ACCELERATION

Situational Analysis: b. A car speeding up in an effort to beat the read light.

1. What can you observe with the velocity of the
roller coaster?
2. When do these changes happen?
What is Kinematics?
 The branch of mechanics concerned with the
ACCELERATING
motion of objects without reference to the
c. A car slowing down while making a right turn.
forces which cause the motion.
What is Acceleration?
 It is when the velocity changes in either
magnitude or direction of both.
 It is the rate of change of velocity at a given time
interval.
∆� �� − ��
�= �=
∆� � ACCELERATING
�� − �� �� − ��
�= = Sample Situation:
�� − � � 1. A Nissan Sentra is stopped at a traffic light. When
Where: the light turns green, the driver accelerates so that
vf = final velocity the car speedometer reads 20 m/s after 5 s. What
vi = initial velocity is the car’s acceleration assuming it is constant?
ti = initial time Unknown: acceleration (a)
t = final time Given:
�ℎ���� �� �������� Vf = 20 m/s
�= Vi = 0 m/s
������� ����
� t=5s
� �� − ��
�= �=
� �
� ��
The standard unit (SI unit) for acceleration is a = � or ℎ2 20�/� − 0�/�
� �=
or km/h/min. 5�
a = 4 m/s2
Examples:
1. 10 m/s towards the East  (5 s)  25 m/s towards Suppose Lydia de Vega attained a speed of 6 m/s after 2
the East s from the start of the race. Solve the following
�� − �� 25 �/� − 10�/�
�= = = � �/�� problems using the given information:
� 5�
a) What is her average acceleration during this
2. 25 m/s towards the East  (5 s)  10 m/s towards
time interval?
the East
�� −�� 10 �/�−25�/� b) Suppose she attained a speed of 10 m/s
�= �
= 5�
= − � �/�� deceleration after 8 s from the start of the race. What is
*In acceleration, the final answer can be both negative her average acceleration during the 2 to 8
or positive. second time interval?
Determine if the car is accelerating or not: c) Suppose at 8 s from the start of the race,
a. A car changing lanes at constant speed. she slows down to a speed of 7 m/s for 2 s.
What is her average acceleration for this
time interval?

ACCELERATING
Examples:
t (s) v (m/s)
0s 0 m/s
1s 10 m/s
2s 20 m/s
3s 30 m/s
4s 40 m/s
1. Calculate the acceleration of Car A in the time
interval t=1s to t=3s.
Unknown: acceleration (a)
Given:
Vf = 30 m/s
Vi = 10 m/s
tf = 3 s
ti = 1 s
�� − ��
�=
�
30�/� − 10�/�
�=
3�−1�
a = 10 m/s2
2. Calculate the acceleration of Car A over the whole
time period.
Unknown: acceleration (a)
Given:
Vf = 40 m/s
Vi = 0 m/s
tf = 4 s
ti = 0 s
�� − ��
�=
�
40�/� − 0�/�
�=
4�−0�
a = 10 m/s2
What is UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION?
 Velocity is changing with respect to time at a
constant rate.
 Equal changes in velocity take place in an equal
interval of time.
 Constant acceleration
DERIVING KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
  Acceleration due to gravity (g): 9.8 m/s2
Characteristics:
o There is no air resistance
o Falls toward Earth with same acceleration
Findings and Theories of Falling Objects:
 ARISTOTLE’s theory on the motion of falling
bodies
 The fall of a heavy object toward the center of
the earth is a natural motion because the object
is just returning to its natural place.
 Heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones. He
explained that the increase in the rate of motion
is proportional to the weight of the object
 Objects fall faster in air than in water. He
assumed that the decrease in the rate of motion
is in proportion to the resisting force of the
medium.
 Objects sometimes move away from their
natural forces. He called this type of motion
“violent motion” which he explained was caused
by an outside force
Reasons why Aristotle’s theory survived for nearly
two thousand years
○ The theory was consistent with common
sense and observations
○ No other theories about motion were known
during that time
○ The quantitative method of observation to
prove the validity of the theory was not yet
developed.
 Experimental findings of GALILEO
 The two objects (light and heavy), dropped
simultaneously from the tower of Pisa, fell and
struck the earth at the same time
 When a ball was rolled down an inclied plane at
a fixed plane, the ratio of the distance covered
 �� = �� + �� to the square of the corresponding time was
�� +�� always the same.
�= �  When the angle of the inclination is changed the
�
 ��� = ��� + ��� constant also change. Galileo also extended his
third experimental result to larger angles like a
�
 � = �� � + ��� 90°angle. At this angle of inclination, the motion
� of the ball is the same as a freely falling object.
Free-Falling Objects
Experimental findings
 Free-falling object is an object that is falling
○ Free fall was demosntrated on the moon by
under the sole influence of gravity.
astronaut DAVID SCOTT on August 2, 1971.
 When air resistance is negligible, all objects
He simultaneously released a hammer and a
dropped under the influence of gravity near
feather from the same height above the
Earth’s surface fall toward Earth with the same
moon’s surface. The hammer and the feather
acceleration
 both fell at the same rate and hit the ground Vi = 0 m/s
at the same time. g = 9.8 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity (g) ��� = ��� + ���
 Galileo considered that the ration d/t2 is (36.0 �/�)2 = (0)2 + 2(9.8� �2 )�
constant for all freely falling objects and that (36.0 �/�)2 = (19.6� �2 )�
this constant refers to the acceleration due to 1,296 m2 /s2 19.6 m/s2
= d
gravity 19.6 m/s2 19.6 m/s2
o g = 9.7804 m/s2 at the equator d = 66.1 m
o g = 9.8321 m/s2 at the North and South
poles
o The IBWM = 9.80665 m/s2 or 9.80 m/s2,
or 980 cm/s2. (Christian Huygens – using
a pendulum in 1656) 3. On the planet Jupiter, the acceleration due to
Cases of Free Fall gravity is about 26.0 m/s2. How high would a boy
Case I : An object dropped from a certain height with its be able to throw a ball on Jupiter if he can throw it
initial velocity is zero. (g = +9.8 m/s2) vertically 10.0 m high on earth?
Case II : An object thrown upward with an intial velocity. Direction: upward
(g = - 9.8 m/s2) final velocity is zero. Unknown: Vi = ? sa earth, d = ? sa jupiter
 At maximum height, the final velocity of an Given:
object moving upward is equal to zero. Vf = 0 m/s
Case III : An object thrown upward and falls back down. gj = - 26.0 m/s2
(g = -9.8 m/s2, upward direction; g = +9.8 m/s2, ge = - 9.8 m/s2
de = 10.0 m
downward direction)
Gravity: use given of earth (ge)
Equation for freely falling objects
��� = ��� + ���
 �� = �� + ��  �� = �� + ��
(0)2 = �2� + 2( − 9.8� �2 )(10.0�)
 �2� = �2� + 2��  ��� = ��� + ���
(0)2 = �2� +− 196 �2 �2 transpose to remove the negative sign
1 �
 � = �� � + 2 ��2  � = �� � + � ���
196�2 /�2 = �2�
Sample Problem:
1. Mike drops a stone from a bridge 25.0 m above the Vi = 14 m/s
water. With what velocity does it hit the water? Unknown: distance (d) sa jupiter
Gravity: use given of jupiter (gj)
Direction: downward
Initial Velocity: use give of earth (‘yung sinolve natin)
Unknown: final velocity (vf)
Given: ��� = ��� + ���
Vi = o m/s (0)2 = (14 �/�)2 + 2( − 26.0� �2 )�
d = 25.0 m (0) = 196 �2 �2 + ( − 52� �2 )� transpose di sila pwede i-add
2

g = 9.8 m/s2 196 �2 �2 = ( − 52� �2 )�

��� = ��� + ��� − 196 m2/s2 − 52 m/s2
= d
�2� = (0)2 + 2(9.8� �2 )(25�) − 52 m/s2 − 52 m/s2
d = 3.77 m
�2� = (0)2 + 490 �2 �2
4. On one of Galileo’s famous experiments at the
�2� = 490 �2 �2 leaning tower Pisa. If Galileo had accidentally
dropped one of the stones 0.500s before the other,
Vf = 22.1 m/s with what velocity should he throw the second
2. From what height must water fall from a dam to stone to reach the ground at the same time as the
strike the blad of a turbine with a velocity of 36.0 first stone? The height of the tower is 55.0m.
m/s ? Direction: downward
Direction: downward Unknown: Initial Velocity (Vi2), time for the 1st
Unknown: distance (d) stone (t1), time for the 2nd stone (t2)
Given: Given:
Vf = 36.0 m/s tinterval = 0.500 s
 g = 9.8 m/s2
d = 55.0 m
Vi1 = 0 m/s
�
� = �� � + ���
�
1
55.0m = 0 + (9.8m/s2 )(t2 )
2
55.0m = 4.9m/s2 (t2 )
55.0 m 4.9 �/�2
= (�)2
4.9 �/�2 4.9 �/�2
55.0 �
�2 =
4.9 �/�2
t = 3.35 s
time for the 2nd stone: t2 = t1 - tinterval
d = 55.0 m
g = 9.8 m/s2
t1 = 3.35 s
t2 = 3.55s - 0.5s = 2.85 s
Unknown: Initial Velocity (Vi)
�
� = �� � + ���
�
1
55.0m = Vi (2.85s) + (9.8m/s2 )(2.85 s)2
2
55.0m = Vi (2.85s) + 39.80 m
55.0m − 39.80m = (2.85s)Vi
55.0� (2.85s)Vi
=
2.85� 2.85�
Vi = 5.33 m/s
 An object thrown directly upward is accelerated
only as it falls.
 The acceleration of a stone thrown upward is
smaller than that of a stone thrown downward.
 Ignoring air resistance, an object falling toward the
surface of the earth has a velocity that is increasing.
 A ball thrown vertically upward. Neglecting air
resistance, the time of travel upward is equal to
the time of travel downward.
 Neglecting air resistance, an object falling toward
the surface of the earth has an acceleration that is
constant.
 A ball thrown vertically upward. At its highest point,
its acceleration is zero.