Integrals:

Properties

Some standard integrals:

Integration by partial fractions:

Integration by Parts

Classic integrals:

Definition: Let be a function on a closed interval [a, b] then, is called

the definite integral of f(x) over the interval [a,b].
Properties

Applications of integrals
Symmetry about the x-axis
If all the powers of ' y ' in the equation are even, then the curve is symmetrical about the
x-axis. E.g., y2=4ax.

Symmetry about the y-axis

If all the powers of ' x ' in the equation are even, then the curve is symmetrical about the
y-axis. E.g., x2=4ay
Symmetry about both axes:
If all the powers of 'x' and 'y' in the equation are even, the curve is symmetrical about
the axis of 'x' as well as of 'y'. e.g., x2 +y2 = a2.

The area bounded by the continuous curve y = f(x), the axis of x and the ordinates x = a
and x = b (where b > a) is given by

The area bounded by the straight lines x = a, x = b(a < b) and the curves y = f(x) and y
= g(x), provided f(x) ≤ g(x) (where a ≤ x ≤ b), is given by

Differential Equations:
Definition: An equation that involves independent variable, dependent variable and derivatives
of dependent variables is called Differential Equation.

Order of DE
Definition: It is the order of highest differential coefficient occurring in the equation.
Degree of DE
Definition: It is the highest power of highest order derivative occurring in it, after it has been
expressed as a polynomial of derivatives.
Solving of Differential Equations:
Type 1: Variable separable
Type 2: Homogeneous Equation
Type 3: Linear differential equation

Type-1 : Variable Separable Differential Equation

It involves those types of DE in which the variables are easily separable.
f(x) dx = g(y) dy
Solution can be obtained by integrating each side separately

Type-2 : Homogenous DE

A differential equation of the form

where f & g are homogenous functions of x & y; of the same degree is called homogeneous
equation.

Type - 3 : Linear DE

Vectors
Definition : A vector is a quantity which has magnitude as well as direction.
Zero Vector

Unit Vector
Equal vectors

Collinear or Parallel vectors

Two vectors are said to be collinear or parallel if they have the same or parallel
direction.

Coplanar Vectors
● A given number of vectors are called coplanar if they are either parallel to (or
lying on) a fixed plane.
● Two vectors are always coplanar
Negative of a vector

Position vector of a point

A vector formed by joining opirigin ot point P is called position vector of point P.

Initially , we represented a point by triplet (x,y,z) . But from now on a point will be
represented by a position vector.

Components of a Vector
Section Formula
Internal division External Division

Mid-point formula

ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS

Triangle Law of Addition

Parallelogram Law of addition

Properties of vector addition

DIRECTION COSINES and DIRECTION RATIOS

Dot Product

Important Points:

Geometrical Significance of the Dot product

Cross Product
Geometrical Significance of the Cross Product

3d Geometry
1. The distance between two points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) is

2. The distance that divides A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) is

If any lines makes α, β, γ with positive direction of x, y, z axes then,

(cos α, cos β, cos γ) are called the direction cosines (D.C’s) (cos α, cos β, cos γ )
represented by (l,m,n) is

Note: If (l, m, n) are direction cosines of a line, then l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

The dr’s of line segment joining points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2, y2, z2 ) are
( x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1 )

Distance between two Skew lines

Distance between two parallel lines

Coplanarity of two lines:

Equation of planes
1) General equation : If a, b, c are direction-ratios of normal to the plane, then the
equation of plane in Cartesian form is ax+by+cz+d =0
2) Equation of plane in normal form
If l, m, n be the direction cosines of the normal to a plane and p be the length of the
perpendicular from the origin on the plane, then the equation of the plane is
lx + my + nz= p.
3) Equation of Plane in Intercept form
Let the plane make intercepts a, b, c on x, y and z axes, respectively then equation of

plane in intercept form is

In vector form normal equation of plane is

4) The equation of plane passing through (x1, y1, z1) and whose normal has dr’s
(a, b, c) is a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
5) The equation of plane passing through three non- collinear points A (x1, y1, z1) and B

(x2, y2, z2) is

Perpendicular distance from point (x1, y1, z1) to the plane ax + bx + cz + d = 0 is

Shortest distance between parallel planes ax + by + cz = d1, ax + by + cz = d2 is

6) Plane passing through the intersection of two given planes

Probability
Random Experiment : An experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted with certainty is
called a random experiment.
Sample Space : The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the sample
space for that experiment.
Event : Any subset of a sample space is known as an event.
Equally likely Events :- Two events are said to be equally likely when chance of occurrence of
one event is equal to chance of occurrence of other.
Exhaustive Events : -Events are said to be exhaustive if nothing else can occur beyond them.
Union of exhaustive events is equal to sample space.
Mutually exclusive events : Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot occur
together. i.e. their intersection is null set.
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
The probability of occurrence of event A given that event B has already occurred is
known as conditional probability.
It is denoted by P(A/B)

Multiplication theorem in probability

Independent Events
Two events are said to be independent if occurrence or non occurrence of one does not
affect the occurrence or non occurrence of other.
Note : If A & B are independent events then
● P(A/B) = P(A)
● P(A) × P(B)=P(A ∩ B)
Note : If A & B are independent events then
● P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
Note : If A & B are independent events then
A′ and B ′
A′ and B
A and B ′ are also independent events
Total Probability Law
If an event A can occur with n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events B1, B2, B3, ………
Bn .

BAYE’S THEOREM

Random Variable
A random variable is a real valued function, whose domain is the sample space of a
random experiment.
Generally, it is denoted by capital letter X. Also, more than one random variable can be
defined on the same sample space.
Probability distribution
The system in which the values of a random variable are given along with their
corresponding probability, is called probability distribution.
If X is a random variable and takes the values of x1, x2, x3, ….., xn with respective
probabilities p1, p2, p3, …. pn.
Then, the probability distribution of X is represented by

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