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Topic 2: Kinematics Tutorial (Teacher’s Copy) Tut Qn SLS

A1: videos in A
B2: videos in B
Tutorial Questions E3 to E6: videos in C, D, E
F7 to F10: videos in F
A1 (a) If a car is traveling eastward, can its acceleration be westward? Explain.
If the car is travelling eastward, what parameter is also directed eastwards?
The velocity of the car is also east wards.
If the acceleration is westward, what parameter is also directed westward?
The net force acting on the car.
So what happens to a body whose velocity and net force acting on it are in opposite directions?
The body slows down to a momentary stop before changing direction.

• Yes it can.
• Acceleration is opposite to its velocity.
• It is slowing down while traveling eastward as its acceleration is westward.

(b) A body is descending downwards with a decreasing speed (i.e. deceleration).

Explain and describe the direction of the acceleration.
For a body with decreasing speed, what can be said about the direction of its velocity and its acceleration?
The acceleration and velocity of the object are in opposite directions.

• A body with a decreasing speed must have acceleration to be in opposite direction to that of
velocity.
• Velocity is downwards and hence
• Acceleration is upwards.

(c) (i) Can a body have a varying velocity if its speed is constant? If so give an example.
What is the difference between velocity and speed?
Velocity is a vector which has both magnitude and direction, while speed is a scalar which has magnitude without direction.

• Yes. A body moving in a uniform horizontal circular motion.

• It has a constant speed throughout.
• But the direction keeps changing. Thus velocity is varying.

(ii) Can a body have a varying speed if its velocity is constant? If so give an example.
• No, it is not possible.
• When velocity is constant, its magnitude and direction will be constant.
• Speed, being the magnitude of velocity, will also be constant.

(iii) Can a body have zero velocity but a non-zero acceleration? If so give an example.
What parameter is also zero if the object experiences non-zero acceleration?
Since F = ma, an object experiencing non-zero acceleration experiences non-zero net force.
• Yes.
• It can stop momentarily (or for that instant only) but it cannot remain stationary.
• Acceleration requires velocity to be changing.
• For example, a stone being thrown upwards is experiencing a constant acceleration
downward (neglecting air resistance). It will slow down and reach zero velocity momentarily
at the highest point of its motion.

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B2 The following diagram shows a velocity – time graph of a body.

Sketch the corresponding displacement-time, distance-time and acceleration-time graphs
with respect to the velocity-time graph given, assuming at t = 0, s = 0.
v / m s-1
10

t/s

0 3 5 7 13 17
6
- 10

s/m
25

15
t/s

0 3 5 7 8.5 13 17

- 45
- 65

d/m 115
95

35
25

15
t/s
0
3 5 7 13 17
a / m s-2

3.3
2.5

0
t/s
Extension Questions:
1. Describe the motion of the object
-5
with reference to the v-t graph
2-2 2. starting displacement not zero
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E3 A ball is released from rest at a height of h from the floor so that it falls vertically down and
bounces. It bounces to a lower height each time. Sketch the variation with time t of the
displacement s of the ball relative to the floor, the velocity v and acceleration a of the ball for 3
bounces. Air resistance is negligible.
Positive vertical direction is defined as upward.

s/ m
v/ m s-1 Area = A2
h
Area = A3

0
t/ s
Area = A1
Area
= A4
t/ s

t1 t2 t2 t3 t3 t4 t1 t2 t2 t3 t3 t4

Teaching points:
a/ ms -2 Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocLQ
FMMLIGw

How are the three graphs related?

t/ s ➢ Gradient and area under graph

- 9 .81 How does each graph correspond to the

actual motion of the ball?
t1 t2 t2 t3 t3 t4 What are the key features? Explain
• For all graphs: t1 > t2 > t3 > t4
• For s-t: max height decreases
• For v-t: A1 > A2 > A3 > A4
• For a-t: Acceleration at bounce is
much larger than 9.81

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E4 A photographer wishes to check the time for which the shutter on a camera stays open when a
photograph is being taken. To do this, a metal ball is photographed as it falls from rest. It is found
that before the shutter opens, the ball falls 2.50 m from rest and, during the time that the shutter
remains open, the ball falls a further 0.12 m as illustrated in the figure.

ball

2.50 m

Shutter opens
0.12 m
Shutter closes
Assuming that air resistance is negligible, calculate
(a) the speed of the ball after falling 2.50 m [7.0 m s-1]
Taking downwards as positive:
v2 = u2 + 2as
v = [02 + 2(9.81)(2.50)]1/2
= 7.0 m s-1

(b) the time to fall the further 0.12 m. [0.017 s]

s = ut + ½ at2
0.12 = (7.0)t + ½ at2 (solve quadratic)
or
v2 = u2 + 2as
v = [(7.0)2 + 2(9.81)(0.12)]½ = 7.166 m s-1
v = u + at
7.166 = (7.0) + (9.81)t
t = 0.0169 s =0.017 s

(c) The time for which the shutter stays open is marked as 1/60 s.
Comment on whether the test confirms this time.
(N99/II/2c)

1
The time for the shutter stays open , tm = s
60
1
0.017 −
% difference in time = 60 = 1.4% , it is not significant.
1
60
Hence the test confirms this time.

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E5* A stone thrown vertically from the ground returned 4.0 s later.
(a) Calculate the speed with which it leaves the ground. [19.6 m s-1]

If the stone returns to it original position, what is its change in displacement? Zero.

Taking upward positive,

s = ut + ½ at2
0 = 4u + ½ (-9.81)(42)
u = 19.6 m s-1

Alternatively
Compare the time taken to travel upward and downward.
In the absence of air resistance, by conservation of energy, the time taken to travel upward and downward are the same, i.e. the
time taken for each journey is halved.

(a) Taking upward positive,

v- = u +at
0 = u + (−9.81)(2.0)
u = 19.6 m s-1 (3 s.f.)

(b) Determine the maximum height reached. [19.6 m]

For maximum height:

v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 19.62 + 2(-9.81)s
s = 19.6 m

(c) State any simplifying assumptions made in your estimation.

Assumption: Air resistance is negligible.

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E6 (a) Define acceleration.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

(b) (i) Use your definition in (a) to show that v = u + at, where v is the final velocity, u is
the initial velocity and a and t are acceleration and the time interval respectively.

a = v/t = (v – u)/t
at = v – u
v = u + at

(ii) State the conditions that must be satisfied for the equation to be valid.
Conditions: 1. uniform acceleration
2. motion in a straight line.

(c) The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of a ball from the moment
it is thrown with a velocity of 26 m s-1 vertically upwards.

(i) State the time at which the ball reaches its maximum height.
t = 1.8 s.

(ii)
State the feature of a velocity-time graph that enables the acceleration to be
determined.
The(iii) Just of
gradient after the ball to
the tangent leaves the thrower’s
the velocity-time hand,
graph it has
at any downward
instant acceleration of
is the acceleration.
approximately 20 m s-2. Explain how this is possible.

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(iii) Just after the ball leaves the thrower’s hand, it has downward acceleration of
approximately 20 m s-2. Explain how this is possible.
The ball has a downward acceleration of 20 m s-2 (>g) because besides its
weight, the ball is also subjected to air resistance which is in opposite direction
to velocity and with magnitude dependent on its speed. When the ball just
leaves the thrower’s hand, it has a very high speed. The total downward force
acting on the ball is its weight plus the air resistance. Hence the downward
acceleration is greater than g.

(iv) State the time at which the acceleration is g. Explain why the acceleration has
this value only at this particular time.

When t = 1.8 s, acceleration is g.

Since at max height, velocity of ball = 0,
 air resistance = 0
 weight is the only force acting on the ball, hence acceleration is g.

(v) Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the motion. Show the value of g on the
acceleration axis.

a / m s-2

1.8
t/s
-g 4.15

(d) Explain why, for all real vertical throws, the time taken to reach maximum height must be
shorter than the time taken to return to the starting point.

• From the v-t graph, the average upward speed will always be higher than the average
downward speed
• Since the distance moving upward is equal to the distance moving downward,
• the time taken to reach maximum height must be shorter than the time taken to return to the
starting point.

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(e) The ball in (c) starts with kinetic energy of 54 J.

(i) Calculate the mass of the ball [0.16 kg]

K.E = ½ mv2
54 = ½ m (26)2
m = 0.16 kg

(ii) Describe qualitatively how the amount of kinetic energy changes during the motion.
(N03/III/1)
KE decreases as the ball moves up. KE is zero when it is at its maximum height. KE
increases as it starts to fall. KE on hitting the ground is less than the KE at the start.

F7 A stuntman on a motorcycle plans to ride up a ramp in order to jump over a number of cars.
The speed of the motorcycle as it leaves the ramp is 14 m s-1.

Neglecting air resistance, calculate

(a) the time interval between leaving the end of the ramp
and reaching maximum height. [0.71 s]

v = u + at
vy = 0 at maximum height
: 0 = 14 sin30 + (-g)t1
0 = 7.0 – 9.81t1
t1 = 0.71 s

(b) the cars are each of width 1.6 m and the same height as the ramp. Estimate the number
of cars which the stuntman can jump for the take-off speed of 14 m s-1. [10]
(J97/II/1)
The horizontal distance travelled by the motorcyclist when he has reached down again at
the same height as the take-off point is given by
sx = uxt and t = 2t1
:sx = (14 cos 30o)(2t1)
= ( 12.1)(2 x 0.71) = 17.2 m
The motorcyclist can jump a distance equivalent to 17.2/1.6 = 10.8 cars.
Thus the maximum number of cars which it can jump = 10

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F8 A rescue plane, flying at a constant height of 100 m with a speed of 40.0 m s-1, drops a package
of energy rations to a stranded party of explorers.
(a) Calculate the horizontal distance travelled by the package. [181 m]

Teaching point for 8(a):

1. Object released from plane has the same initial velocity and direction as plane.
2. No horizontal acceleration for both plane and package.

s = ut + ½ at2
: sy = ½ gt2
100 = ½ (9.81)t2
u
t = 4.52 s
u
sx = 40.0 (4.52) = 181 m

(b) Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity of the package just
before it hits the ground. [40.0 m s-1, 44.3 m s-1]

vx = u = 40 m s-1 (horizontal velocity stays constant)

v = u + at
vy = 0 + (g) t =9.81x4.52 = 44.3 m s-1

(c) Assuming that the plane does not change its speed or course, where is the plane relative
to the package, when the package hits the ground?
The plane will be directly above the package when the latter hits the ground.

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F9 (a) An experiment was conducted on the surface of the Moon to investigate the motion of a
small sphere. The sphere, mass 50 g, was projected horizontally from a point some distance
above the surface of the Moon. Its subsequent motion was monitored by taking a
photograph of the sphere using a series of flashes of light at intervals of 1.00 s. The first
flash occurred at the instant of projection. The photograph, super-imposed on a grid, is
illustrated in Fig. 9.1.

Fig. 9.1

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(i) By considering the horizontal distance moved, show that frictional forces opposing
the motion were negligible.
From Fig. 9.1, the horizontal distances are 4.3, 8.3, 12.8, 16.8, 21.0, 25.3 and 29.3. I.e.
the horizontal distances between successive points are 4.3, 4.0, 4.5, 4.0, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.0.
As the horizontal distance between two adjacent dots were approximately the same and
the dots were taken at the same time interval, therefore the horizontal speed remains
constant.
This shows that frictional forces opposing motion were negligible.

(ii) Calculate the horizontal component of the velocity. [4.2 m s-1]

Teaching points: From graph, horizontal distance travelled in 1 s

(b) (ii) Why is it better to take average value? = 25.3 / 6 = 4.22 m
Ans: to reduce random error. Horizontal component of velocity = 4.2 m s-1

(iii) Use Fig. 9.1 to determine the vertical distance travelled during the first 7.00 s of the
motion.
From Fig. 9.1, vertical distance in 7 s = 40.0 m

(iv) Hence, calculate

1. a value for the acceleration of free fall on the surface of the Moon, [1.63 m s-2]
Take downwards as +ve:
sy = uyt + ½ayt2
40 = 0 + ½g(7)2
g = 1.6327 = 1.63 m s-2

2. the loss in potential energy of the sphere during the first 7.00 s. [3.27 J]

Loss in P.E.= mgh = 0.05 x 1.6327 x 40 = 3.27 J

(v) Show that the kinetic energy of the sphere after 7.00 s is about 3.7 J.

Teaching points: KE after 7.00 s = loss in P.E. + initial KE

= 3.27 + ½(0.05)(4.2)2
(v) loss in PE from (iv)(2) will lead to gain in KE = 3.711 = 3.7 J

(b) Use your answer to (a)(ii) and the value of the kinetic energy given in (a)(v) to determine
the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the sphere 7.00 s after projection.
[12.2 m s-1. 69.8  below horizontal]
total KE, ½mv2 = 3.7
v = (3.7 / 0.05 x 0.5) = 12.2 m s-1 vh
θ
cos θ = vh / v = 4.2/12.2
θ = 69.8  below horizontal v

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(c) (i) Sketch the path of the sphere indicated by Fig. 9.1.
(ii) Add to your sketch two further lines showing the path of the sphere if
1. the Moon had an atmosphere (label this path A);
2. the experiment were repeated on a planet which has no atmosphere and where
the acceleration of free fall is less than that on the Moon. (Label this path P).
(N95/III/2)

Teaching points:(white-boarding)
(c)(ii)
1. Path A: With an atmosphere, frictional forces would not be negligible. Over the same
duration, the horizontal and vertical distances of each point will be reduced.

2. Path P: with no atmosphere, frictional forces were also negligible and the horizontal
distances at each point should be the same.
With a smaller acceleration of free fall, the vertical distances will be smaller.

Horizontal
distance

A (i)

Vertical distance

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F10* Some divers jump from a cliff 36.0 m high into the sea. At the base of the cliff there is a ledge
which sticks out a distance of 6.4 m.

(a) If a diver jumps off the cliff top horizontally, calculate his minimum speed for him to miss
the ledge and enter the sea. [2.36 m s-1]
u
Consider the vertical motion
+ ve 1 2
sy = uyt + ayt
2
36.0 m
1
36.0 = (0)t + (9.81)t2
2
t = 2.71 s (3 s.f.)
Consider the horizontal motion
sx = uxt
+ ve 6.4 = u(2.71) ➔ u = 2.36 m s-1
6.4 m

(b) One diver jumps off with a speed of 5.0 m s-1 at 30° above the horizontal.

(i) Calculate the maximum height above the cliff-top reached by the diver. [0.319 m]
5.0 m s-1

Using vy2 = uy2 + 2asy 30o

02 = uy2 + 2asy
+ ve (u sin  )2 (5.0 sin 30)2
sy = − = − = 0.319 m
2g 2(-9.81)
36.0 m

(ii) Calculate his velocity as he enters the sea.

[27.0 m s-1 at an angle of 80.8˚ below the horizontal]

Consider horizontal motion

+ ve vx = ux = 5.0 cos 30 ˚ = 4.33 m s-1
Consider vertical motion vx
vy2 = uy2 + 2aysy
+ ve
vy2 = (5.0 sin 30˚)2 + 2(-9.81)(-36)
θ
vy = 26.7 m s-1 (downwards)
v vy
v= vx2 + vy 2

= (4.33)2 + ( −26.7)2 = 27.0 m s-1 (3 s.f.)

vy 26.7
tan θ = = θ = 80.8o
vx 4.33

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(c) Another diver jumps off with a speed of 5.0 m s-1 at 30° below the horizontal.
Calculate his velocity as he enters the sea.
[27.0 m s-1 at an angle of 80.8˚ below the horizontal]

Consider horizontal motion

30
+ ve vx = ux = 5.0 cos 30 ˚ = 4.33 m s-1
5.0 m s−1
Consider vertical motion
36.0 m
vy2 = uy2 + 2aysy
+ ve
vy2 = (5.0 sin 30˚)2 + 2(9.81)(36)
vy = 26.7 m s-1 (3 s.f.) (downwards)
v= vx2 + vy 2

= (4.33)2 + (26.7)2 = 27.0 m s-1 (3 s.f.) vx

vy 26.7 θ
tan θ = =
vx 4.33
θ = 80.8o (3 s.f.) v vy

Note: In parts (b) and (c), the divers start with the same KE, falls through the same height and
hence loses the same GPE upon entering the sea.  They both have the same final speeds.

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Related TYS Questions (to be submitted two weeks after completion of tutorial)

Main Concepts Related TYS Questions (PYYQQ)

Motion Graphs 11502, 11604, 11904, 12004

Rectilinear Motion 11203, 11303, 11304, 11903, 31201, 31801a

Non-Rectilinear Motion - Projectile Motion 11503, 11605, 31401

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Additional Questions (For self-practice)

1 From the velocity-time graph, describe the motion of the body.

v / m s-1

1 2 3 4 5

t/s

Time interval 1: The body moves in the positive direction, with speed increasing uniformly.
Time interval 2: The body moves in the positive direction, with speed decreasing uniformly, until
it comes to a momentary stop.
Time interval 3: The body moves in the negative direction, with speed increasing uniformly.
Time interval 4: The body moves in the negative direction, with constant speed.
Time interval 5: The body moves in the negative direction, with speed decreasing at an increasing
rate, until it comes to a complete stop.

2 A small mailbag is released from a helicopter which is ascending steadily at 1.50 m s-1.

(a) Sketch the path of the parcel after the release.

2.0 s after the release,

(b) Calculate the speed of the mailbag.
(c) Determine the vertical distance between the parcel below the helicopter.
(d) What are your answers to parts (b) and (c) if the helicopter is descending steadily at
1.50 m s-1?
[18.1 m s −1, 19.6 m, 21.1 m s −1, 19.6 m]

Solution

(a)

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(b) Assume air resistance is negligible

Taking upwards as positive,

v = u + at
= (1.50) + (−9.81)(2.00)
= −18.1 m s-1 (downwards) (3 s.f.)

(c) Assume air resistance is negligible

1 2
sm = ut + at
2
3.00 m
1
= (1.50)(2.00) + ( −9.81)(2.00)2
2
= −16.6 m (3 s.f.) Distance
16.6 m apart
sh = ut
= (1.50)(2.00)
= 3.00 m

 Distance of mailbag below the helicopter

= 16.6 + 3 = 19.6 m

Are the helicopter and mail moving in same or opposite directions?

Opposite directions.

Should the distance apart be longer or shorter than the distance moved by mail
alone?
Longer.

Solution

(d) Taking downwards as positive

v = u + at
= 1.50 + (9.81)(2.00)
= 21.1 m s-1 (downwards) (3 s.f.) 3.00 m

1 2 22.6 m
sm = ut + at Distance
2
apart
1
= (1.50)(2.00) + (9.81)(2.00)2
2
= 22.6 m (3 s.f.)

sh = ut
= (1.50)(2.00)
= 3.00 m
 Distance of mailbag below the helicopter = 22.6 - 3 = 19.6 m

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3 A student throws a ball from point S to a friend at point F. The path of the ball is shown in
Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1
The points S and F are on the same horizontal level. Air resistance is negligible. The ball is thrown
from point S with velocity v, represented by the vector arrow shown on Fig. 2.1.
On Fig. 2.1,
(a) draw arrows from point S to represent the initial horizontal and vertical components of the
velocity v (label these components vH and vv respectively),
(b) draw arrows at A and at B to represent the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity
of the ball at these two points.
N04/II/1 (part)

vH

vv vH
vv

vH

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4 An aeroplane is flying horizontally with a speed of 1000 km h-1 when an engine falls off.
Neglecting air resistance, if it takes 30.0 s for the engine to hit the ground, calculate
(a) the height of the aeroplane above ground level
(b) the horizontal distance made by the engine as it falls
(c) If the aeroplane somehow continues to fly as if nothing had happened, where is the
engine relative to the aeroplane at the moment the engine hits the ground? Explain your
answer.
(d) Sketch,
(i) how the horizontal velocity vh varies with time.
(ii) how the vertical velocity vv varies with time.
[4410 m, 8340 m]

Solution
1000 x 1000
1000 km h-1 = = 278 m s-1 (3 s.f.)
3600
Taking downwards as positive:
uv = 0 m s-1, uh = 278 m s-1, a = 9.81m s-2, t = 30.0 s.
(a) Consider the vertical motion:
1
Using sv = uvt + at2
2
1
= 0(30.0)+ (9.81)(30.0)2
2
= 4410 m (3 s.f.)

(b) Consider the horizontal motion:

Using sh = uht
= (278)(30.0)
= 8340 m (3 s.f.)
 The engine travels 8340 m horizontally.
(c) - The aeroplane would be 4410 m directly above the engine.
- The horizontal distance covered by the aeroplane is the same at the fallen engine due
to the fact that there is no acceleration in the horizontal motion.

(d) (i) (ii)

vV / m s-1
vh / m s-1

t/s t/s

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5 (a) The paths of projectile motion are typically parabolas. State the conditions for a parabolic
motion to be observed.

(b) A projectile is fired at a falling target as shown in the

figure on the right. The projectile leaves the gun at the
same instant that the target is dropped from rest.

Neglect air resistance. Assume that the gun is initially

aimed at the target.
(i) Write down the expressions to show the vertical
displacement and horizontal displacement of the
projectile at the point of collision.
(ii) Write down an expression to show the vertical
displacement of the target, which reaches the
point of collision.
(iii) Hence, show that the projectile will be able to hit
the target.

(c) A trained dolphin leaps from the water with an initial speed of
12.0 m s-1. It jumps directly towards a ball held by a trainer
who is situated at a horizontal distance of 5.50 m away and a
vertical distance of 4.10 m above the water.
Assuming that the trainer drops the ball just as the dolphin
leaps from the water, calculate the height of the dolphin
above the water when it catches the ball. [2.50 m]

(a) Projectile motion is two-dimensional motion under constant acceleration. It is made up of two
independent motions: a uniform velocity in one direction and a uniform acceleration in a
perpendicular direction.

(b)(i) s = ut + ½ at2
: x = vocoso t ---- (1)
: y = vosino t + ½ (-g)t2 ---- (2)
h
2
:h = ½ (g)t ---- (3)

(ii) For projectile to hit the target, y

tano = (h+y)/x x

(iii) From (2) and (3)

h + y = vosinot --- (4)
Take (4)/(1)
➔ tano = (h+y)/x
Thus, the projectile will be able to hit the target

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(c) tan  = 4.10/5.50

 = 36.7
Since the ball falls vertically, therefore the dolphin would have travel 5.50 m horizontally when
it catches the ball.
Let t = time taken for dolphin to travel 5.50 m
Consider the dolphin (take upward as +ve)
s = ut + ½ at2
: sx = uxt = (u cos)t
5.50 = (12.0 cos 36.7)t
t = 0.572 s

: sy = uyt + ½ (-g)t2
= (u sin36.7)(0.572) - ½ (9.81) (0.572)2
= 2.50 m

6 During volcanic eruptions, chunks of solid rock can be blasted out of the volcano; these projectiles
are called volcanic bombs. Figure below shows a cross section of Mt. Fuji, in Japan.

A 35o

3.3 km

9.4 km
o
(a) Calculate the initial speed that a bomb would have to be ejected, at 35 to the horizontal,
from the vent at A in order to fall at the foot of the volcano at B. Ignore, for the moment,
the effects of air on the bomb’s travel. [256 m]

(b) Calculate the time of flight. [44.8 s]

(a) Horizontal motion:

x = (u cosθ) t ……………(1) u
Vertical motion: 35o
1 2
y = (u sinθ) t - gt ………….(2)
2 3.3 km
x
From (1) t = substitute into (2)
u cosθ
1 g
y = (tanθ) x - x2
2 u cos θ
2 2

substitute y = -3.3x103 m, x = 9.4x103 m,

 = 35o, g = 9.81 m s-2
 u = 256 m s-1 9.4 km

x 9.4x10 3
(b) From (1) t = = = 44.8 s
ucosθ 256cos35 o

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