Antibiotic

In conclusion what he said was that the white blood cell behind it seems pretty
busy and that’s because there are a lot of different classes of antibiotics and we’re
going to go over some of those classes, we’re going to go over some examples,
we’re going to go over how they work and what kind of bacteria kill so let’s take a
look now when we go into this I’ve come up with my own mnemonic that helps me
remember them the mnemonic is that antibiotics can protect servants and guards
from the queen’s men it’s pretty silly but it helps i take the first letter of each and
that’s the first letter of an antibiotic class so if we start with the initial antibiotics the
a will stand for amino glycosides now this class of antibiotics will kill gram negative
bacteria specifically watch the video where describe the differences between gram
positive and gram negative or one of the main differences is that gram positive
bacteria have a cell wall very large that surrounds them gram negative bacteria
have a very small cell wall or a thin cell wall and also have two membranes that are
gram negative are two phospholipid bilayers if aminoglycosides kill gram negatives
specifically two main types or examples of many glycosides are streptomycin x’
and gentamicin x’ and the way they kill bacteria is by inhibiting protein synthesis so
DNA needs to be made into proteins and proteins do all the functions within a cell
okay now to convert the DNA in proteins needs something called ribosomes and
each ribosome has two subunits to them for bacteria about the 50th subunit and a
30th subunit and the DNA makes its way in between these two subunits and spits
out and I there are no acids that fold into proteins now human cells don’t have the
50 and 30 subunits we have a 60 subunit and a 40 subunit so we exploit these
differences to to kill bacteria in this case gentamicin streptomycin prevents the 30th
subunit from converting DNA to protein now as we go to the next one let’s can the
C stands for cephalosporins they kill gram negative and gram positive bacteria
examples are cefazolin and suffered raxil and again they kill bacteria and he
synthesizes the cell wall so I shouldn’t say again we said protein synthesis for the
first cell wall synthesis in this case remember bacterial cells are surrounded by a
cell wall human cells are not the cell wall is made up of sugars stacked on top of
each other and each sugar is connected by these proteins or the peptide bonds
and the peptides need to interconnect with each other and so what these particular
types of antibiotics do is they break the bond between the proteins that hold the
sugar molecules together and so the cell wall just falls apart, now This is important
because bacteria are hyperosmotic, which means they have a lot of things
dissolved inside the cell, which means water wants to get in when water gets in, it
wants to bu First, the cell and the cell wall keep it from that happen so if you
destroy the cell wall you destroy the bacteria now for the next p4 it protects that’s
the penicillins everyone has heard of penicillins before penicillins are at least the
first class of penicillins as already that penicillin G was only effective against gram
positive bacteria and that’s because it attacked the cell wall again now it again
inhibits the cell wall from being synthesized by again breaking those bonds but
because it didn’t kill gram negative bacteria we needed more broad-spectrum
antibiotic, so we started creating

Pennis which is the aspect of penicillin but bacteria have also created penicillin a to
destroy that as well what we have done is we have created a new class of penicillin
which is called methicillin and methicillin can kill almost anything however , now it’s
been discovered that we have bacteria that have become resistant to methicillin,
which is one of the last line of antibiotic defenses and they’re called methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRS alright let’s move on Tetracycline T kills
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria you have tet recycling and doxycycline
does it by inhibiting protein synthesis of the 30s subunit as we talked about above,
so we have quinolones and fluoroquinolones that kill gram positives and gram
negatives like w ell cipro flaxen is an example of this type of bacteria an antibiotic
sorry and in this case we haven’t talked about this yet it inhibits DNA replication so
why For a bacterium to stay alive, the DNA needs to replicate and make more
copies of itself, that’s fine, but bacterial DNA wraps around itself, it’s this circular
double-stranded DNA that wraps around itself, and to make copies of it, it needs to
unwind, so we need an enzyme that does this unwinding called topoisomerase,
there are different types 2 and 4 for example, and these antibiotics lead the top
hour is summarized in unwinding DNA, therefore, it prevents it from being able to
making more copies therefore prevents more bacteria from being produced then
we have m4 macrolides they are gram positive specific erythromycin is not sample
can i have heard of that before and it inhibits protein synthesis not subunit 30 this
time, but the 50 subunit, so DNA can’t be converted to s4 sulfonamide proteins gr
i’m positive and gram negative and this is sulfamethoxazole this is an example and
it inhibits folate synthesis okay so bacteria can produce their own folate for
metabolism growth development we can’t need to get folate from our diet so we
can take advantage of this difference by inhibiting the enzyme that allows us to
allow bacteria to produce folate it’s not going to inhibit us because we don’t have
that enzyme so inhibiting this enzyme will kill bacteria and this is self into amides
then the last one is glycopeptides this is gram positive specific and vancomycin is
an example of this and it also inhibits cell wall synthesis , so this is an example of
some of the main classes of antibiotics