BRIEF CONTENTS

Foreword v
Preface vi
Features of the Book x
Detailed Contents xv
List of Symbols xxii

1. Materials, Structures, and Specifications s 1

2. Basis of Structural Design 48
3. Loading and Load Combinations 82
4. Methods of Structural Analysis 152
5. Bolted Connections 186
6. Welded Connections 239
7. Design of Tension Members 286
8. Plastic and Local Buckling Behaviour of Structural Steel 322
9. Design of Compression Members 366
10. Design of Beams 437
11. Design of Plate Girders 508
12. Design of Gantry Girders 555
13. Design of Beam-columns 576
14. Moment-resistant Connections 607
15. Design of Base Plates and Caps 647
16. Design of Roof Trusses and Industrial Buildings 671
17. Seismic-resistant Design 709
18. Design Principles for Steel Enabling Structures 762

Appendix A: Properties of Structural Steel Sections 779

Appendix B: Loads Due to Tsunami 805
Appendix C: Properties of Soils 809
Appendix D: Bending Moment, Shear Force, and Deflection of Beams and Frames 813
Appendix E: Computer Programs 822
Appendix F: Design Aids 834
Appendix G: Important Formulae 854
Appendix H: Conversion Factors 863
Glossary 865
Index 875
 DETAILED CONTENTS
Foreword v
Preface vi
Features of the Book x
Brief Contents xiii
List of Symbols xxii

1. Materials, Structures, and Specifications 1 1.18 Types of Steel Structures 38

1.1 Historical Development 2 1.19 Aluminium Alloys 41
1.2 Processes Used for Iron and Steel Making 4 1.19.1 Mathematical Representation of Non-linear
1.2.1 Iron Making 4 Stress–Strain Curves 41
1.2.2 Steel Making 4 1.20 Fabrication and Erection 41
1.3 Iron and Steel in India 6 1.20.1 Errors that Lead to Failures 42
1.4 Metallurgy of Steel 8 1.21 Aesthetics of Steel Structures 42
1.4.1 Crystalline Structure of Metals 8 1.22 Composite Construction 43
1.4.2 Structure of Steel 8
1.4.3 Heat Treatment of Steel 9 2. Basis of Structural Design 48
1.4.4 Quenching and Tempering 10 2.1 Design Considerations 48
1.5 Alloying Elements in Steel 10 2.2 Steps Involved in Construction 48
1.5.1 Weldability of Steel 11 2.3 Role and Responsibilities of the Designer 50
1.6 Chemical Composition of Steel 11 2.4 Structural Systems 52
1.7 Types of Structural Steel 12 2.4.1 General Types of Structures 52
1.8 Mechanical Properties of Steel 12 2.4.2 Steel Structures 52
1.8.1 Ultimate Strength or Tensile Strength 13 2.4.3 High-rise Structural Systems 58
1.8.2 Inelastic Cyclic Response 16 2.5 Structural Integrity 62
1.8.3 Characteristic Strength 16 2.6 Analysis and Design 63
1.8.4 Ductility 17 2.7 Codes and Specifications 64
1.8.5 Low Temperature and Toughness (Brittle 2.8 Design Philosophies 65
Fracture) 18 2.8.1 Working Stress Method 66
1.8.6 Lamellar Tearing 19 2.8.2 Ultimate Load Design 66
1.8.7 High-temperature Effects 20 2.8.3 Limit States Design 67
1.8.8 Resistance to Corrosion 20 2.9 Limit States Method 69
1.8.9 Hardness 21
2.9.1 Limit State of Strength 69
1.8.10 Fatigue Resistance 22
2.9.2 Structural Stability 71
1.9 Residual Stresses 22 2.9.3 Serviceability Limit States 72
1.10 Stress Concentration 23 2.10 Failure Criteria for Steel 77
1.11 Cold Work and Strain Hardnening 24 2.10.1 Shear Yield Stress 78
1.12 Structural Steel Products 24 2.10.2 Poisson’s Ratio (m) 78
1.12.1 Choice of Section 25 2.10.3 Shear Modulus of Rigidity 78
1.12.2 Wide-flange Sections 26
1.12.3 Welded and Hybrid Sections 27 3. Loading and Load Combinations 82
1.12.4 Hollow Steel Sections (HSS) 28 3.1 Characteristic Actions (Loads) 83
1.13 Cold-formed Steel Sections 30 3.2 Dead Loads 84
1.14 High-performance Steel 31 3.3 Imposed Loads 86
1.14.1 Hydrogen-induced Cracking 31 3.3.1 Dynamic Imposed Loads 89
1.14.2 Weathering Characteristic of HPS 32 3.3.2 Snow Loads 90
1.15 Stainless Steel 33 3.3.3 Ice Loads on Wires 91
1.15.1 Surface Finish 35 3.4 Temperature Effects 91
1.16 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material 36 3.5 Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure 93
1.17 Disadvantages of using Steel 37 3.6 Erection Loads 93
xvi Detailed Contents
3.7 Accidental Loads
3.8 Other Loads
3.9 Natural Hazards
3.10 Extreme Winds
3.10.1 Characteristics of Wind 100
3.10.2 Variation of Wind Velocity with Height 100
3.10.3 Turbulent Nature of Wind 101
3.10.4 Return Period 102
3.10.5 Vortex-shedding 102
3.10.6 Interference Effect 103
3.10.7 Dynamic Effects 103
3.10.8 Measurement of Wind Loads 104
3.11 Earthquakes
3.11.1 Characteristics of an Earthquake 107
3.11.2 Damping 108
3.11.3 Elastic Response Spectrum 108
3.12 Determination of Earthquake Forces
3.12.1 Natural Frequencies 113
3.12.2 Equivalent Static Method 114
3.12.3 Approximate Fundamental Natural
Period 114
3.12.4 Dynamic Analysis Methods 115
3.13 Determination of Wind Loads as per IS 875
(Part 3)
3.13.1 Design Wind Speed 118
3.13.2 Design Wind Pressure 120
3.13.3 Wind Pressure on Buildings/Structures 122
3.13.4 Wind Pressure on Roofs 122
3.13.5 Wind Pressure on Industrial Buildings 122
3.13.6 Force Coefficients 124
3.13.7 Lattice Towers 125
3.13.8 Frictional Drag 126
3.13.9 Interference Effects 126
3.13.10 Dynamic Effects 127
3.14 Pattern Loading
3.15 Load Combinations
3.15.1 Load Combinations for Non-orthogonal
Buildings 132
3.15.2 Combination of Three Earthquake
Components 132
3.15.3 Load Combinations for Plastic Design 132
4. Methods of Structural Analysis
4.1 Methods of Analysis
4.2 Elastic Analysis
4.2.1 First-order Elastic Analysis 154
4.2.2 Second-order Analysis 157
4.2.3 Second-order Elastic Analysis 158
4.3 Buckling (Critical Load) Analysis
4.3.1 Linear Buckling Analysis 161
4.3.2 Inelastic Buckling Analysis 163
4.4 Sources of Non-linearity
4.4.1 Material Effects 163
4.4.2 Geometric Effects 164
4.4.3 Combined and Other Effects 164
94 4.5 Joint and Connection Effects 164
94 4.5.1 Finite Size of Joint 164
95 4.5.2 Panel Zone Flexibility 166
96 4.5.3 Modelling of Semi-rigid Connections 167
4.5.4 Analysis of Semi-rigid Frames 170
4.5.5 Modelling of Foundations 173
4.5.6 Infilled Frames 173
4.5.7 Stressed Skin Design 174
4.6 First-order Plastic Analysis 174
4.7 Second-order Inelastic Analyses 174
4.7.1 Plastic Zone Method 175
4.7.2 Elastic–Plastic Hinge Method 176
104 4.7.3 Refined Plastic Hinge Method 176
4.7.4 Notional Load Plastic Hinge Method 177
4.7.5 Quasi-plastic Hinge Method 178
4.7.6 Advantages of Advanced Analysis
111 Methods 178
4.7.7 Direct Analysis Method of Design 179
4.7.8 Serviceability Design 180
4.8 Practical Out-of-plane Advanced Analysis 180
5. Bolted Connections 186
5.1 Rivets and Riveted Connections 188
117 5.2 Bolted Connections 189
5.2.1 Black Bolts 189
5.2.2 Turned Bolts (Close Tolerance Bolts) 191
5.2.3 Ribbed Bolts (Fluted Bolts) 191
5.2.4 High-strength Bolts 191
5.2.5 Bolt Tightening Methods 192
5.2.6 Advantages of Bolted Connections 195
5.2.7 Bolt Holes 195
5.2.8 Spacing and Edge Distance of Bolt Holes 196
5.3 Behaviour of Bolted Joints 197
5.4 Design Strength of Ordinary Black Bolts 199
129 5.4.1 Bearing Bolts in Shear 199
130 5.4.2 Bolts in Tension 200
5.4.3 Bolts in Bearing 201
5.4.4 Prying Forces 202
5.4.5 Bolts with Shear and Tension 204
5.4.6 Efficiency of a Joint 204
5.4.7 Tension Capacity of Plate 204
5.5 Design Strength of High Strength Friction Grip
152 Bolts 205
153 5.5.1 Slip Resistance 205
154 5.5.2 Long Joints 206
5.5.3 Bearing Resistance 206
5.5.4 Tension Resistance 207
5.5.5 Combined Shear and Tension 207
161 5.5.6 Block Shear Failure 208
5.6 Pin Connections 208
5.6.1 Design of Pins 209
163 5.7 Simple Connections 209
5.7.1 Lap and Butt Joints 209
5.7.2 Truss Joint Connections 210
5.7.3 Clip and Seating Angle Connections 212
 Detailed Contents xvii

5.7.4 Design of Unstiffened and Stiffened Seat 6.10.3 Intermittent Fillet Welds 264
Connection 213 6.10.4 Slot or Plug Welds 264
5.7.5 Web Angle Connection 214 6.11 Simple Welded Joints 265
5.7.6 Flexible End Plate Connection 214 6.11.1 Design of Fillet Welds for Truss Members 265
5.7.7 Web Side Plate Connection 215 6.11.2 Angle Seat Connections 266
5.8 Beam-to-beam Connections 216 6.11.3 Web Angle and End Plate Connections 267
5.9 Beam and Column Splices 216 6.12 Beam and Column Splices 268
5.9.1 Beam Splices 216 6.12.1 Beam Splices 268
5.9.2 Column Splices 217 6.12.2 Column Splices 269
5.10 Semi-rigid Connections 218 6.13 Bracing Connections 269
5.11 Fatigue Behaviour 219 6.14 Tubular Connections 271
6.15 Application of Adhesives 272
6. Welded Connections 239
6.1 Welding Processes 239 7. Design of Tension Members 286
6.1.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding 240 7.1 Types of Tension Members 287
6.1.2 Submerged Arc Welding 241 7.2 Design of Strands 289
6.1.3 Gas-shielded Metal Arc Welding 242 7.3 Slenderness Ratio 289
6.1.4 Flux Core Arc Welding 243 7.4 Displacement of Tension Members 290
6.1.5 Electroslag Welding 244 7.5 Behaviour of Tension Members 290
6.1.6 Stud Welding 245 7.6 Modes of Failure 290
6.1.7 Choice of Welding Process 245 7.6.1 Gross Section Yielding 290
6.2 Welding Electrodes 245 7.6.2 Net Section Rupture 291
6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welding 246 7.6.3 Block Shear Failure 292
6.4 Types and Properties of Welds 247 7.7 Factors Affecting the Strength of
6.4.1 Groove Welds 247 Tension Members 293
6.4.2 Fillet Welds 248 7.7.1 Effect of Bolt Holes 293
6.4.3 Slot and Plug Welds 248 7.7.2 Effect of Shear Lag 294
6.4.4 Structure and Properties of Weld Metal 249 7.7.3 Geometry Factor 295
6.4.5 Weld Defects 249 7.7.4 Ductility Factor 295
6.4.6 Welding Quality Control 251 7.7.5 Spacing of Fasteners 295
6.5 Types of Welded Joints 252 7.7.6 Effect of Residual Stresses and Initial
6.5.1 Butt Joints 252 Crookedness 295
6.5.2 Lap Joints 253 7.8 Angles Under Tension 296
6.5.3 Tee Joints 254 7.8.1 Net Section Design 296
6.5.4 Corner Joints 254 7.8.2 Indian Code (IS 800 : 2007) Provisions for
6.5.5 Edge Joints 254 Angle Tension Members 299
6.6 Control of Shrinkage and Distortion 254 7.8.3 Welded Tension Members 299
6.7 Weld Symbols 256 7.9 Other Sections 299
6.8 Weld Specifications 256 7.10 Tension Rods 300
6.8.1 Minimum Weld Size 256 7.11 Design of a Tension Member 302
6.8.2 Maximum Fillet Weld Size Along Edges 257 7.12 Lug Angles 302
6.8.3 Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Weld 258 7.12.1 Compensating for Reduction in
6.8.4 Overlap 258 Cross-sectional Area 303
6.8.5 Effective Length of Groove Welds 259 7.13 Splices 303
6.8.6 Effective Length of Intermittent Welds 259 7.14 Gussets 304
6.9 Effective Area of Welds 259 7.15 Fatigue Effects 305
6.9.1 Groove Weld 259
6.9.2 Fillet Weld 260
6.9.3 Plug Weld 261 8. Plastic and Local Buckling Behaviour of
6.9.4 Concave and Convex Welds 261 Structural Steel 322
6.9.5 Long Joints 262 8.1 Plastic Theory 322
6.10 Design of Welds 262 8.1.1 Basis of Plastic Theory 322
6.10.1 Groove Welds 262 8.1.2 Shape Factor 324
6.10.2 Fillet Welds 262 8.2 General Requirements for Plastic Design 325
xviii Detailed Contents

8.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Plastic 9.6.1 Initial Out-of-straightness 372

Design 326
8.3 Plastic Hinge Concept 326
8.3.1 Length of Plastic Hinge 326
8.4 Plastic-collapse Load 327
8.5 Conditions of Plastic Analysis 328
8.5.1 Principle of Virtual Work 328
8.6 Theorems of Plastic Collapse 328
8.7 Methods of Plastic Analysis 328
8.7.1 Load Factors 329
8.8 Plastic Design of Continuous Beams 329
8.9 Plastic Design of Portal Frames 329
8.10 Effect of Axial and Shear Force on
Plastic Moment Capacity 330
8.10.1 Interaction Formula for I-sections 331
8.10.2 Effect of Shear Force on Plastic Moment
Capacity 333
8.11 Special Considerations 334
8.11.1 Flange Stability 334
8.11.2 Stiffeners at Plastic Hinge Locations 335
8.11.3 Fabrication Restriction 335
8.11.4 Second-order Effects 335
8.11.5 Connections 336
8.11.6 Deflection 336
8.11.7 Strain Hardening and Residual Stress 336
8.12 Local Buckling of Plates 336
8.12.1 Elastic Buckling of Plates 337
8.12.2 Simply Supported Plates 338
8.12.3 Plates Free Along One Longitudinal
Edge 338
8.12.4 Plates with Other Boundary Conditions 338
8.12.5 Plate Elements in Shear 339
8.12.6 Plate Elements in Bending 339
8.12.7 Stress Ratios for Classification 341
8.13 Cross Section Classification 342
8.14 Behaviour and Ultimate Strength of Plates 345
8.14.1 Behaviour of Plates 345
8.14.2 Post-buckling Strength of Plates 346
9. Design of Compression Members 366
9.1 Construction Details 367
9.1.1 Loads on Compression Members 367
9.2 Possible Failure Modes 368
9.3 Classification of Cross Section 369
9.4 Behaviour of Compression Members 369
9.4.1 Long, Short, and Intermediate Compression
Members 369
9.4.2 Short Compression Members 369
9.4.3 Slender Compression Members 370
9.5 Elastic Buckling of Slender Compression
Members 370
9.5.1 Large Deflection Behaviour: Post
Buckling 371
9.6 Behaviour of Real Compression Members 372
9.6.2 Eccentricity of Applied Load 374
9.6.3 Effect of Residual Stress 375
9.6.4 Effect of Strain Hardening and the
Absence of Well-defined Yield Point 376
9.7 Development of Multiple Column Curves 377
9.7.1 Multiple Column Curves in the IS
Code 379
9.8 Sections used for Compression Members 381
9.9 Effective Length of Compression Members 383
9.9.1 Effective Length for Idealized Boundary
Conditions 383
9.9.2 Intermediate Restraints and Effective
Lengths in Different Planes 384
9.9.3 Columns in Multi-storey or Framed
Buildings 385
9.9.4 Compression Members in Trusses 391
9.9.5 Effective Lengths of Columns in Simple
Structures 395
9.9.6 Struts having Variable Section 396
9.10 Flexural-torsional Buckling 397
9.11 Columns with No Axis of Symmetry 398
9.12 Prevention of Buckling Failure 398
9.13 Single Angle Struts 399
9.13.1 Indian Code Provisions 400
9.14 Design of Compression Members 400
9.14.1 Limiting Slenderness Ratio 401
9.15 Built-up Compression Members 401
9.15.1 Rules Specified in the Indian Code 405
9.16 Compression Members Composed of Two
Components Back-to-back 406
9.17 Compression Members with Other Materials and
Shapes 406
9.17.1 Aluminium and Stainless Steel Compression
Members 407
9.17.2 Sleeved Column Concept 407
9.17.3 Steel Arches 407
9.17.4 Composite/Cased Columns 409
9.18 Displacement 410
10. Design of Beams 437
10.1 Beam Types 438
10.2 Section Classification 439
10.3 Lateral Stability of Beams 439
10.3.1 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Symmetric
Sections 441
10.4 Factors Affecting Lateral Stability 443
10.4.1 Influence of Cross-sectional Shape on
Lateral Torsional Buckling 444
10.4.2 Support Conditions 444
10.4.3 Effective Length 444
10.4.4 Level of Application of Transverse
Loads 450
10.4.5 Influence of Type of Loading 450
 Detailed Contents xix

10.5 Buckling of Real Beams 452 11.4.2 Flexural Strength 514

10.5.1 Plasticity Effects 452 11.4.3 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Plate
10.5.2 Residual Stresses 453 Girders 515
10.5.3 Imperfections 453 11.4.4 Shear Strength 515
10.6 Behaviour of Beams in Bending 454 11.5 Web Panel Subjected to Shear 515
10.6.1 Steel Beams in Flexure 454 11.5.1 Shear Resistance Before Buckling
10.6.2 Elastic Behaviour 454 (Stage 1) 515
10.6.3 Yielding and Plastic Behaviour 454 11.5.2 Shear Buckling Design 516
10.7 Design Strength of Laterally Supported Beams in 11.5.3 Provisions of IS 800 : 2007 521
Bending 456 11.5.4 End Panel Design Without Tension Field
10.7.1 Holes in the Tension Zone 457 Action 522
10.7.2 Shear Lag Effects 457 11.6 Webs Subjected to Combined Bending and
10.8 Design Strength of Laterally Unsupported Shear 523
Beams 458 11.6.1 Modification of Web Buckling Stress 524
10.8.1 Elastic Critical Moment of a Section 11.6.2 Reduction of Plastic Moment Capacity of
Symmetrical About Minor Axis 461 Flanges 524
10.8.2 Beams with Other Cross Sections 463 11.6.3 Modification of Membrane Stress for Web
Yielding 524
10.8.3 Strength Formula Considering
11.6.4 Webs Subjected to Pure Bending 524
Inelastic Buckling 463
11.6.5 Behaviour of Transverse Web Stiffeners
10.8.4 Compound/Built-up Beams 464
Under Extreme Loads 525
10.8.5 Curtailment of Flange Plates 465
11.6.6 Patch Loading and Web Crippling 526
10.8.6 Continuous Beams 466
11.7 Design of Plate Girders using IS 800 : 2007
10.9 Shear Strength of Steel Beams 466
Provisions 527
10.9.1 Shear Buckling of Beam Webs 468
11.7.1 Sectional Properties 528
10.9.2 Bend Buckling of Webs 468
11.7.2 Flanges 528
10.9.3 Design for Shear 468
11.7.3 Stiffeners 529
10.10 Maximum Deflection 469 11.7.4 Design of Load Carrying Stiffeners 530
10.11 Web Buckling and Web Crippling 471 11.7.5 Design of Bearing Stiffeners 531
10.12 Holes in Beams 472 11.7.6 Design of Diagonal and Tension
10.13 Latticed Beams 473 Stiffeners 531
10.14 Castellated Beams 473 11.7.7 Design of Torsional Stiffener 531
10.15 Lintels 475 11.7.8 Connection of Load Carrying Stiffeners and
10.16 Purlins 475 Bearing Stiffeners to Web 531
10.16.1 Design Procedure for Channel/I-section 11.8 Behaviour of Longitudinally Stiffened Plate
Purlins 477 Girders 532
10.16.2 Empirical Design of Angle Purlins 478 11.9 Girders with Openings in Slender Webs 533
10.17 Biaxial Bending 479 11.10 Hybrid Plate Girders 533
10.18 Unsymmetrical Bending 480 11.11 Welding of Girder Components 533
10.19 Unsymmetrical Sections 480 11.12 Proportioning of the Section 533
10.20 Design of Beams 481 11.12.1 Optimum Girder Depth 534
11.12.2 Preliminary Sizing 534
11. Design of Plate Girders 508 11.12.3 Steps Involved in the Design of Plate
11.1 Plate Girders 508 Girders 535
11.1.1 Examples of Plate Girders 509 11.13 Plate Girders with Corrugated Webs 535
11.1.2 Plate Girders Vs Trusses 510 11.14 Box Girders 537
11.1.3 Differences Between Beams and Plate
Girders 510 12. Design of Gantry Girders 555
11.1.4 Types of Sections 511 12.1 Loading Considerations 557
11.1.5 Elements of a Plate Girder 511 12.2 Maximum Load Effects 558
11.2 General Considerations 512 12.3 Fatigue Effects 559
11.3 Distribution of Stress in a Plate Girder 513 12.4 Selection of Gantry Girder 560
11.4 Preliminary Design Procedure 513 12.4.1 Section Properties 561
11.4.1 Minimum Web Thickness 514 12.4.2 Columns 562
xx Detailed Contents

12.4.3 Bracings 565 14.8.1 Stiffeners in Edge (Corner)

12.4.4 Crane Stops 565 Connection 624
12.5 Design of Gantry Girder 566 14.8.2 Interior Beam-column Joint 625
14.8.3 Design of Stiffeners 626
13. Design of Beam-columns 576 14.8.4 Shear Reinforcement 626
13.1 General Behaviour of Beam-columns 578 14.9 Welded Continuous Beam-to-beam
13.2 Second-order Moments in Beam-columns 579 Connections 627
13.2.1 P-d Effects or Member Effects 579
13.2.2 Equivalent Moment Factor Cm 581 15. Design of Base Plates and Caps 647
13.2.3 P-Δ Effects or Structure Effects 582 15.1 Column Bases and Caps 647
13.3 Elastic Lateral-torsional Buckling of 15.1.1 Slab Bases 648
Beam-columns 582 15.1.2 Effective Area of Base Plate 648
13.4 Interaction between Beam-column and 15.1.3 Weld: Column to Slab Base 649
Structure 583 15.2 Design of Base Plate 649
13.5 Nominal Strength—Instability in the Plane of 15.3 Some Practical Aspects 650
Bending 584 15.4 Design of Eccentrically Loaded Base Plates 650
13.5.1 Failure by Lateral-torsional 15.4.1 Compression Over the Whole Base
Buckling 585 Plate 651
13.5.2 Nominal strength—Interaction 15.5 Gusseted Base Plate 651
Equations 585
15.6 Compression Over Part of the Base Plate
13.6 Beam-column under Biaxial Loading 586
and Tension in Holding Down Bolts 652
13.7 Interaction Equations for Local Capacity
15.7 Column End Embedded in Concrete
Check 587
Foundation (Pocket Bases) 653
13.8 Code Design Procedures 588
13.8.1 Indian Code (IS 800 : 2007) 15.8 Anchor Bolts (Foundation Bolts) and Shear
Provisions 588 Connectors 654
13.8.2 American Code Provisions 590 15.8.1 Shear connectors 656
13.9 Design of Beam-columns 590 15.9 Grillage Foundation 657
13.9.1 Selection of Initial Section 591 15.9.1 Design Theory 658
13.9.2 Direct Analysis for P-Δ Effects 591 15.10 Beam Bearing Plates 659
13.10 Beam-columns Subjected to Tension and 15.10.1 Design of Bearing Plates 659
Bending 591
13.11 Crane Columns 592 16. Design of Roof Trusses and Industrial Buildings 671
16.1 Selection of Roofing and Wall Material 671
14. Moment-resistant Connections 607 16.1.1 Steel or Aluminium Decking/Cladding 672
14.1 Moment-resistant Bolted Connections 607 16.1.2 Galvanized Iron (GI) Sheets 673
14.1.1 Eccentrically Loaded Connections 607 16.1.3 Asbestos Cement Sheets 674
14.1.2 Eccentric Load Causing Twisting 16.2 Selection of Bay Width 676
Moments (Type I Connections) 607 16.3 Structural Framing 676
14.1.3 Eccentric Load Causing Bending Moments 16.3.1 Knee Bracing of Columns 677
(Type II Connections) 610 16.3.2 Unbraced Frames 678
14.2 Bolted Moment End Plate Connection 613 16.4 Purlins, Girts, and Eave Strut 680
14.3 Flange Angle Connections and Split-beam 16.5 Plane Trusses 681
T-stub Connections 614 16.5.1 Analysis of Trusses 682
14.4 Plate Subjected to Horizontal Pull 615 16.5.2 Types of Trusses and Truss
14.5 Moment-resistant Welded Connections 616 Configurations 684
14.5.1 Eccentrically Loaded Connections 616 16.5.3 Pitches of Trusses 687
14.5.2 Eccentric Load Causing Bending 16.5.4 Depth of Truss 687
Moment 619 16.5.5 Spacing of Trusses 687
14.6 Welded End Plate Connections 620 16.5.6 Spacing of Purlins 688
14.7 Welded Stiffened Beam Seat Connection 621 16.5.7 Loads on Trusses 688
14.7.1 Design 622 16.5.8 Load Combination for Design 689
14.8 Welded Continuous Beam-to-column 16.5.9 Design of Truss Members 689
Connections 622 16.5.10 Connections in Trusses 691
 Detailed Contents xxi

16.6 Open-web Steel Joists 692 17.8.1 Design Principles for Special Moment
16.7 Floor Plates 693 Frame 723
16.8 End Bearings 694 17.8.2 Strong-column, Weak-beam Concept 724
16.9 Design of Slabs on Grade 694 17.8.3 Provisions in IS 800:2007 for SMF 725
17.8.4 Proportioning for Drift 726
17. Seismic-resistant Design 709 17.8.5 Continuity Plates 727
17.1 Response Reduction Factor 710 17.8.6 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF) 728
17.1.1 Over-strength 711 17.8.7 Designing Buildings with SMF/OMF 729
17.1.2 Redundancy 711 17.9 Seismic Moment Connections 729
17.1.3 Ductility 711 17.9.1 Toughened Connections 729
17.2 Factors Influencing Seismic Damage 712 17.9.2 Strengthened Connections 730
17.2.1 Influence of Soil Properties and 17.9.3 Weakened Connections 732
Foundations Type 712 17.9.4 Pre-qualified Seismic Moment
Connections 733
17.3 Rules to be Followed for Buildings in
17.10 Braced frames 739
Seismic Areas 713
17.10.1 Concentrically Braced Frames
17.4 Plan Irregularities 713 (CBFs) 739
17.4.1 Irregularity due to Re-entrant
17.10.2 Special Concentrically Braced Frames
Corners 713
(SCBFs) 741
17.4.2 Torsional Irregularity 713
17.10.3 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) 742
17.4.3 Diaphragm Discontinuity 714
17.11 Dual Systems 742
17.4.4 Out of Plane Offsets 715
17.4.5 Non-parallel System 715 17.12 Steel Plate Shear Walls (SPSW) 743
17.12.1 Advantages of SPSW 744
17.5 Vertical Irregularities 715
17.12.2 Analysis and Design of SPSW 744
17.5.1 Stiffness Irregularity 715
17.5.2 Mass Irregularity 716 17.13 Buckling-restrained Braces (BRB) 747
17.5.3 Vertical Geometric Irregularity 716 17.14 Devices to Reduce Earthquake Effects 749
17.5.4 In-plane Discontinuity in Vertical, Lateral 17.14.1 Base Isolation 750
Force-resisting Elements 717 17.14.2 Energy Absorbing Devices 752
17.5.5 Discontinuity in Capacity (Weak
Storey) 717 18. Design Principles for Steel Enabling Structures 762
17.6 Other Aspects of Planning and Design in 18.1 Major Design Considerations for
Earthquake Zones 718 Enabling Works 762
17.6.1 Consideration of Vertical Component 18.2 Cost of Enabling Works 763
of Earthquake 719 18.3 Review of Typical Enabling Works 764
17.7 Seismic Force resisting Systems 720 18.4 Failure of Enabling Works 768
17.8 Moment-resisting Frames (MRFs) 721 18.5 Concluding Remarks 768

Appendix A: Properties of Structural Steel Sections 779

Appendix B: Loads Due to Tsunami 805
Appendix C: Properties of Soils 809
Appendix D: Bending Moment, Shear Force, and Deflection of Beams and Frames 813
Appendix E: Computer Programs 822
Appendix F: Design Aids 834
Appendix G: Important Formulae 854
Appendix H: Conversion Factors 863
Glossary 865
Index 875