybrid formats featuring music,
sound effects, and news interspersed with interviews, debates, social and
political commentary, religious exegesis, medical advice, therapeutic
discourse, question-and-answer sessions, sports-fan exchanges, and
storytelling.

 Music Show

When radio started broadcasting there was always live music. Now radio
stations play all kinds of music. Now radio stations play all kinds of music.
Many stations are dedicated to English music; few cater to only Hindi
music, current private FM stations play lot of bollywood music. There are
live shows on radio even today. All India radio focuses on such music. It
plays classical music live and recorded. Music on radio is also used to
convey messages for social cause.

 Radio Drama

A Radio drama or a radio play is like theatre drama. The only difference is
that while a stage play has actors, stage, sets, curtains, properties
16

movement and live action, a radio play has only three components. They
are the human voice, music and sound effects. Radio uses its greatest
strength for producing radio plays and that is the power of imagination and
suggestivity. For example, if you want to have a scene in a radio play we
don’t have all physical arrangements made. All that you have to do is to use
a bright tune on the excited voices of people to create in a listeners’
imagination, a wedding scene. The voice of the actors, music and sound
effects can create any situation in a radio play.

 Radio Interviews

In the media, be it the newspaper, magazine, radio or television, journalists

use this technique of asking questions to get information. There can be
different types of interviews in terms of their duration, content and
purpose. Firstly, there are fully fledged interview programmes. The
duration of these may vary from 10 minutes to 30 minutes or even 60
minutes depending up on the topic, and the person being interviewed.
Most of such interviews are personality based long interviews with well
known people in the field of public life, literature, science, sports, films etc.
Secondly, there are interviews which are used in various radio programmes
like documentaries. Here the interviews are short, questions specific and
not many. The purpose is to get a very brief, to the point answer. Thirdly
there are a lot of interviews or interview based programmes in news and
current affairs programmes. With phone-in-programmes becoming
popular, you might have heard live interviews with listeners. These
interviews have been made interactive.
17

 Sports Broadcasting

Sports radio is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and

broadcasting of sporting events. Many sports talk stations also carry play-
by-play (live commentary) of local sports teams as part of their regular
programming. A commentator gives you the information about the match
like number of players, the score, and the position of each player in the
field. Listening a running commentary gives a feel to listener that they are
in stadium watching the math live. Besides commentaries there are regular
sports stories, interviews, and discussions. There is huge for demand for
international sport stories.

2. INTRODUCTION TO TELIVISION FORMATS

 News

News broadcasting is a medium of broadcasting of various news events and

other information via television. A news bulletin are television programs
lasting from seconds to hours that provide updates on international,
national, regional, and/or local news events. Television news is very
visually-based, showing video footage of many of the events that are
reported; still photography is also used in reporting news stories, although
not as much in recent years as in the early days of broadcast television.
Television channels may provide news bulletins as part of a regularly
scheduled news program. Less often, television shows may be interrupted
or replaced by breaking news reports to provide news updates on events of
great importance. Newscasts, also known as bulletins or news programs,
differ in content, tone, and presentation style depending on the format of
18

the channel/station on which they appear, and their timeslot. In most parts
of the world, national television networks will have bulletins featuring
national and international news.

 Documentary

A documentary is a broad term to describe a non-fiction movie that in some

way documents or captures reality. It is often an hour long, sometimes are
part of a series or Mini Series. Many Cooking Show, Home and Garden and
News Magazine specials fall in this category. The format can either feature
one long film in each episode like Frontline or multiple shorter segments
like 60 Minutes. The Discovery and History channels at one time specialized
in this form. Television documentaries continue to spotlight wartime,
historical, governmental and wildlife subjects. Contemporary genres of
television documentaries also include sport, health, economic, social media
and celebrity subjects.

 Talk Show

Talk shows are television programs in which a host sits down with
entertainers, newsmakers, and other people, to talk. Some incorporate
additional segments, like cooking demonstrations or sketches, but others
focus on a discussion between the host and the guest. There are a wide
variety of talk shows on television, covering everything from everyday
people to actors with a new movie to publicize. This type of program,
sometimes known as a chat show, was one of the earliest formats created
for television. It has combined interview segments with sketch comedy,
musical numbers, and improvised audience participation. The basic premise
19

was to bring on popular entertainers or newsmakers for live interviews with

a quick-witted host. The audience would be entertained by the anecdotes
of the guests or the improvised quips of the host. The format became more
focused on the interviews themselves, leaving the sketches and
improvisations to the variety shows.

 TV serials and Daily soaps

A group of programs created or adapted for television broadcast with a

common series title, usually related to one another in subject or another
way. Often, television series appear once a week during a prescribed time
slot; however, they may appear with more or less frequency. Television
series are usually created to be open-ended, not with a predetermined
number of episodes. In a fiction series, the programs typically share the
same characters and basic themes. Daily soaps are very popular on
entertainment channels. These series are based on family dramas,
suspense mystery, crime, mythological etc.

 Docudrama

A docudrama is a fictional show based on a true story. Sometimes

docudramas involve true crime, and sometimes they cover more inspiring
subjects. It is a dramatic film presenting a fictionalized version of a real
story. Docudramas use real names but take artistic license with the details.
In the core elements of its story a docudrama strives to adhere to known
historical facts, while allowing a greater or lesser degree of dramatic license
in peripheral details, and where there are gaps in the historical record.
Dialogue may include the actual words of real-life people, as recorded in
20

historical documents. Docudrama producers sometimes choose to film

their reconstructed events in the actual locations in which the historical
events occurred. A docudrama, in which historical fidelity is the keynote, is
generally distinguished from a film merely "based on true events", a term
which implies a greater degree of dramatic license; and from the concept of
"historical drama", a broader category which may also encompass entirely
fictionalized action taking place in historical settings or against the
backdrop of historical events.

 Sports

The growing demand for sports national and international level has led to
dedicated sports channel which also covers sports stories. These channels
covers live matches with commentaries, sports quiz shows, great stories
and match highlights. Sports programming earns some of the highest
ratings in all of television. Unlike many other formats, sports are often
broadcast live, bringing a sense of immediacy and urgency to the viewing
experience. In the world of sport, everything from football to Formula One
has had to adapt to stay relevant and attract new fans. But the current
trend for alternative, more-condensed versions of traditional sports is
taking this strategy to new heights. Not surprisingly, television’s continual
thirst for more content is one of the main drivers of alternative formats.
The gold standard is Twenty20 cricket. It began 14 years ago and has
revolutionised both the sport and its TV audiences. Prior to T20 cricket,
five-day test matches were the most treasured version of the sport.
Nowadays, this limited over format reigns supreme. There is even a plan to
take it to the Olympic Games in 2024. T20 matches are so popular and so
common The Indian Premier League was given the title “world’s hottest
sports league” by Forbes following its first season in 2008. It features top
cricketers playing high-quality, serious sport with an entertaining flavour.
21

 Reality

Reality TV is essentially unscripted programming that doesn't employ actors

and focuses on footage of real events or situations. Reality shows also often
use a host to run the show or a narrator to tell the story or set the stage of
events that are about to unfold. Unlike scripted shows like sitcoms, dramas
and newscasts, reality TV does not rely on writers and actors, and much of
the show is run by producers and a team of editors. Because of this, it can
be a very affordable programming option from a production standpoint.
The genre now encompasses unscripted dramas, makeover sagas, celebrity
exposes, lifestyle-change shows, dating shows, talent extravaganzas and
just about any kind of competition. Reality television tends to emphasize
ordinary people rather than big stars. Some reality shows are competitions,
while others claim to show slices of real life. Many reality TV shows merge
the two, introducing a competitive element to real-life activities like
singing, dancing, acting, dating or home renovation.

 Animation

Animation is a technique which creates illusion of movement to still images.

These 2D and 3D animations are one of the most popular genres on
television. Animated television series had historically been used for
comedy, like the cartoons, a piece of art, usually developed for humorous
intent, and so, called cartoon series. However, more recently animated
television series have fallen into other genres, such as action and adventure
series. An animated series is a set of animated works with a common series
title, usually related to one another. These episodes should typically share
the same main characters, some different secondary characters and a basic
22

theme. Series can have either a finite number of episodes like a miniseries,
a definite end, or be open-ended, without a predetermined number of
episodes. They can be broadcast on television, shown in movie theatres,
released on the internet. Like animated films, animated series can be of a
wide variety of genres and can also have different demographic target
audiences, from males to females ranging children to adults.

 Web series/ Introduction to web series

These are scripted or non-scripted videos broadcasted in the form of series.

Though it was introduced in late 1990s but became popular in early 2000s.
These are shows which are streamed online. TV series are broadcasted on
TV first and then later uploaded on these platforms. Web series as the
name suggests is completely online. E.g. NETFLIX, AMAZON PRIME VIDEO,
HOTSTAR etc. A web series is designed like a television series. Both include
a number of episodes that tell a story or inform. The main difference
between a web series and a TV series is the financial investment required
to start and maintain each one. A TV series usually requires heavy
production costs, celebrity actors, and large media companies. A web series
requires a camera, an idea for a show, and people to recite the scripted or
unscripted lines. TV shows are governed by network and broadcasting
guidelines. Such guidelines limit when and where a show can air. Some TV
shows are not available for streaming. However, you can watch your
favourite web series anytime. And, if you are a series creator, you can
upload your videos anytime. Also, since most web episodes don't need to
fit into a network's broadcasting time slot (30 minutes or an hour), a web
episode can be any length. Many are 3 to 15 minutes long. There are
several places you can watch web shows. First, search Google to find a
show you're interested in with a specific theme.