R.

Gupta's ®
Popular Master Guide

CUET-UG
Common University Entrance Test for
Under Graduate Courses/Programmes

DOMAIN SPECIFIC SUBJECT

Mathematics
By
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 EXAMINATION STRUCTURE

SECTION-II: DOMAIN SPECIFIC SUBJECTS

No. of Questions Subject Time

40 Questions  Input text can be used for
45 minutes for
to be MCQ Based Questions
each Domain
attempted out  MCQs based on NCERT Class XII
Specific Subjects
of 50 Syllabus only

 Mode of the Test : Computer Based Test (CBT)

 Test Pattern : Objective type with Multiple Choice Questions
 Medium of Exam : 13 Languages (Tam il, Telugu, Kannada,
Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati, Odiya, Bengali,
Assamese, Punjabi, English, Hindi and Urdu)

(iii)
 CONTENTS

SAMPLE PAPER

CUET (UG) – MATHEMATICS .............................................................................................. 1-8

SECTION-II: DOMAIN SPECIFIC SUBJECT

MATHEMATICS

1. Algebra ........................................................................................................ 3-16

2. Probability ................................................................................................. 17-24

3. Trigonometry ............................................................................................. 25-29

4. Co-ordinate Geometry .............................................................................. 30-35

5. Calculus .................................................................................................... 36-42

6. Vectors ...................................................................................................... 43-48

7. Three Dimensional Geometry ................................................................... 49-60

8. Linear Programming ................................................................................. 61-71

9. Passage Based MCQs ............................................................................. 72-80

    

(iv)
 SAMPLE PAPER (SOLVED) Sample Paper 1

CUET-UG

MATHEMATICS*
SECTION-II : DOMAIN SPECIFIC SUBJECT

1. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then 6. The two curves x3 – 3xy 2 + 2 = 0 and 3x2y – y3 = 2:
(A + B) (A – B) is equal to: A. touch each other B. cut at right angle
A. A2 – B 2 B. A2 – BA – AB – B2
C. cut at an angle D. cut at an angle
C. A – B + BA – AB D. A2 – BA + B2 + AB
2 2
3 4
7. The equation of the normal to the curve y = sin x at
2 3
2 –1 3 (0, 0) is:
2. If A and B 4 –2 , then: A. x = 0 B. y = 0
–4 5 1
1 5 C. x + y = 0 D. x – y = 0
A. only AB is defined 8. The point on the curve y2 = x, where the tangent
B. only BA is defined
C. AB and BA both are defined makes an angle of with x-axis is:
4
D. AB and BA both are not defined
1 1 1 1
A. , B. ,
0 0 5 2 4 4 2
3. The matrix A 0 5 0 is a: C. (4, 2) D. (1, 1)
5 0 0 9. The area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 2 is equal
to:
A. scalar matrix B. diagonal matrix
C. unit matrix D. square matrix A. 4 sq. units B. 2 2 sq. units
C. 4 2 sq. units D. 2 sq. units
Ax x2 1 A B C x2 y2
4. Let By y 2
1 and x y z , then: 10. The area enclosed by the ellipse 1 is equal
1 a2 b2
Cz z2 1 zy zx xy to:
A. 2ab B. ab
A. 1 = – B. 1 C. a 2b D. ab2
C. – 1= 0 D. None of these
11. The area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2
5. If x, y , then the determinant
and the line y = 16:
cos x – sin x 1 32 256
A. B.
sin x cos x 1 3 3
cos( x y) – sin( x y) 0 64 128
C. D.
3 3
lies in the interval:
12. P is a point on the line segment joining the points
A. – 2, 2 B. [–1, 1] (3, 2, –1) and (6, 2, –2). If x co-ordinate of P is 5, then
its y co-ordinate is:
C. – 2, 1 D. –1, – 2 A. 2 B. 1
C. –1 D. –2

*40 Questions to be attempted out of 50 1

 2 Sample Paper

13. The equations of x-axis in space are: A. , {4, – 4} B. {3, – 3},

A. x = 0, y = 0 B. x = 0, z = 0 C. {4, –4}, D. {4, – 4, {2, – 2}
C. x = 0 D. y = 0, z = 0
43
14. The corner points of the feasible region determined 22. The value of sin –1 cos is:
5
by the system of linear constaints are (0, 10), (5, 5),
(15, 15), (0, 20). Let Z = px + qy, where p, q > 0. 3 –7
A. B.
Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z 5 5
occurs at both the points (15, 15) and (0, 20) is:
A. p = q B. p = 2q C. D. –
10 10
C. q = 2p D. q = 3p
23. The principal value of the expression cos –1[cos (–680°)]
15. Let A and B be two events. If P (A) = 0.2, P (B) = 0.4, is:
P (A B) = 0.6, then P (A | B) is equal to:
A. 0.8 B. 0.5 2 –2
A. B.
C. 0.3 D. 0 9 9
16. Let A and B be two events such that P(A) = 0.6, 34
C. D.
P(B) = 0.2, and P (A | B) = 0.5. Then P (A | B ) 9 9
equals:
–1
1 3 24. If tan x for some x , then the value of
A. B. 10
10 10 cot–1 x is:
3 6
C. D. 2
8 7 A. B.
5 5
17. Let X be a discrete random variable. The probability 4
3
distribution of X is given below: C. D.
5 5
X 30 10 –10
25. The domain of sin–1 2x is:
1 3 1
P(X) A. [0, 1] B. [–1, 1]
5 10 2
1 1
Then E(X) is equal to: C. – , D. [–2, 2]
A. 6 B. 4 2 2
C. 3 D. –5 26. The domain of y = cos–1 (x2 – 4) is:
18. Let X be a discrete random variable assuming values A. [3, 5]
x 1 , x 2 , ..., x n with probabilities p 1, p 2, ..., p n , B. [0, ]
respectively. Then variance of X is given by:
C. – 5, – 3 – 5, 3
A. E(X2) B. E(X 2) + E(X)
C. E(X2) – [E(X)]2 D. E(X 2 ) – [E(X)]2 D. – 5, – 3 3, 5
19. Let R be a relation on the set  of natural numbers
defined by nRm if n divides m. Then R is: 27. If sin–1 x + sin–1 y = , then value of cos–1x + cos–1 y
2
A. Reflexive and symmetric
B. Transitive and symmetric is:
C. Equivalence A. B.
D. Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric 2
20. Let ƒ :   be defined by ƒ(x) = 3x – 4. Then 2
C. 0 D.
ƒ–1(x) is given by: 3
x4 x 28. The function given by ƒ(x) = tan x is discontinuous
A. B. –4
3 3 on the set:
C. 3x + 4 D. None of these A. {n : n } B. {2n : n }
21. Let ƒ :   be defined by ƒ(x) = x2 + 1. Then, pre- n
C. (2 n 1) :n  D. :n 
images of 17 and –3, respectively, are: 2 2
 Sample Paper 3
29. Let ƒ(x) = | cos x |. Then: 37. A solution of the differential equation
A. ƒ is everywhere differentiable 2
dy dy
B. ƒ is everywhere continuous but not differentiable –x y 0 is:
dx dx
at n = n , n 
C. ƒ is everywhere continuous but not differentiable A. y = 2 B. y = 2x
C. y = 2x – 4 D. y = 2x2 – 4
at x
(2 n 1) , n 
2 38. The solution of the differential equation
D. None of these dy
x 2 y x 2 is:
dx
2x 2x du
30. If u sin –1 and v tan –1 , then x2 c x2
1 x 1– x dv A. y B. y c
is: 4x2 4
1
A. B. x x4 c x4 c
2 C. y 2 D. y 2
1 – x2 x 4x
C. D. 1
1 x2 39. The position vector of the point which divides the
   
join of points with position vectors a b and 2 a – b
dx
31. is equal to: in the ratio 1 : 2 is:
sin 2 x cos2 x  
3a 2 b
A. tan x + cot x + C B. (tan x + cot x)2 + C A. B. a
3
C. tan x – cot x + C D. (tan x – cot x)2 + C
   
5a – b 4a b
y C. D.
dt d2y 3 3
32. If x and ay , than a is equal to:
1 9t 2 dx 2
0 40. The angle between the vectors iˆ – ˆj and ˆj – kˆ is:
A. 3 B. 6
2
C. 9 D. 1 A. B.
3 3
1 3
x |x| 1 – 5
33. 2
dx is equal to: C. D.
–1 x 2|x| 1 3 6
A. log 2 B. 2 log 2
41. The 2 vectors ĵ kˆ and 3iˆ – ˆj 4kˆ represents the
1
C. log 2 D. 4 log 2 two sides AB and AC, respectively of a ABC. The
2
length of the median through A is:
2
34. | x cos x | dx is equal to: 34 48
A. B.
–2 2 2
8 4 C. 18 D. None of these
A. B.
42. The unit vector perpendicular to the vectors iˆ – ˆj
2 1
C. D.
and iˆ ˆj forming a right handed system is:

35. The order of the differential equation of all circles of A. k̂ B. –kˆ

given radius a is:
iˆ – ˆj iˆ ˆj
A. 1 B. 2 C. D.
C. 3 D. 4 2 2
43. The solution set of the inequation 2x + y > 5 is:
36. The integrating factor of the differential equation
A. half plane that contains the origin
dy B. open half plane not containing the origin
( x log x ) y 2 log x is:
dx C. whole xy-plane except the points lying on the
A. ex B. log x line 2x + y = 5
C. log (log x) D. x D. none of these
 4 Sample Paper

44. The maximum value of P = 3x + 4y subject to the A. 1/4 B. 1/2

constraints x + y 450, 2x + y 600, x 0 and C. 1 D. 2
y 0 is: 48. Let y = sin–1 (2x/(1 + x2)}, where 0 < x < 1 and
A. 900 B. 1650
0 < y < /2, then dy/dx is equal to:
C. 1100 D. none of these
A. 2/(1 + x2) B. 2x(1 + x2)
C. 1/(1 +x)2 D. –x/(1 + x2)
cos2 cos sin
45. If A and 49. A cricket club has 15 members, of whom only 5 can
cos sin sin
bowl. If the names of 15 members are put into a box
cos2 cos sin and 11 are drawn at random, then the probability of
B obtaining an eleven containing at least 3 bowlers is:
cos sin sin
are two matrices such that the product AB is the null 7 6
A. B.
matrix, then – is: 13 13
A. 0
11 12
B. multiple of C. D.
15 13
C. an odd multiple of /2
D. None of these 50. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, 3, ..., 15. Seven
coupons are selected at random one at a time with
1 0 0 1 cos sin
46. If I , J and B , replacement. The probability that the largest number
0 1 –1 0 – sin cos appearing on selected coupon is 9, is:
then B equals: 6 7
A. I cos + J sin B. I sin + J cos 9 8
A. B.
C. I cos – J sin D. – I cos + J sin 16 15
7
1 – cos x dy 3
–1 C. D. None of these
47. If y tan , then is: 5
1 cos x dx

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C C D C A B C B D B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A D D D C B C D A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C D A B C D A C C D
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
C C B A B B C D D B
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
A A B C C A A A D D

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
1. (A + B) (A – B) = A(A – B) + B(A – B)
Ax x2 xyz
= A2 – AB + BA – B2 . 1 2
= By y xyz
2. Let A = [aij]2 × 3, B = [bij]3 × 2 xyz 2
Cz z xyz
Both AB and BA are defined.
A B C A xy yz Ax x2 1
xyz
4. 1 = x y z B y zx = By y2 1 .
xyz
zy zx xy C z xy Cz z 2
1
 Sample Paper 5
5. Indeed applying R3 R 3 – cos y R 1 + sin y R 2 2

cos x – sin x 1 9. Area = 4 2 – x2

0
we get, = sin x cos x 1
2
0 0 sin y – cos y x x
= 4 2 – x2 sin –1
Expanding along R3, we have 2 2 0
= (sin y – cos y) (cos2 x + sin2 x) = 2 sq. units
= (sin y – cos y)
a
b 2 2
=
1 1 10. Area = 4 a a – x dx
2 sin y – cos y b
2 2
a
4b x a2 x
= 2 cos sin y – sin cos y = a2 – x 2 sin –1
4 4 a 2 2 a
0

= ab.
= 2 sin y –
4 12. Let P divides the line segment in the ratio of : 1,
x-coordinate of the point P may be expressed as
Hence, – 2 2.
6 3
6. From first equation of the curve, x =
1
dy 6 3
we have 3 x 2 – 3 y 2 – 6 xy =0 giving =5
dx 1
2 2
dy x 2 – y2 So that = 2. Thus y-coordinate of P is 2.
= (m1 ) say 1
dx 2 xy
14. Since Z occurs maximum at (15, 15) and (0, 20),
and second equation of the curve gives therefore, 15p + 15q = 0, p + 20q q = 3p.
dy dy 15. From the given data
6 xy 3 x 2 – 3 y2 =0
dx dx P(A) + P(B) = P(A B)
This shows that, P(A B) = 0
dy –2 xy
= 2 = (m2) say P(A B)
dx x – y2 Thus, P(A | B) = 0.
P(B)
Since, m1 . m2 = –1.
16. P(A B) = P(A | B) P(B)
dy = 0.5 × 0.2 = 0.1
7. = cos x
dx
Therefore, slope of normal P(A B ) P[A B ] 1 – P(A B)
P(A | B ) =
P(B ) P(B ) 1 – P(B)
–1
= –1
cos x x 0 1 – P(A) – P(B) P(A B) 3
= .
Hence, the equation of nromal is y – 0 1 – 0.2 8
= –1(x – 0) or x + y = 0.
1 3 1
1 17. E(X) = 30 10 – 10 4.
dy 5 10 2
8. =
dx 2y 21. For ƒ–1 (17) = x
ƒ(x) = 17 or x2 + 1 = 17
= tan 1
4 x = ± 4 or ƒ–1 (17) = {4, – 4}
1 and for –1
ƒ (–3) = x
y =
2 ƒ(x) = –3
1 2
x + 1 = –3
x = .
4 x2 = –4 and hence ƒ–1(–3) = .
 6 Sample Paper

40 3 3 2 2
–1 –1
22. sin cos = sin cos 8 34. Since I = | x cos x | dx 2 | x cos x | dx
5 5
–2 0
3 3
= sin –1 cos sin –1 sin – 1 3
5 2 5 2 2 2
= 2 | x cos x | dx | x cos x | dx | x cos x | dx
–1 – 0 1 3
= sin sin – . 2 2
10 10
23. cos–1 (cos (680°)) = cos–1 [cos (720° – 40°)] = .
= cos–1 [cos (–40°)] = cos–1 [cos (40°)]
35. Let the equation of given family be
2
= 40° = . (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a 2.
9
It has two orbitrary constants h and k.
26. y = cos–1 (x2 – 4)
cos y = x2 – 4 Therefore, the order of the given differential equation
will be 2.
i.e., –1 x2 – 4 1 (since –1 cos y 1)
3 x2 5 36. Given equation can be written as

3 |x| 5 dy y 2
=
dx x log x x
x – 5, – 3 3, 5 .
1
dx
x log x
Therefore, I.F. = e elog(log x ) log x.
dx (sin 2 x cos2 x ) dx
31. I =
sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x cos2 x 2
dx 2
38. I.F. = e x e2 log x elog x x2
2 2
= sec x dx cosec x dx
Therefore, the solution is
= tan x – cot x + C.
x4
y y.x 2 = x 2 . x dx k
dt dx 1 4
32. Since x = =
1 9t 2 dy 1 9y 2
0
x4 c
2 i.e., y = 2 .
d y 18 y
dy 4x
which gives = . 9 y.
dx 2 2 1 9 y 2 dx 39. Applying section formula the position vector of the
required point is
1
x3 | x | 1      
33. Since I = dx 2( a b ) 1(2 a – b ) 4a b
–1 x2 2|x| 1 = .
2 1 3
1 1
x3 |x| 1 
= 2 2
dx 41. Median AD is given by
–1 x 2|x| 1 –1 x 2|x| 1
1  1 34
|x| 1 AD = | 3iˆ ˆj 5 kˆ | .
= 0 2 2
dx [Odd function + even function] 2 2
0 |x| 1
42. Required unit vector is
1 1
x 1 1
= 2 dx 2 dx
iˆ – ˆj iˆ ˆj
2 kˆ
( x 1)2 x 1
0 0 kˆ.
1 iˆ – ˆj iˆ ˆj 2
= 2 log | x 1 | 0
2 log 2.
 Sample Paper 7

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MATHEMATICS

1 (2731) Math—1
2
 3
CHAPTER
1
ALGEBRA
SETS
A set is a collection of well defined objects. The objects of
a set are taken as distinct only on the ground of simplicity.
The objects that comprises of the set are called elements.
Number of objects in a set can be finite or infinite.
For example, a set of chairs, the set of Nobel laureates in
the worlds, the set of integers, the set of natural numbers
less than 10, the set of points in the plane.
The number of elements in a set is called the cardinality
of the set. (If S is a set the cardinality is denoted by |S|).
Usually a set is represented by its list of elements
separated by comma, between two curly brackets.
For example, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is the list of integers bigger than
0 and lesser than or equal to 5.
TYPES OF SETS
In sets theory, there are many types of sets. Some of them
are discussed below.
Singleton Set
A set contains only one element. For example: A = {3} and
B = {pencil}. Here A and B are containing only one element
so both are singleton sets.
Empty Set/Null Set
An empty set is a set with no element. It is denoted by
A = { } or A = ?.
Proper Set
If A and B are two sets, then A is a proper subset of B if
A  B but A  B.
For example, If B = {x, y, z} then A = {x, z} is a proper
subset of B.
3
Power Set
The collection of all subsets of a set is the power set of that
set. If A is the set then P(A) is denoted as its power set.
The number of elements contained by any power set
can be calculated by n[P(A)] = 2n where n is the number of
elements in set A.
For example, If A = {x, y} then, P(A) = {, {x}, {y},
{x, y}}
Number of elements in P(A) = 22 = 4.
Universal Set
Any set which is a superset of all the sets under consideration
and usually it is denoted as S or U.
For example, Let P = {a, b, c} and Q = {x, b, z} then
we take S = {a, b, c, x, z} as universe set.
Equal Sets
Two sets P and Q are equal if both are a subset of each other.
Mathematically: If P  Q and Q  P then P = Q.
For example, P = {3, 6, 8} and Q = {6, 3, 8}
RELATION
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. Any set of ordered pairs
is, therefore, a relation. The set of first components of the
ordered pairs is called the domain and the set of second
component is called the range, e.g., in the relation, {(5, 7),
(2, 9), (1, 4), (0, 1)}, the domain is {5, 2, 1, 0} and the range
is {7, 9, 4, 1}.
Notation for relation : The letter ‘R’ is used to designate
a relation. For example,
(i) R = {(2, 9), (3, 8), (4, 7), (6, 10)}
(ii) R = {(x, y) : x, y  W, y = x2}.
 4
The notation xRy: If (x, y) is a member of a relation R,
then the symbol xRy is also used and read ‘x is the relation
R to y, i.e., (x, y)  R  xRy.
Some Particular Relations on a Set
Let A be any (non-empty) set:
(i) Empty relation: As   A × A,  is a relation on A.
This relation is called the empty relation on A.
For example: Consider the relation R on the set
A = (1, 2, 3) given by
R = {(a, b) : a, b  A, a + b = 10}
Here A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2),
(2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)} and we note that no pair
(a, b) in A × A satisfies the condition a + b = 10,
so R is empty set. Therefore, R is the empty relation.
(ii) Universal relation: As A × A  A × A, A × A is a
relation on A. This relation is called the universal
relation on A.
For example: Consider the relation R on the set
A = {1, 2, 3} given by
R = {(a, b) : a, b  A, |a – b |  0}
We note that all pairs (b, a) in A × A satisfy
|a – b |  0, so R is the whole set A × A. Therefore,
R is the universal relation.
Both the empty relation and the universal relation
are sometimes called trivial relations.
(iii) Identity relation: The relation IA = {(a, a); for all
a  A} is called the identity relation on A. Note
that in identity relation every element is related to
itself only.
For example: If A = (1, 2, 3), then the identity
relation on A is given by IA = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
TYPES OF RELATIONS ON A SET
Let R be a relation on a (non-empty) set A, then R is called a
(i) reflexive relation iff a R a i.e., (a, a)  R for all
aA
(ii) symmetric relation iff a R b implies b R a i.e.,
(a, b)  R implies (a, c)  R for all a, b  A.
(iii) transitive relation iff a R b, b R c implies a R c i.e.,
(a, b)  R, (b, c)  R implies (b, a)  R for all
a, b, c  A.
Equivalence Relation
A relation R on a (non-empty) set A is called on equivalence
relation iff it is:
(i) reflexive (ii) symmetric and (iii) transitive i.e., iff
(i) a R a for all a  A
(ii) a R b implies b R a for all a, b  A and
(iii) a R b, b R c implies a R c for all a, b, c  A
FUNCTIONS
A function is simply used to represent the dependence of
one quantity on the other and easily defined with the help
of the concept of mapping. In simple words, a function is
a relation which derives one output for each input.
The set A is called the domain of the function and the
set B is called co-domain of the function. The set C of all
members of B associated to members of A by the function
is called the range of the function. Thus, in the function
displayed in Fig.
A B
1
a
c 2
b 3 4
d 5
Fig.
Domain = {a, b, c, d}, Codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
Range = {1, 3, 5}.
Note: Obviously, the range is the subset of co-domain.
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
1. One-one function: A function ‘f ’ from X to Y is
called one-one (or injective) iff different elements
of X have different images in Y i.e., iff x1  x2
 f(x1)  f(x2) for all x1, x2  x, or equivalently,
f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 for all x1, x2  X.
2. Many-one function: A function ‘f ’ from X to Y is
called many-one iff two or more elements of X have
same image in Y. In other words, a function ‘f ’ from
X to Y is called many-one iff it is not one-one.
3. Onto function: A function ‘f ’ from X to Y is called
onto (or surjective) iff each elements of Y is the
image of at least one element of X i.e., iff codomain
of f = range of f i.e. iff Y = f (X).
4. Into function: A function ‘f ’ from X to Y is called
into iff there exists at least one element in Y which
is not the image of any element of X i.e., iff range
of f is a proper subset of codomain of f. In other
words, a function ‘f ’ from X to Y is called into iff
it is not onto.
5. One-one correspondence: A function ‘ f ’ from X to
Y is called a one-one correspondence (or bijective)
iff f is both one-one and onto.
Even and Odd Functions
A real function f is called an even function iff f(–x) = f(x)
for all x  Df and f is called an odd function iff f(–x) = –f(x)
for all x  Df.
 5

3. Zero is not the successor of any natural number.

DE MORGAN’S LAW
4. If the successor of two natural numbers is the same,
The complement of the union of two sets is the intersection then the two original numbers are the same.
of their complements and the complement of the intersection 5. If a set contains zero and the successor of every
of two sets is the union of their complements. These are number is in the set, then the set contains the natural
called De Morgan’s laws. numbers.
(i) (A  B) = A  B
(ii) (A  B) = A  B INDICES

APPLICATION OF SET THEORY When a number ‘P’ is multiplied by itself ‘n’ time, then the
product is called nth power of ‘P’ and is written as Pn. Here,
If A is a finite set, then the number of elements in A is P is called the base and n is known as the index of the
denoted by n(A). power. Therefore, Pn is the exponential expression. Pn is
If A and B are two finite sets, then two cases arise: read as ‘P raised to the power n’ or ‘P to the power n’.
Case 1: If A and B are disjoint, then there is no common
element in A and B. LAWS OF INDICES
Therefore, n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) Let P, Q be two real numbers and m, n be two positive
integers, then
A B
Pm
(i) Pm × Pn = Pm + n (ii) = Pm – n
Pn
(iii) (Pm)n = Pmn (iv) (PQ)n = Pn × Qn
U
n
 P Pn
Case 2: If A and B are not disjoint, then there are (v)    n (vi) P0 = 1
common elements in A and B. We have  Q Q
(i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) 1
(vii) P  n 
(ii) n(A  B) = n(A – B) + n(B – A) + n(A  B) Pn
(iii) n(A) = n(A – B) + n(A  B)
(iv) n(B) = n(B – A) + n(A  B) SURDS
A B When root of a non-negative rational number (i.e., quantities
of type n a , a being a rational number) does not provide an
A–B AB B–A exact solution, then this root is called a surd. For example,
2, 5, 3 8, a  b , etc.
U
All surds are irrational numbers.
All irrational numbers are not surds.
INVERSE FUNCTION
In mathematics, the inverse function of a function f is a LAWS OF SURDS
function that undoes the operation of f. The inverse of f
exists if and only if f is bijective, and if it exists, is denoted Let P, Q be two positive rational numbers and m, n be two
by f {–1}. positive integers, then
(i) m
P  P1/m
PEANO AXIOMS
(ii) m
PQ  m P  m Q
Peano axioms, also known as Peano's postulates, in number
theory, five axioms introduced in 1889 by Italian P m
P
mathematician Giuseppe Peano. (iii) m Q  m
Q
The five Peano axioms are:
m
1. Zero is a natural number. (iv)  Pm
P
2. Every natural number has a successor in the natural n
numbers. (v)  P 
m
 (P1/m ) n  P n / m  m P n
 6

PROGRESSIONS A1

A2
 ... 
Ak
(ax + b)k 2
ax  b (ax  b) ( ax  b) k
There are three types of progressions, which are as follow:
Ax  B
Arithmetic Progression (AP) ax2 + bx + c
ax 2  bx  c
The progression of the form a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,... is A1 x  B1 A 2 x  B2
(ax2 + bx + c)k   ...
known as an arithmetic progression with first term a and ax 2  bx  c (ax 2  bx  c)2
common difference d. We have,
A k x  Bk
(i) nth term, Tn = a + (n – 1)d 
(ax 2  bx  c) k
n
(ii) Sum of n terms of AP, Sn = [2 a  ( n  1) d ]
2
BINOMIAL EXPRESSION
n
(iii) Sum of n terms, Sn = [ a  l), where, l = last term
2 An algebraic expression consisting of two terms is called a
binomial expression.
Geometric Progression (GP)
 1  5 4 
The progression of the form a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... is known as e.g., (x + y), (2x – 3y),  x   ,   2  etc.
a geometric progression with first term a and common ratio  3x   6 x 
r. We have, The theorem that gives a formula for the expansion of
(i) nth term of GP, Tn = arn – 1 some power of a binomial expression is known as binomial
theorem.
a(1  r n )
(ii) Sum of n terms of GP, Sn = , where r < 1
(1  r ) BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL
(iii) Sum of n terms of GP, Sn =
a(r n  1)
, where r > 1
INDEX
r 1
Theorem: If x and y are real numbers, then for all n  N,
a
(iv) Sum of an infinite GP, S = (x + y)n = nC0 xn y0 + nC1 xn – 1 y1 + nC2 xn – 2 y2 + ......
1r
+ nCn – 1 x1 yn – 1 + nCn x0 yn
Harmonic Progression (HP)
Some Observation in a Binomial Expansion
A series of quantities a1, a2, a3, a4, ...., an is said to be in
1 1 1 1 For n  N, in the expansion of (x + y)n
HP when their reciprocals , , ,...., are in AP. (i) the number of terms is n + 1.
a1 a2 a3 an
(ii) the exponent of x decreases from n to 0.
The converse is also true.
(iii) the exponent of y increases from 0 to n.
Simply, there is no general formula for the sum of
any number of quantities in HP. All questions in HP (iv) the sum of exponents of x and y in any terms is n.
are generally solved by inverting the terms and (v) nC0, nC1, nC2, .... nCn are called binomial coefficients.
making use of the properties of the corresponding Since nC = nCn
r – r
AP.
we have nC0 = nCn, nC1 = nCn – 1, nC2 = nCn – 2, ....
PARTIAL FRACTIONS Important Particular Cases of the Binomial Expansion
When a rational expression is split into the sum of two or (i) (x – y)n = nC0 xn y0 – nC1 xn–1 y1 + nC2 xn – 2 y2 – ....
more rational expressions, the rational expressions that are
+ (–1)n nCn x0 yn.
a part of the sum are called partial fractions. This is referred
to as splitting the given algebraic fraction into partial (ii) (1 + x)n = nC0 1n x0 + nC1 1n–1 x1 + nC2 1n–2 x2 + ....
fractions. The denominator of the given algebraic expression n(n  1) 2
has to be factorized to obtain the set of partial fractions. + nCn 10 xn = 1  nx  x  ....  x n .
2!
Factor in Term in partial fraction (iii) (1 – x)n = (1 + (– x))n = nC0 1n (–x)0 + nC1 1n–1 (–x)1
denominator decomposition + nC2 1n–2 (– x)2 + .... + nCn 10 (– x)n
A n(n  1) 2
ax + b = 1  nx  x  ....  ( 1) n x n .
ax  b 2!
 7

(iv) The general term or the (r + 1) th term in the 1 1 1

expansion of (x + y)n is given by  
(d) e  e 1  2  1     ....
T r + 1 = nCr xn – r. yr  3! 5! 7! 
(v) The middle term(s) is the expansion of (x + y)n is (e) Logarithms to the base ‘e’ are known as the Napierian
(are): system, so named after Napier, their inventor. They
(a) If n is even, there is only one middle term are also called Natural Logarithm.
which is given by:
Logarithmic Series
T(n + 2)/2 = nC n/2 .x n/2 .y n/2
(b) If n is odd, there are two middle terms which x2 x3 x4
are: (i) ln(1 + x) = x     ....
2 3 4
T(n + 1)/2 & T[(n + 1)/2] + 1 where –1 < x  1
(vi) Term independent of x contains no x; Hence find x2 x3 x4
the value of r for which the exponent of x is zero. (ii) ln(1 – x) = – x     ....
2 3 4
(vii) To find the numerically greatest term is the expansion where –1  x  1
n r
Tr 1 C x n  r 1 (1  x )  x3 x5 
of (1 + x)n, n  N find  n r r 1  x. (iii) ln = 2 x    ..... x  1
Tr C r 1 x r (1  x ) 
 3 5 
Put the absolute value of x and find the value of r
Tr 1 1 1 1
Consistent with the inequality  1. Remember: (a) 1     ....  ln 2
Tr 2 3 4
Note that the numerically greatest term in the (b) elnx = x (c) ln 2 = 0.693 (d) ln 10 = 1
expansion of (1 – x)n, x > 0, n  N is the same as
the greatest term in (1 + x)n. DETERMINANTS
Binomial Coefficients To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate
a number (real or complex) called determinant of the matrix
(i) C0 + C1 + C2 + .... + Cn = 2n
A, written as det A, where aij is the (i, j)th element of A.
(ii) C0 + C2 + C4 + .... = C1 + C3 + C5 + .... = 2n – 1
a b 
(2 n)! If A =   , then determinant of A, denoted by | A |
(iii) C 20  C12  C 22  ....  C 2n  2 n C n  c d 
n! n! (or det A), is given by
(2n)! a b
(iv) C0 .Cr  C1 .Cr 1  C2 .Cr 2  ...+ Cn r .Cn  |A| =  ad  bc.
(n  r )(n  r )! c d

Remember: (2n)! = 2n.n! [1. 3. 5 .... (2n – 1)] Remarks

Exponential Series (i) Only square matrices have determinants.
(ii) For a matrix A, | A | is read as determinant of A and
x x2 x3 not, as modulus of A.
(i) ex = 1     ....; where x may be any real
1! 2! 3!
a
Properties of Determinants
 1
or complex & e  Limit  1   For any square matrix A, |A | satisfies the following properties.
a  n
(i) |A| = |A|, where A = transpose of matrix A.
x x2 x3 (ii) If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then
(ii) a x  1  ln a  ln 2 a  ln 3 a  .... where a > 0
1! 2! 3! sign of the determinant changes.
1 1 1 (iii) If any two rows or any two columns in a determinant
Note: (a) e  1     .... are identical (or proportional) then the value of the
1! 2! 3!
(b) e is an irrational number lying between 2.7 & 2.8. determinant is zero.
Its value correct upto 10 places of decimal is (iv) Multiplying a determinant by k means multiplying
2.7182818284. the elements of only one row (or one column) by k.
(v) If we multiply each element of a row (or a column)
1  1 1 1  of a determinant by constant k, then value of the
(c) e  e  2  1     ....
2! 4! 6! determinant is multiplied by k.
 8

(vi) If elements of a row (or a column) in a determinant (b) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B  0, then there exists
can be expressed as the sum of two or more elements, no solution.
then the given determinant can be expressed as the (c) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then system may
sum of two or more determinants. or may not be consistent.
System of Linear Equations
MATRICES
(i) Consider the equations:
a 1x + b 1y + c1z = d 1 Matrices are the ordered rectangular array of numbers, which
a 2x + b 2y + c2z = d 2 are used to express linear equations. A matrix has rows and
columns. We can also perform the mathematical operations
a 3x + b 3y + c3z = d 3
on matrices such as addition, subtraction, multiplication of
In matrix form, these equations can be written as matrix. Suppose the number of rows is m and columns is n,
AX = B, where then the matrix is represented as m × n matrix.
 a1 b1 c1  x  d1 
A =  a2 b2 
c2 , X   y  and B = d  INVERSE OF A MATRIX
     2
 a3 b3 c3   z   d3  Inverse of a matrix is defined usually for square matrices.
(ii) Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by For every m × n square matrix, there exists an inverse
X = A–1B, where |A|  0. matrix. If A is the square matrix, then A–1 is the inverse of
(iii) A system of equations is consistent or inconsistent matrix A and satisfies the property:
according as its solution exists or not. AA–1 = A–1A = I, where I is the Identity matrix.
(iv) For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B. Also, the determinant of the square matrix here should
(a) If |A |  0, then there exists unique solution. not be equal to zero.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

x 5. For |x – 1| + |x – 2 | + |x – 3 |  6, x belongs to:

1. If f : [0, )  [0, ) and f(x) = , then f is: A. 0  x  4 B. x  0 or x  4
1 x
A. one-one and onto C. x  – 2 or x  4 D. none of these
B. one-one but not onto 6. If f(x) + 2f(1 – x) = x2 + 2  x  R, then f(x) is given
C. onto but not one-one as:
D. neither one-one nor onto
( x  2) 2
A. B. x2 – 2
2. For the sets of real numbers given by: 3
R1 = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, x2 + y2  25} C. 1 D. None of these
R2 = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, 9y  4x2}, 7. Let f : N  N be defined as
R1  R2 is: n 1
A. one-to-one B. onto  if n is odd
C. one-to-one and onto D. None of these f(n) =  2 . Then f is :
n if n is even
 2
1 x 3x  x3
3. Given f(x) = ln and g( x )  . Then f(g(x))
A. one-to-one B. one-to-one and onto
2x 1  3x 2
is equal to: C. onto D. None of these
A. – f(x) B. 3f(x) 8. Let the positive numbers a, b, c, d be in A.P. Then abc,
C. [f(x)]2 D. None of these abd, acd, bcd are:
A. Not in A.P./G.P./H.P. B. in A.P.
 1 2 1
4. If a function satisfies the condition f  x    x  2 , C. in G.P. D. in H.P.
 x x
x  0, then domain of f(x) is: 9. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation
A. [–2, 2] B. (– , –2]  [2, )
C. (0, ) D. None of these 5  2  x   4  2  x  8  2
2
2  0 is:
 (2731) Math—2
9

A. 2 B. 4 2  x 1 1
C. 6 D. 8 19. If the matrix A   1 3 x 0  is singular, then
 
10. If cos (x – y), cos x and cos (x + y) are in H.P., then  1 3  x 
value of cos x sec(y/2) is: what is the solution set S?
A.  2 B.  3 A. S = {0, 2, 3} B. S = {–1, 2, 3}
C. ± 2 D. ± 1 C. S = {1, 2, 3} D. S = {2, 3}
11. For a positive integer n, 20. If l + m + n = 0, then the system of equations
– 2x + y + z = l, x – 2y + z = m, x + y – 2z = n has:
1 1 1 1
let a (n) = 1     ...  n . Then A. a trivial solution
2 3 4 (2 )  1
B. no solution
A. a(200) > 100 B. a(100) < 100 C. a unique solution
C. a(50) < 25 D. None of these D. infinitely many solutions
4 44 444 2p 2p
12. Let S =    ... upto . Then S is equal  3 1  3 1
19 192 193 21. If y( k )   k     k   , then function y(k)
to:  k  k
is:
38 4
A. B. A. Even function
81 19 B. Odd function
36 C. Periodic function
C. D. None of these
171 D. Neither even nor odd function
13. If a, b, c, ... are in G.P., and a1/x = b1/y = c1/z = ..., then 22. The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
x, y, z, ...... are in: (a + b)n is n + 1, therefore number of dissimilar terms
A. H.P. B. G.P. in the expansion of (a + b + c)12 is
C. A.P. D. None of these A. 36 B. 91
14. If ax = by = cz = du and a, b, c, d are in G.P., then C. 56 D. 48
x, y, z, u are in: 23. Find the ratio of coefficient of x –37 and x 8 in the
16
A. A.P. B. G.P.  5 1
C. H.P. D. None of these expansion of  x  4  :
 x 
15. If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real numbers such that (8!)2 13!3!
(a2 + b2 + c2)p2 – 2(ab + bc + cd)p + (b2 + c2 + d2)  0, A. B.
3!(13)! 8!5!
then a, b, c, d are in:
(8!)2
A. A.P. B. G.P. C.  D. None of these
3!(13)!
C. H.P. D. None of these
24. If the ratio of coefficient of three consecutive term in
 1
n the binomial expansion of (1 + k)p is 182:84:30. Then
Directions (Qs. No. 16-18): In the expansion of  x 3  2  , the average of these three consecutive terms are:
 x 
where n is a positive integer, the sum of the coefficients of x5 A. 18 B. 13
and x10 is 0. C. 12 D. 14
16. What is n equal to? 25. If the number N = (1399 – 1993) is completely divisible
A. 5 B. 10 by integer r. Then value r is:
C. 15 D. None of these A. 84 B. 172
C. 162 D. 144
17. What is the value of the independent term?
A. 5005 B. 7200  x 3 y3 
12

C. – 5005 D. – 7200 26. In the expansion of    , find the ratio of the

 y x
18. What is the sum of the coefficients of the two middle coefficient of the term independent of x and the
terms? coefficient of the term independent of y.
A. 0 B. 1 A. 3 B. 1
C. –1 D. None of these C. 12/7 D. None of these
 10
p
 1 35. The system of equations
27. Find the term independent of x in  1   (1  x ) q is:
 x k – rm – qn = 0
A. p+qc p–q B. p+qc p m – pn – rk = 0
C. p+qc q D. None of these n – qk – pm = 0
28. The coefficient of x6 in the expansion of: Where k, m, n are not all zero, then
A. p2 + q2 + r2 – 2pqr = 1
(1 – x – x2 + x3)9 is
A. 162 B. 605 B. p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr = 1
C. 2430 D. None of these C. p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr = 0
D. None of these
29. If (1 – 3x2 + 2x3)6 = 1 + a1x + a2x2 + .... + a18x18, then
a2 + a4 + a6 .... + a18 1 2 3 3 2 1
   1   .
A. 2048 B. – 1811 36. Let P =  2 5 7  and Q =  4
C. – 2048 D. 2084  2 4 5  2 0 1 
30. Find the numerical value of highest term in the If Q is the inverse of matrix P, then  is:
expansion of (p + q)15, where p = 2 and q = 3. A. 5 B. –1
15 c 92 6 15 c 9 .3 6 C. 2 D. –2
A. 63 B. 92
C. 15 c 82 7 37. Equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 and
83 D. None of these
x + 2y + z =  have infinite solutions.
31. For the given system of equations 3x + 6y – 6z = 2,
Then which of the following are correct?
12x + 6y – 3z = 4, 18x + 18y + 3z = 5 has a unique
I. Product ( +  ) * ( – ) gives a number multiple
solution, then  is not equal to:
of 8.
A. 1 B. 4
C. 3 D. None of these II. Product ( + ) * ( – ) = L.C.M. of (, )
III. Number ( + ) and ( – ) are prime number.
32. If m, n  0, and f(k) = mk + nk and
A. Only I B. Only II
 3 1  f (1) 1  f (2) C. Only III D. I, II and III
1  f (1) 1  f (2) 1  f (3)  = a(1 – m)2 (1 – n)2(m – n)2,
 38. Consider the system of simultaneous linear equations
1  f (2) 1  f (3) 1  f (3)  p + 2aq + a = 0, p + 3bq + b = 0 and p + 4cq + c = 0
then a is equal to has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c are in
A. –1 B. 1 A. A.P.
1 B. G.P.
C. m.n D.
m.n C. H.P.
D. 3a + 2b + c = 0
 cos a  sin a 
33. If K(a) =   , [K(  b)  ?] 39. Consider the system of linear simple equations
 sin a cos a 
x + 8ay – 2az = 0, x + 6by – 2bz = 0 and x + 4cy –
Then which of the following are correct?
2cz = 0. The relation among a, b and c for which the
I. K(a) × K(–b) = – K(a – b)
given equations are consistent are :
II. K(a) × K(–b) = K(a – b) A. Satisfy a + 2b – 3c = 0
III. The determinant of K(a) is a cubic number. B. in A.P.
A. Only I B. II and III C. in G.P.
C. I and III D. I, II and III D. in H.P.
34. Find the value of the determinant given below
sin 2 ( n  1) sin 2 ( n 2 ) sin 2 ( n) 
 log an log an1 log an 2   
40. Ifk =  2 k  1 ck2 n 1 1  then value of
 log a log an 4 log an 5 
 n3  n2  1 22 n n  1 

 log an 6 log an 7 log an8  n

Here, a1, a2, a3, ..., an are in G.P. 

k 0
k is
A. 4 B. 0 A. 4 B. 3
C. –2 D. None of these C. 2 D. 0
 11

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D B B A A C D B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A C A B C C A A D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A B C D C B C A C A
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
D B B B B B C C D D

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
x 1 f(1 – x) + 2 f(1 – 1 + x) = (1 – x)2 + 2
1. The given function is f ( x )  1 .
1 x 1 x  f(1 – x) + 2 f(x) = (1 – x)2 + 2
Hence its range is [0, 1) which is a subset of [0, ).
Now, f(x) + 2 f(1 – x) – 2(f(1 – x) + 2f(x))
Also the function is one-one.
= x2 + 2 – 2((1 – x)2 + 2)
2. Here x2 + y2  25 are the elements of R1 lying with in
and on the circle x2 + y2 – 25, where as 4x2  9y are  –3f(x) = x2 + 2 – 2(3 – 2x + x2)
the elements of R2 lying with in and on the parabola  3f(x) = x2 – 4x + 4
4x2 = 9y. ( x  2) 2
Hence relation R1  R2 is not a function.  f(x) = .
3
Hence (D) is the correct answer. 7. Here, f (3) = 2, f (4) = 2
Hence f is not one-to-one. Also
3x  x3 f (1) = 1, f(2) = 1, f(3) = 2, f(4) = 2, f(5) = 3,
1
1  g( x ) 1  3x 2 f(6) = 3, .... f(2n = 1) = n
3. f ( g( x ))  ln  ln
1  g( x ) 3x  x3 and f(2n) = n  Range of f = N.
1
1  3x 2 Hence (C) is correct answer.
(1  x )3 1 x 8. a, b, c, d are in A.P.
= ln 3
 3ln
(1  x ) 1 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 3f(x)  , , , are in H.P.  , , , are in H.P.
a b c d d c b a
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
Now multiply each term by abcd.
2
 1  1 abcd abcd abcd abcd
4. f x  = x  2 We ge, , , , are in H.P.
 x   x d c b a
or, abc, abd, acd, bcd are in H.P.
 f(y) = y2 – 2,
1 4 2
where y = x 9. += ,
x 5 2
1 8 2 2
for x > 0, y = x 2
x  =
5 2
1
and for x < 0, y = x  2 2 16  4 2
x H.M. =  4
 4 2
5. We have,
|x – 1 + x – 2 + x – 3|  |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3|  6 2 1 1
10. = 
 |3x – 6|  6  – 6  3x – 6  6  0  x  4. cos x cos( x  y) cos( x  y)
6. By replacing x with (1 – x) in the given expression,  2(cos2x – sin2y) = 2 cosx cosx cosy
we get  cos2x (1 – cosy) = sin2y = 1 – cos2y
 12

As a, b, c, d and p are real this is possible if and only

2  y
 cos2x = 1  cos y  2 cos   if:
2
ap – b = 0,
 y bp – c = 0,
 cos x sec   =  2.
 2 cp – d = 0
1 1 1 1 b c d
11. a(2n) = 1     ...  2 n  = 
2 3 4 2 1 a b c
 a, b, c, d are in G.P.
1  1 1   1 1 1 1
 1            ...
2  3 4   5 6 7 8 17. For the independent term,
put, 3n – 5r = 0
 1 1  1
  2 n 1  ...  2 n   2 n  5r = 3n = 3 × 15 [ n = 15]
2 1 2  2
 r= 9
1 1 2 4 2 2 n 1  1 1  n Now, put the value of r in eq.
     ...  2 n    2 n   if n  1
2 2 4 8 2 2 2  2 We get, T9 + 1 = 15C 9.
x(3 × 15 – 5 × 9)
9(–1)
 a(200) > 100. 15!
 T10 =  15 C 9 . x 0   15 C 9  
6!9!
 44 444
12. S=    ... ...(1) = – 5005
19 192 193
So, the value of independent term is – 5005.
1  44
S =   ... ...(2) 18. Since, n = 15
19 192 193
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get  Total term in the expansion of
15
 18  4 40 400  3 1
  S = 19  2  3  ...  x  2  is 16.
19 19 19 x
 16   16 
4 /19 4 So,middle term =   th term and   1 th term
=   2  2 
1  10 /19 9
= 8th term and 9th term
19 4 38
 S=   Now, the sum of the coefficients of the two middle
18 9 81 terms
13. a1/x = b1/y = c1/z = ... = k(say) = 15C7(–1)7 + 15C8(–1)8
=– 15C + 15C
log a log b log c 7 8
 =  = .... log k, =– 15C + 15C [ nCr = nCn–r]
x y z 7 7
=0
As, a, b, c are in G.P.
then, b2 = ac 19. For the singular matrix.
2 log b = log a + log c 2x 1 1
Now, use log a, log b, log c ... are in A.P. 1 3 x 0 = 0
x, y and z are in A.P. 1 3 x

14. a x = b y = cz = d u  (2 – x) [x(x – 3)] – [–x] + [–3 + (3 – x)] = 0

 x log a = y log b = z log c = u log d  x(x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
 x = 0, 2, 3
log a log b log c log d
 =   So, the solution set is, S = {0, 2, 3]
1/ x 1/ y 1/ z 1/ u
Now, use log a, log b, log c, log d are in A.P.  2 1 1
15. (a2p2 – 2abp + b 2) + (b2p2
– 2bcp + c2) 20.  =  1 2 1 
+ (c2p2 – 2cdp + d2)  0  1 1 2 
 (ap – b)2 + (bp – c)2 + (cp – d)2  0 = – 2(4 – 1) – 1(–2 – 1) + 1 + 2 = 0
 13

16
l 1 1  l  m  n 0 0
   23. Given expression :  x 5  14 
 = m 2 1  m 2 1   x 
   
 n 1 2   n 1 2  Let r term have variable term x–37, then
th

[R1  R1 + R2 + R3] r
16  r  1
[ l + m + n = 0] 16
 
cr x 5
x
r
 4   1 = k.x
–37

=0
Similarly, 2 = 3 = 0 Where k = coefficient of the term
 (x5)16–r × x–4r = x –37
Hence, the given system of equations has infinitely
many solutions.  80 – 9r = – 37  r = 13
2p 2p
Now, coefficient of the term (r = 13)
 1  1 = 16c13(–1)13 = – 16c13
21. Given function y(k) =  k 3     k3  
 k  k Again, let tth term have variable term x8, then
1
2p 80 – 9t = 8  t = 8

Binomial expansion of  k 3   Coefficient of the term (t = 8) = 16c8(–1)8 = 16c8
 k
2

2p 3 2p 2p 3 2 p 1  1  Required Ratio = –
16
c13
= –
8!
= c0 (k )  c1 ( k )   16
c8 3!13!
k
2 2p
2p  1  1 24. Let the ratio of coefficient of three consecutive terms
 c2 ( k 3 ) 2 p  2   ..... 2 p c2 p   ...(1) nth, (n + 1)th and (n + 2)th is 182 : 84 : 30
 k  k
2p
p
c n 1 182 13
 1 Then, = 
And, Binomial expansion of  k 3   p
cn 84 6
 k
n 13
2p  1 =
= c0 (k 3 )2 p  2 p c1 (k 3 )2 p 1   p 1 n 6
 k
2 2p
6n = 13p – 13n + 13
2p  1  1  19n = 13p + 13 ....(i)
c2 ( k 3 ) 2 p  2   ..... 2 p c2 p  
 ....(2)
 k  k
p
On adding (1) and (2), we get cn 84 14
Similarly, p = 
2 2p
cn1 30 5
  1  1 
y(k) = 2  2 p c0 (k 3 )2 p  2p
c2 ( k 3 )2 p  2   ..... 2 p c2 p    p!
  k  k 
(n)! p  n ! 14
On putting k = – k, =
p! 5
2 2p

y(–k) = 2  2 p c0 (  k 3 )2 p  2 p c2 (  k 3 )2 p 2   1  ..... 2 p c2 p   1  
 (n  1)! p  n  1!
   k   k 
n 1 14
Here, we see, in all term exponents of k is even term, =
pn 5
2 2p
 1 1   5n + 5 = 14p – 14n
 y(–k) = 2  2 p c0 (k 3 )2 p  2 p c2 (k 3 )2 p 2   ..... 2 p c2 p   
  k  k    19n = 14p – 5 ....(ii)
Hence, y(k) = y(–k). Thus the given function is even From (i) and (ii), we get p = 18 and n = 13
function. Then, three consecutive terms are 13th, 14th and 15th
terms
22. Number of term in the expansion of (a + b + c)n is
given by n+2C2. 13  14  15
And Average =  14
14  13
n+2C
3
Thus for n = 12; = 91.
2 = 14C2 =
2 25. 13 = (1 + 3 × 4) and 19 = (1 + 9 × 2)
Also, (a + b + c)12 = [(a + b) + c]12 Now, 1399 – 1993 = (1 + 3.4)99 – (1 + 9.2)93
= 12co (a + b)12 + 12c1(a + b)11 c + ... + 12c12c12 = {99c0 + 99c1(3 × 4) + 99c2(3 × 4)2 + ....}
The R.H.S. contains, 13 + 12 + 11 + ..... + 1 terms – {93c0 + 93c1(9 × 2) + 93c2 (9 × 2)2 ....}
13(13  1) = {1 + 99 × 12 + 99c2(12)2 + ...}
= = 91 terms
2 – {1 + 93 × 18 + 93c2(18)2 ...}
 14

= (99 × 12 – 93 × 18) + 99c2(12)2 28. We have, (1 – x – x2 + x3)9

+ 99c3(12)3 + 81 × K (where k = Integer) = (1 – x)9 (1 – x2)9
= – 486 + 144(99.49 + 9.98.97.2) + 81 K = (1 – 9c1x + 9c2x2 – 9c3x3 + ... – 9c9x9)
= – 162 × 3 + 8 × 162(11 × 49 + 11 × (1 – 9c1x2 + 9c2x4 – 9c3x6 + .... – 9c9x18)
× 98 × 97 × 2) + 81 K The terms which give x6 are
Now, we know that, Odd Number – Odd Number = 9c6x6 + 9c2 x2. 9c2x4 – 9c4 . x4 . 9c1. x2 – 9c3x6
Even number
Hence the coefficient of x6 is
So, K must be a even number. Thus 81 K must be a
multiple of 162 9c6 + 9c2 . 9c2 – 9c4 . 9c1– 9c3
So, 1399 – 1993 = – 162 × 3 + 8 × 162(11 × 49 + 11
9  8x 7 9  8 9  8 9  8x 7 x6 9  8x 7
× 98 × 97 × 2) + 162 m =    9
1.2.3 1.2 1.2 4.3.2.1 1.2.3
(Where m = Integer)
= 1296 – 1134 = 162.
= 162(–3 + 8(11 × 49 + 11 × 98 × 97 × 2) + m)
Hence, N = 1399 – 1993 is completely divisible by 29. Given expression
r = 162 (1 – 3x2 + 2x3)6 = 1 + a1x + a2x2 + .... + a18x18
Putting x = 1, we get
12
 x 3 y3  0 = 1 + a1+ a2 + .... + a18 ...(1)
26. Given expression :
 y  x 
Putting x = – 1, we get
Let (r + 1)th term is independent from x. 4096 = 1 – a1 + a2 – ... + a18 ...(2)
12  r r Adding (1) and (2), we get
 x3   y3  r
(r + 1)th term =
12
cr   .    1 – 4096 = 2(a1 + a3 + a5 + .... + a17)
 y x
   a1 + a3 + a5 + .... + a17 = – 2048
As coefficient of x = 0, 30. Given expression : (p + q)15
3(12 – r) – r = 0  r = 9 15
tr c p16 r q r 1
Coefficient of term (r = 9) = 12c9(–1)9 = – 12c3 Now, = 15
r 1
tr 1 c p15 r q r
Again, let (t + 1)th term is independent of y r

15! r !(15  r )! p
12  t t =  
 x3   y3  t (r  1)!(16  r )! 15! q
12
(t + 1)th term = ct   .    1
 y  x
r 2
As coefficient of y = 0, t – 12 + 3t = 0, t = 3 = 
16  r 3
Coefficient of term (t = 3) = 12c3 (–1)3 = – 12c3
r 2
 12 c Now, tr  tr + 1 when  1
Now, Ratio of the coefficient = 12 3  1 16  r 3
 c3
or 2r  3(16 – r)
27. Given Expression: 48
p p or r
 1 q  x  1 q
5
 1  x  (1  x ) =   (1  x )
x   for r = 1, 2, 3 .... 9 we get tr + 1  tr
( x  1) p  q For r = 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, ..., we get, tr  tr + 1
=  x  p ( x  1) p  q
xp  t1 < t2 < t3 < .... t9 < t10 > t11 > t12 > ....
Now, exponent of x in a term independent of variable  t10 is the greatest term
x=0 Greatest term t10 = 15c926.39 = 15c63926
 Co-efficient of term independent of x in x–p(x + 1)p+q
31. The given system of equation can be written in a
= Co-efficient of xp in (x + 1)p+q
p+q
single matrix equation:
Expansion of (x + 1) = p+qc0 x p+q + p+qc1x p+q–1
+ .... + p+qcqx p+q–q + .... p+qcp+q 3 6 6   x  2 
Now, Coefficient of xp = p+qc  12   
6 3   y  = 1 
q   
Hence, coefficient of term independent of x in p+qc
q
 18 18 3   z  3 
 15

The given system of equations will have unique

 log a1  (n  1) log r log a1  n log r
solution if and only if the coefficient matrix is non-  log a  (n  2) log r log a  ( n  3) log r
singular i.e. if =  1 1

 log a1  (n  5) log r log a1  ( n  6) log r

3 6 6 
 12 log a1  (n  1) log r 
6 3   0
 log a1  (n  4) log r 
 18 18 3 
log a1  (n  7) log r 
 3(182 – 36) + 6(– 54 – 36) – 6(216 – 90)  0
 log a1 log a1 log a1 
or 3(3 + 11 – 30)  0  log a log a1 log a1 
 (3 + 11 – 30)  0 =  1

 log a1 log a1 log a1 

or ( – 2)(2 + 2 + 15)  0
or   2  (n  1) log r (n) log r ( n  1) log r 
 (n  2) log r ( n  3) log r ( n  4) log r 

 3 1  f (1) 1  f (2)
1  f (1) 1  f (2) 1  f (3)  (n  5) log r (n  6) log r ( n  7) log r 
32.  
1  f (2) 1  f (3) 1  f (3)   (n  1) log r (n) log r ( n  1) log r 
= 0  (n  2) log r ( n  3) log r ( n  4) log r 
 111 1  m  n 1  m 2  n2   
 2 2 3 3
(n  5) log r (n  6) log r ( n  7) log r 
=  1 m  n 1 m  n 1 m  n 
1  m 2  n 2 1  m 3  n3 1  m 4  n 4   1 1 
  =0+0  Apply c2  c2  2 c1  2 c3 
 
1 1 1  1 1 1
35. We have,
= 1 m n   1 m n 
 k – rm – qn = 0
1 m 2 n 2  1 m 2 n 2 
rk + pn – m = 0
2
1 1 1 qk + pm – n = 0
 n  Since, k, m, n are not all zero. So, the equations will
= 1 m
2 have a non-trivial solution.
1 m n 2 
Therefore,
= [(1 – m)(1 – n) (m – n)]2 [Need to add one more step.]
So, a= 1  1 r  q 
 r 1 p  = 0
 cos a  sin a   cos b sin b   
33. K(a) K(–b) =    q p 1
 sin a cos a    sin b cos b 
 cos a.cos b  sin a.sin b cos a.sin b  sin a.cos b   1(1 – p2) + r(–r – pq) –q(pr + q) = 0
=    p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr = 1
 sin a.cos b  cos a sin b sin a.sin b  cos a.cos b 
 cos( a  b)  sin( a  b)   3 2 1
=  sin( a  b) cos( a  b)  = K(a – b)  
  36. Here,  Q =  4 1  
Also, determinant of K(a) = 1 and 1 is cubic number.  2 0 1 
Hence, statements II and III are correct. Also since, Q = P–1  P.Q = 1
34. Let r be the common ratio, then 1 2 3   3 2 1 1 0 0 
 log an log an1 log an 2   2 5 7    4 1    0 1 0 
 log a 
 log an 4 log an 5   2 4 5  2 0 1  0 0 1 
n3  
 log an 6 log an 7 log an8 
 1 0 2  2   1 0 0 
 log a1 r n 1 log a1 r n log a1 r n 1   0 1 5  5    0 1 0 
      
=  log a1 r n  2 log a1 r n  3 log a1 r n  4   0 0 4  3  0 0 1 
 log a1 r n  5 log a1 r n  6 log a1 r n  7 
  2 + 2 = 0   = – 1
 16

37. For infinitely many solutions, [Applying c2  c2 – 2c3]

D = 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
1 0 a 
1 1 1  0 b b  a  = 0
  
D = 1 2 3  = 1(2 – 6) – 1( – 3) + 1(2 – 2)  0 (2c  b) c  b 
1 2  
[Applying R2  R2 – R1, and R3  R3 – R2]
= 2 – 6 –  + 3 =  – 3 b(c – b) – (b – a) (2c – b) = 0
Now D = 0,   – 3 = 0, or  = 3. bc – 2bc + 2ac – ab = 0  2ac = ab + bc
 6 1 1 On dividing both sides by abc, we get,
D1 = 10 2 3 2
  1 1
  2 3 = 
b a c
= 6(6 – 6) – 1(30 – 3) + 1(20 – 2)  a, b, c are in Harmonic progression.
= – 30 + 3 + 20 – 2 =  – 10 39. Given equations : x + 8ay – 2az = 0, x + 6by – 2bz = 0
As, D1 = 0  = 0 and x + 4cy – 2cz = 0
1 6 1 Since system of equation is consistent, we have
 
D2 = 1 10 3 1 8a 2 a 
1  3
 = 1 6b 2b  = 0
 
= 1(30 – 3) – 6(3 – 3) + 1( – 10)
1 4c 2c 
= 30 – 3 +  – 10 = 20 – 2
As, D2 = 0   = 10 Or, 1(–12bc + 8bc) + 8a(2c – 2b) –2a(4c – 6b) = 0
Or, – 4bc + 16ac – 16ab – 8ac + 12ab = 0
1 1 6 
Or, bc – 2ac + ab = 0 or bc + ab = 2ac,
D3 = 1 2 10 
1 1 2
1 2     =
a c b
= 1(2 – 20) – 1( – 10) + 6(2 – 2)
Thus a, b, c, are in H.P.
= 2 – 20 –  + 10 =  – 10
As, D3 = 0   = 10 sin 2 ( n  1) sin 2 ( n 2 ) sin 2 ( n) 
 For infinite solutions  = 3 and  = 10 40. k =  2 k  1 ck2 n 1 1 


Now, ( + ) and ( – ) are (3 + 10) = 13 and  n2  1 22 n n  1 

(10 – 3) = 7. Here, 7 and 13 both are prime number.
38. For the given homogeneous system to have non-zero sin 2 ( n  1) sin 2 ( n 2 ) sin 2 ( n) 
solution, determinant of the coefficient matrix should n  n n n 
be zero, i.e. c
k0
k =   2 k  1  ck2 n 1
 k0  1 

k0 k0
1 2 a a   2 2n

 n  1 2 n  1 
1 3b b  = 0
 
1 4c c  sin 2 ( n  1) sin 2 ( n 2 ) sin 2 ( n) 
 
=  n2  1 22 n n 1 
1 0 a   n2  1
1 b b  = 0  22 n n  1 
 
1 2c c  = 0
 17
CHAPTER
2
PROBABILITY
Probability measures how much chance is there for my
expected result to happen.
Probability = (no. of favourable outcome)/(total no. of
outcomes)
Sample space: Set of all possible outcomes of a random
experiment is called Sample space. It is denoted by S.
Event: It is the set of favourable outcome.
Example: If you throw a coin and if you are looking
for head, then head is the favourable outcome.
Mutually Exclusive events: Two events are said to be
mutually exclusive if there is no common element between
them.
Exhaustive events: The given events are Exhaustive if
when I take the elements in those events forms the given
sample space.
Addition Theorem of Probability
If A and B are any two events, then
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
If A, B and C are any three events, then
P(A  B  C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A  B)
– P(B  C) – P(A  C) + (A  B  C)
Multiplication Theorem (Rule) of Probability
Let A and B be two events associated with a sample space
S. Then,
P(A  B) = P(A) . P(B/A) = P(B) . P(A/B),
provided P(A)  0 and P(B)  0
17
If A, B and C are three events associated with a random
experiment, then
P(A  B  C) = P(A).P(B/A).P(C/A  B)
Similarly, if A1, A2 ...., An are n events related to a
random experiment, then
P(A1  A2  A3  .... An) = P(A1).P(A2/A1).P(A3/A1 A2)
..... P(An/A1  A2  A3  ....An–1)
Probability of Independent Events
If A and B are independent events, then P(A/B) is precisely
the same as P(A) since A is not affected by B, i.e. P(A/B)
= P(A). Similarly, P(B/A) = P(B). Now by multiplication rule
of probability, we have,
P(A  B) = P(A) . P(B/A) = P(B).P(A/B)
 P(A  B) = P(A) . P(B)
(Known as multiplication rule for independent events)
Conditional event (or dependent event) : If the
probability of the happening of other is dependent or
influenced by the previous happening, then other event is
said to be dependent or conditional on one. It is denoted
by A/B (A occurs after occurrence of B). The concept of
dependent events gives rise to the concept of conditional
probability.
Conditional Probability
Let A and B be two events, then the probability of the
occurrence of A under the condition that B has already
occurred and P(B)  0, is called the conditional probability
of A given B and is written as P(A/B).
(2731) Math—3
 (2731) Math—3-II
18

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A coin is tossed twice. Then, the probability that at A. 0.11 B. 0.54
least one tail occurs is: C. 0.52 D. 0.74
1 1 8. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
A. B.
4 2 A. P(A)  P(B) B. P(A)  P(B)
1 3
C. D. C. P(A)  P(B) D. None of these
3 4
2. Let S be a sample space containing outcomes 1, 2, 3 1 1
9. If P(B)  , P(A  B  C)  and P(A  B  C)  ,
3, .... n i.e., S = {1, 2, ...., n}, 4 3 3
Then, which of the following is true? then P(B  C) equals:
1 1
I. 0  P(i)  1 for each i  S A. B.
12 6
II. P(1) + P(2) + .... + P(n) = 1
1 1
III. For any event A, P(A) = P(i), i  A C. D.
A. Only I B. Only II 15 9
C. Only III D. All of these 5 2
10. If 2P(A)  P(B)  and P(A/B)  , then P(A  B)
3. Three dice are thrown together. The probability of 13 5
getting a total of at least 6 is: is equal to:
101 103 11 13
A. B. A. B.
108 108 26 25
105 107 11 11
C. D. C. D.
108 108 24 21

4. If A, B and C are three mutually exclusive and 1  A

11. If P(A)  , P(B)  0, then P   is:
exhaustive events of an experiment such that 2  B
4P(A) = 2P(B) = P(C), then P(A) is equal to .... K .... .
Here, K refers to: 1
A. zero B.
2
1 2
A. B. C. not defined D. 1
7 7
5 6 12. If A and B are two events and A  , B  , then:
C. D.
7 7  A  A  P(A  B)
A. P    P(A)  P(B) B. P   
5. In an essay competition, the odds in favour of  B  B P(B)
competitors P, Q, R and S are 1 : 2, 1 : 3, 1 : 4 and
1 : 5 respectively. Then, the probability that one of  A  B  A  P(A)
C. P    P    1 D. P   
them wins the competition, is:  B  A  B  P(B)
112 113 13. If card is drawn from an ordinary pack of 52 cards and
A. B.
120 120 a gambler bets that, it is a spade or an ace. The odds
114 115 against his winning this bet is:
C. D. A. 4 : 9 B. 9 : 4
120 120
C. 3 : 8 D. 8 : 3
6. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deek of cards.
The probability of getting a queen of club or king of 3 2 3
heart is: 14. If P(A)  , P(B)  and P(A  B)  , then
10 5 5
1 1
A. B.  B  A
52 26 P    P   equals to:
 A  B
1 1
C. D. 1 1
13 56 A. B.
4 3
7. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.42,
P(B) = 0.48 and P(A  B) = 0.16, then P(A  B) is 5 7
C. D.
equal to: 12 12
 19

15. Bag I contains 3 black and 2 white balls, bug II chosen at random, the probability that it is rusted or
contains 2 black and 4 white balls. A bag and a ball is a bolt, is:
is selected at random. The probability of selecting a 3 1
black ball is: A. B.
8 2
4 7
A. B. 5
15 15 C. D. None of these
8
8
C. D. None of these 21. A bag contains 3 red and 7 black balls. Two balls are
15
selected at random without replacement. If the second
16. Of cigarette smoking population 70% are men and selected ball is given to be red, the probability that
30% are women, 10% of these men and 20% of these the first selected ball is also red, is:
women smoke Wills. The probability that a person
seen smoking a Will to be men is: 4 2
A. B.
7 9 9
1
A. B. 9
5 13
C. D. None of these
5 7 2
C. D.
13 10 22. You are given a box with 20 cards in it. 10 of these
17. An observed event B can occur after one of the three cards have the letter I printed on them. The other ten
events A 1, A2, A3. If P(A 1) = P(A 2) = 0.4, P(A3) = 0.2 have the letter T printed on them. If you pick up 3
cards at random and keep them in the same order, the
 B  B  B
and P    0.25, P    0.4, P    0.125, probability of making the word IIT is:
 A1   A2   A3 
what is the probability of A1 after observing B? 9 1
A. B.
80 8
1 6
A. B. 4 5
3 19 C. D.
27 38
20 2
C. D. 23. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He
57 5
throw a dics and reports that it is six. The probability
18. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, that it is actually six is:
4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The
3 1
probabilities of an accident involving a scooter driver, A. B.
car driver and a truck driver are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15, 8 5
respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an 3
C. D. None of these
accident. The probability that the person is a scooter 5
driver, is: 24. A bag contains 10 mangoes out of which 4 are rotten,
1 3 two mangoes are taken out together. If one of them is
A. B.
52 52 found to be good, the probability that other is also
15 19 good is:
C. D. 1
52 52 8
A. B.
3 15
19. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she
tosses a coin three times and notes the number of tails. 5 2
C. D.
If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin once and notes 18 3
whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’ is obtained. If she obtained 25. In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown hair,
exactly one ‘tail’, what is the probability that she 25 % have brown eyes and 15% have both brown hair
threw 3, 4, 5 or 6 with the die? and brown eyes. If a person selected at random from
5 6 the town, has brown hair, the probability that he also
A. B.
11 11 has brown eyes is:
7 8 1 3
C. D. A. B.
11 11 5 8
20. A drawer contains 50 bolts and 150 unts. Half of the 1 2
C. D.
bolts and half of the nuts are rusted. If one item is 3 3
 20

26. The probabilities that a student passes in Mathematics, 3 2 x 3 2

Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c, respectively. Of C.  x D.  x
8 2 8
these subjects, the student has a 75% chance of passing
n
in at least one, a 50% chance of passing in at least m  1
two, and a 40% chance of passing in exactly two. 31. The term independent of x in (1  x ) 1   is:
 x
Which of the following relations are true? A. m + ncm B. m + ncn
19 27 C. m + ncm–n D. None of these
A. p  m  c  B. p  m  c 
20 20 32. The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of
1 1 (1 + x + x2 + x3)11 is:
C. pmc  D. pmc 
10 4 A. 990 B. 605
27. The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of C. 810 D. None of these
(a + b)n is n + 1, therefore number of dissimilar terms 33. If (1 + x – 2x2)6 = 1 + a 1x + a2x2 + .... + a12x12, then
in the expansion of (a + b + c)12 is: a2 + a4 + a6 .... + a12
A. 13 B. 39 A. 21 B. 11
C. 78 D. 91 C. 31 D. None of these
28. If ‘n’ positive integer and three consecutive coefficient
in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in the ratio 6 : 33 : 110, 1 1
34. If P(A  B)  , P(A  B)  and 2P(A) = P(B)  P,
then n is equal to: 2 2
A. 9 B. 6 then the value of P, is equal to:
C. 12 D. 16 2
1
A. B.
29. The value of x in the expression |x + x log10x | if the 2 3
third term in the expansion is 1000000 is: 1 1
A. 10, 10–3/2 B. 100 or 10–3/2 C. D.
–5/2 4 3
C. 10 or 10 D. None of these
35. A student is given a true false exam with 10 questions.
30. If x is so small that x3 and higher powers of x may be
If he gets 8 or more correct answers he passes the
3
 1  exam. Given that he guesses at the answer to each
(1  x ) 2  1  x 
 2  question, the probability that he passes the exam, is:
neglected, then 1
m ay be
(1  x ) 2 6 9
A. B.
approximated as: 128 128
3 2 3 2 7
A. 1  x B. 3 x  x C. D. None of these
8 8 128

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D B A C B D A A A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C B B D B B C A D C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B D A C B B, C D C C D
31 32 33 34 35
B A C B C

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
1. The sample space is S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} Number of favourable outcomes
Let E be the event of getting at least one tail =
Total number of outcomes
E = {HT, TH, TT}
n(E) 3
 Required probability P = 
n(S) 4
 21

2. Let S be a sample space containing outcomes 8. Given that, A and B are two mutually exclusive events.
1, 2, ... n, i.e., S = {1, 2, ... n} Then, P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) [ (A  B) = ]
If follows from the axiomatic definition of probability P(A) + P(B)  1
that P(A)  1  P(B)   1
(i) 0  P(i)  1 for each i  S
P(A)  P(B)
(ii) P(1) + P(2) + ... + P(n) = 1
1
(iii) For any event A, P(A) = P(i) i  A. 9. We have, P(A  B  C) =
3
3. The total number of elementary events 1
 P((B  C)  A) =
= 6 × 6 × 6 = 216 3
Let A be the event of getting a total of at least 6. 1
 P(B  C)  P((B  C)  A) =
Then, A denotes the event of getting a total of less 3
than 6 i.e. 3, 4, 5.  P(X  Y)  P(X)  P(X  Y)
 A = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1),
1
(1, 1, 3), (1, 3, 1), (3, 1, 1), (1, 2, 2),  P(B  C)  P(A  B  C) =
(2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1)} 3
So, n(A) = 10 1 1
 P(B  C)  =
10 3 3
 P(A) =
216 2
 P(B  C) =
10 103 3
 P(A) = 1  P(A)  1  
216 108 2
 P(B) – P(B  C) =
4. Let 4P(A) = 2P(B) = P(C) = p, 3
p p 2 3 2 1
which gives P(A) = , P(B) = and P(C) = p Now, P(B  C)  P(B)  =  
4 2 3 4 3 12
Now, since A, B, C are mutually exclusive and 5
exhaustive events, we have, 10. Given, 2P(A) = P(B) 
13
4 5 5
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1  p =
7  P(A) = and P(B) =
26 13
p 1
Hence, P(A) =   A
4 7 Now, P   = P(A  B)
 B P(B)
5. Let A, B, C and D be the events that the competitors
P, Q, R and S respectively win the competition. 2 P(A  B)
 =
1 1 1 1 5 5
Then, P(A)  , P(B)  , P(C)  and P(D) 
3 4 5 6 13
Since, only one competitors can win the competition. 2 5 2
 P(A  B) =  
Therefore, A, B, C, D are mutually exclusive events. 5 13 13
 Required probability = P(A  B  C  D) Again, P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D) 5 5 2
1 1 1 1 114 =  
=     26 13 13
3 4 5 6 120
5  10  4 11
6. Here, n(S) = 52, n(E1) = 1, n(E2) = 1, n(E1  E2) =  = 
26 26
 P(E1  E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1  E2)
1
1 1 1 11. It is given that P(A) = and P(B) = 0
=  0  2
52 52 26
 A P(A  B) P(A  B)
7. Given, P(A) = 0.42, P(B) = 0.48 and P(A  B) = 0.16 P  = = 
 B P(B) 0
 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
A
= 0.42 + 0.48 – 0.16 Therefore, P   is not defined.
= 0.90 – 0.16 = 0.74  B
 22

12. If A   and B  , then Using Baye’s theorem,

 A P(A  B)  A
P  = P(E1 ) P  
 B P(B) E   E1 
P 1  =
 A  A  A
13. Let A be the event of getting a spade or an ace from P(E1 )  P    P(E 2 )P  
a pack of 52 cards.  E1   E2 
Then, total number of possible outcomes 0.7  0.1
=
= 52C1 = 52 0.7  0.1  0.3  0.2
 There are 13 spade cards with 1 ace card of spade
0.07 0.07 7
and three ace other than spade card. =  
0.07  0.06 0.13 13
 Number of favourable outcomes = 16C1 = 16
16 4 A 
 P(A) =  17. Required probability = P  1 
52 13  B
Hence, odds against A are  B
P(A1 ) P  
9 4  A1 
P(A) : P(A) = : = 9 :4 =
13 13  B  B  B
P(A1 ) P    P(A 2 ) P    P(A 3 ) P  
 A1   A2   A3 
3 2 3
14. Here, P(A) = , P(B) and P(A  B) 
10 5 5 0.4  0.25
=
0.4  0.25  0.4  0.4  0.2  0.125
 B  A P(B  A) P(A  B)
P   P  =  0.1 0.1 20
 A  B P(A) P(B) =  
0.1  0.16  0.025 0.285 57
P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B) P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)
=  2000 1
P(A) P(B) 18. Let P(A) = P(scooter)  
12000 6
3 2 3 3 2 3 1 1
    4000 1
1 1 7
= 10 5 5  10 5 5 = 10  10    P(B) = P(car)  
12000 3
3 2 3 2 3 4 12
10 5 10 5 6000 1
and P(C) = P(truck)  
15. Let E1 = Bag I is selected 12000 2
E2 = Bag II is selected Let E = Event that person meets with accident.
and A = Black ball is drawn  E 1  E 3  E  15
Then, P   = , P   , P  
1  A 3  A 100  B  100  C  100
Then, P(E1) = P(E 2 )  , P  = ,
2  E1  5  Required probability
 A 2  E
P  = , P(A)  P  
 E2  6  A  A
P  =
 E  E  E  E
P(A)  P    P(B)  P    P(C)  P  
 A  A  A  B  C
 P(A) = P(E1 )  P    P(E 2 )  P  
 E1   E2 
1 1 1

1 3 1 2 = 6 100  6
=    1 1 1 3 1 15 1 15
2 5 2 6      1
6 100 3 100 2 100 6 2
3 1 9  5 14 7
=    
10 6 30 30 15 1
6 1
16. Let E1 and E2 denote the cigarette smoking population = 
1  6  45 52
of men and women, respectively.
6
Given, P(E1) = 0.7, P(E2) = 0.3
19. Let E1 be the event that the girl gets 1 or 2. E2 be the
 A  A
P   = 0.1, P    0.2 event that the girl gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, and A be the event
 E1   E2  that the girl gets exactly a ‘tail’.
 23

2 1 22. Required probability

Then, P(E1) =  = P(I in Ist draw) × P(I in 2nd draw) × P(T in 3rd draw)
6 3
10
4 2 c1 9 c1 10
c1 10 9 10 5
and P(E2) =  = 20
     
6 3 c1 19 c1 18
c1 20 19 18 38
 A 23. Let A denotes the event that a six occurs and B the
P    P (getting exactly one tail when a coin is
 E1  event that the man reports that it is a six.
3 Then the probability that it is actually a six is given
tossed three times) = by
8
 A  A P(A  B)
P    P (getting exactly a tail when a coin is P  =
 E2   B P(B)
1 1 3 3
tossed once) = Now P(A  B) =  
2 6 4 24
Now, required probability P(B) = P(A  B) + P(A  B)
 A 1 3 5 1 8
P(E 2 )  P   =    
E   E2  6 4 6 4 24
P 2  =
 A  A  A
P(E1 )  P    P(E 2 )  P   3
 E1   E2   A 3
Hence P  = 24  .
2 1 1  B 8 8

3 2 8 24
=  3 
1 3 2 1  1 11 24. Number of ways of selecting 2 good mangoes
   
3 8 3 2 8 3 = 6c2 = 15
20. Let A : Item chosen a rusted. The number of ways that at least one of the two
B : Item chosen is bolt. selected mangoes is to be good
Here A and B are non – mutually exclusive events. = 6c1 × 9c1 = 6 × 9 = 54
A  B : Item is a rusted bolt.
Total number of bolts = 50 15 5
Required probability =  .
 Number of rusted bolts = 25 54 18
Total number of nuts = 150
40 25
 Number of rusted nuts = 75 25. P(A) =  P(B) 
Total number of rusted items = 25 + 75 = 100 100 100
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) 15
P(A  B) =
100 50 25 100  50  25 125 5 100
  =   .
200 200 200 200 200 8 15
 B P(A  B) 15 3
21. Let ‘A’ = {a red ball is selected at first draw} P  =
 A = 100   .
P(A) 40 40 8
‘B’ = {a red ball is selected at second draw}
100
Then P(A  B) = P (Red ball and Red ball)
26. According to the problem,
3 2 1
=   3
10 9 5 m + p + c – mp – mc – pc + mpc = ...(1)
P(B) = P (Red ball and Red ball or Black ball 4
and Red ball) 2
= P (Red ball and Red ball) + P (Black ball mp (1 – c) + mc (1 – p) + pc (1 – m) =
5
and Red ball)
2
3 2 7 3 3 or mp + mc + pc – 3 mpc = ...(2)
=     5
10 9 10 9 10
1
1 Also, pm + pc + mc – 2mpc = ...(3)
2
 A P(A  B) 10 2
 P  = = 5   . 1 2 1
 B P(B) 3 3  15 9 (2) and (3)  mpc =  
10 2 5 10
 24

2 3 7 32. We have,
 mp + mc + pc =   (1 + x + x2 + x3)11 = (1 + x)11 (1 + x2)11
5 10 10
3 7 1 = (1 + 11c1x + 11c2x2 + 11c3x3
 m+p+c=   + 11c4x4 + ...)
4 10 10
15  14  2 27 × (1 + 11c1x2 + 11c2x4 + ....)
= 
20 20 The terms, which give x4 are:
27. (a + b + c)12 = [(a + b) + c]12 1. 11c2x4 + 11c2x2.11c1x2 + 11c4 . x4 .1
= 12co (a + b)12 + 12c
(a + b)11c Hence the coefficient of x4 is
1
+ ... + 12c12c12 11c2 + 11c2 × 11c1 + 11c4
The R.H.S. contains, 13 + 12 + 11 + .... + 1 terms 11  10 11  10 11 11  10  9  8
=   
13(13  1) 1.2 1.2 1 4.3.2.1
= = terms
2 = 55 + 605 + 330 = 990.
Also no. of term in the expansion of (a + b + c)n is
given by n + 2c2. 33. Given
(1 + x – 2x2)6 = 1 + a 1x + a2x2 + .... + a12x12
14  13
Thus for n = 12; n + 2c2 = n + 14c
2 =  91. Putting x = 1, we get
2
0 = 1 + a1 + a2 + ... + a12 ...(1)
28. Let (r + 1)th, (r + 2)th and (r + 3)th be three consecutive
Putting x = – 1, we get
terms.
64 = 1 – a1 + a2 – ... + a12 ....(2)
Then, nCr : nCr + 1 : nCr + 2 = 6 : 33 : 110
Adding (1) and (2), we get
n
Cr 6 2 64 = 2(1 + a2 + a4 + ....)
Now, n = 
C r 1 33 11  a2 + a4 + a6 + a12 ... = 31
r 1 2 34. P(A  B)  P(A  B) = 1 – P(A  B)
 =
nr 11 1
 2n – 2r = 11r + 11  = 1 – P (A  B)
2
 2n – 13r = 11 ....(i)
1
n
Cr 1  P(A  B) =
33 3 2
and, n = 
Cr  2 110 10 1
Also P(A  B) =
r2 3 2
 = Now P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
n  r 1 10
 3n – 3r – 3 = 10 r + 20 1 p 1
 3n – 13 r = 23 ...(ii)  =  p
2 2 2
Solving (i) and (ii), we get n = 12.
3p 2
30. (D)  = 1,P= .
2 3
31. We have, 35. n = total no. of ways = 210 = 1024.
n n
 1  x  1 Since each answer can be true or false.
(1  x ) m 1   = (1  x ) m  
 x  x  And m = favourable number of ways.
= 10c8 + 10c9 + 10c10
(1  x ) m  n
= = x–n (1 + x)m + n = 45 + 10 + 1 = 56.
xn
Since to pass the exam, he must give 8 or 9 or 10 true
 Required term independent of x = coefficient of x0 answers.
in
x–n (1 + x)m + n = coefficient of xn in (1 + x)m+n m 56 7
Hence, p=   .
= m + ncn. n 1024 128
 25
CHAPTER

3
TRIGONOMETRY

(e) tan n x and cot n x are periodic function with

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITY
fundamental period  whether n is odd or even.
An equation involving trigonometric functions which is
true for all those angles for which the functions are defined Properties of Triangle
is called a trigonometric identity.

Conditional Trigonometric Identities C

If A + B + C = 180° (or ), or A, B, C are angles of a triangle. a b

Then,
(a) sin (A + B) = sin ( – C) = sin C, etc. B A
c
 A B   C C
(b) sin     sin     cos , etc
 2 2  2 2 2 a b c
(a) Sine Rule :  
A B C sin A sin B sin C
(c) sin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos cos sin
2 2 2
b2  c2  a2
A B C (b) Consine Rule : cos A 
(d) cos A  cos B  cosC  1  4sinsin sin 2bc
2 2 2
(c) Projection formula
(e) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B
(f ) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
(ii) b = c cos A + a cos C
A B B C C A (iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
(g) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2 (d) Tangent Rule:
Periodic Properties of Trigonometric Functions
 B  C b  c  B  C b  c A
tan   tan   cot
(a) sin x, cos x, sec x and cosecx are periodic functions  2  b  c  2  b  c 2
with fundamental period 2.
(b) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with (e) Half angle formula:
fundamental period .
A (s  b)(s  c)
(c) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sex x|, |cosec x| are (i) sin =
2 bc
periodic functions with fundamental period .
(d) sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx are periodic functions A s ( s  a)
with fundamental period 2 or  according as n is (ii) cos =
2 bc
odd or even.
25 (2731) Math—4
 26

Heights and Distances

A (s  b)(s  c)
(iii) tan = (a) The angle of elevation or depression is the angle
2 s(s  a)
between the line of observation and the horizontal
(f ) Area of a triangle: line according as the object is at a higher or lower
level than the observer.
1 1 1
 bc sin A  ca sin B  ab sin C (b) The angle of elevation or depression is always
2 2 2
measured from horizontal line through the point of
Orthocentre of the Triangle and Pedal Triangle observation.

(a) The distances of the orthocentre of the triangle from Trigonometric Equations
the vertices are 2R cos A, 2R cos B, 2R cos C and its The general solution of some trigonometrical equations
distances from the sides are 2R cos B cos C, 2R cos C
cos A, 2R cos A cos B. Trigonometric General solution
equation
R
(b) Circumradius of the pedal triangle =
2 (i) sin  = sin   = n + (–1)n, n  Z
(c) Area of the pedal triangle = 2 cos A cos B cos C. (ii) cos  = cos   = 2n ±  n  Z
(iii) tan  = tan   = n +  n  Z
(d) Circumcentre O, centroid G and orthocentre O are
(iv) sin2  = sin2   = n ±  n  Z
collinear and G divides OO in the ratio 1 : 2.
(v) cos2  = cos2   = n ±  n  Z
(e) Distance between the circumcentre O and the (vi) tan2  = tan2   = n ±  n  Z
incentre I is
Since all the trigonometrical ratios are periodic, the
A B C equations of the form sin  = k, cos  = k, or tan  = k etc.,
OI = R 1  8sin sin sin
2 2 2 can have infinite number of angles satisfying it.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. If (1 + sin A) (1 + sin B) (1 + sin C) = (1 – sin A) 1 1 
(1 – sin B) (1 – sin C), then each side is equal to: C. H   ,  D. None
3 2
A. ± sin A sin B sin C B. tan A tan B tan C
C. ± cot A cot B cot C D. ± cos A cos B cos C 6. The greatest value of cos2x + 3sin x is:
2. If Tn = sin25n° – cos25n°, the value of T1 + T2 + ... + T18 A. 10 B. 9
is: 17 15
A. 18 B. 1 C. D.
8 4
C. 0 D. None

mn 7. The period of which of the functions is not :
3. If m tan( – 30°) = n tan( + 120°), then equals: 2
mn A. | cos2x | B. sin6 x + cos6 x
1 C. sin4x D. None
A. 2 cos2 B. cos 2
2
1 8. tan   tan 2  3 tan  tan 2  3 has how many
C. sin2 D. sin 2
2 solutions in the interval (0, 2):
A. 2 B. 4
4. If S = tan 9° – tan 27° – tan 63° + tan 81°, T = tan 9°
C. 6 D. 8
+ cot 9° – tan 27° – cot 27°, R = cosec 18° – cosec 54°,
then 9. The general solution of 2 sec   tan   1 is:
A. S = R = T B. S = R = 2T
 
C. 2S = R = T D. S = 2R = T A.   n  B.   2 n 
4 4
cot 3 x  
5. If H = , then
cot x C.   n  D.   n  ( 1) n
4 4
 1 1 
A. H  1,  B. H   , 3 10. If ecos x –e–cos x – 4 = 0, then which of the following is
 2 3  true?
 27

A. has two real solutions in (0, ) Y

B. has two real solutions in {0, 2) n terms = tan 1  tan 1 ( k ) then k is equal to:
x
C. has no real solution
1
D. has exactly one real solution A. B. c n
cn
11. The solution of the equation cos58x + sin40 x = 1 1
C. c n–1 D.
n cn 1
A. x = n B. n 
2
16. The number of real solutions of the equation
n  tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1x = tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1(3x) is:
C. x   D. None
2 4 A. 0 B. 1
12. If 32 tan8 = 2cos2 – 3cos , and 3cos2 = 1 the C. 2 D. 3
general value of  is: 
1
1  
 2 17. Lt
n
 tan  2 
n  n  1
A.   n  B.   2 n  1
3 3 A. 0 B. 1
n  
C.    D. None C. D.
2 4 2
13. cot–1 7 + cot–1 8 + cot–1 18 = y
1  x  1  
1 18. If cos    cos    , the value of 9x2 – 12xy
A. tan –1 3 B. cot
1  2  3
3 cos  + 4y2 is:
 1  A. 9 sin2 B. 36 sin 2 
C. sin 1  D. None 2 D. cos2
 10  C. 18 cos 
19. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5, the
 ab 
1  bc   ca least and the greatest sides are in the ratio:
14. tan   tan 1   tan 1  
 1  ab   1  bc   1  ca 
A. 3  1 :1 B. 3 :2 3
1  abc  C. 2 :1  3 D. 1 : 3  1
A. 0 B. tan 
 1  ab  bc  ca 
20. The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a
C. tan–1 (a + b + c) D. None wall is 60° and the foot of the ladder is 4.6 m away
 c c  from the wall. The length of the ladder is:
1  c x  y   c c 
15. tan  1   tan 1  2 1   tan 1  3 2   ... A. 2.3 m B. 4.6 m
 c1 y  x   1  c2 c1   1  c3 c2 
C. 7.8 m D. 9.2 m

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D B A D B C D C B C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B C A A D C B A D

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
1. Multiplying both sides by (1 – sinA) (1 – sin B) 2. Here Tn = – (cos25n° – sin25n°) = – cos10n°
(1 – sin C), we have (1 – sin 2 A) (1 – sin2 B) (1 – sin2 C) + T2 + .... + T18
1
= (1 – sin A)2 (1 – sin B)2 (1 – sin C)2:
= – [cos10° + cos20° +...+ cos180°]
i.e., cos2A cos2B cos2C
= (1 – sin A)2 (1 – sin B)2 (1 – sin C)2 = – [cos10° + cos20° +...+ cos160° + cos170°
 (1 – sin A) (1 – sin B) (1 – sin C) + cos180°]
= ± cos A cos B cos C = [cos180°] ( cos  + cos(180 – ) = 0)
 each side is equal to ± cos A cos B cos C = – (– 1) = 1.
 28

m tan(  120)  cot(  30) 2

3. =  7. Note: (i) The period of cos ax or sin ax is
n tan(  30) tan(  30) a
m cos(  30) cos(  30 ) 
 = (ii) The period of cos ax or sin ax is
n a
 sin(  30)sin(   30 )

m cos2   sin 2 30 Here the period of cos 2 x is and period of
 = 2
n sin 2 30  sin 2  
sin 4x is .
Applying componendo and dividendo, we have 2
mn cos2   sin 2  Also sin6x + cos6x = (sin2x + cos2x)3 – 3 sin2x cos2x
= = 2 cos 2. (sin2x + cos2x)
mn cos   sin 2   2 sin 2 30
2

4. S = tan 9° – tan27° – tan63° + tan81° 3 2 3 2

= 1  (2sin x cos x ) = 1  sin 2 x
= tan9° – tan27° – tan(90° – 27°) + tan (90° – 9°) 4 4
= tan9° – tan27° – cot27° + cot9° 3 1 3
= 1 (1  cos 4 x ) =  cos 4 x ,
= (tan9° + cot9°) – (tan27° + cot27°) (= T) 4 4 4

 sin9 cos9   sin27 cos27  

 which is a periodic function of period .
= 
     2
cos9 sin9   cos27 sin27 
8. tan  + tan2  = 3 (1 – tan tan 2)
sin 2 9  cos 2 9  sin 2 27   cos 2 27  
= 
sin 9 cos9  sin 27  cos27   
tan   tan 2
=
1  tan  tan 2 3
2 2 2(sin 54  sin18)
=  (= 2R) = 
sin18 sin 54  sin18 sin 54  tan3 = tan .
3
2.2 cos36  sin18  cos36
= = 4 
sin18 sin(90  36) cos36  3 = n 
3
cot 3 x tan x tan x (1  3 tan 2 x)
5. Let y=  = (3n  1) 
cot x tan 3 x 3 tan x  tan 3 x  = for all n  Z
9
 (3 – tan2x)y = 1 – 3 tan2x
for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,   (0, 2)
1  3y
 tan2x = 2 sin 
3 y
9. We have  1
1  3y cos  cos 
but tan2x > 0  0
3 y  cos  – sin  = 2
 (3 – y), (1 – 3y) > 0 1 1
 cos   sin  = 1
(multiplying by (3 – y)2 on both sides) 2 2
(y – 3) (3y – 1) > 0  
 cos     = 1 = cos 
1 1   4
 y< or y  3  y   , 3
3 3  
  = 2n
6. Let cos2 x + 3 sin x = y, then 4
y = 1 – 2 sin2x + 3 sin x 
  = 2 n  for all n  Z.
 2 4
3 9 
= 1  2  sin x     cos x 2 cos x
 4  16  10. We have (e )  4 e 1 = 0

2
17  3 4  20
=  2  sin x    ecosx =  2 5
8  4 2
2
 3 Since ecosx > 0, we have ecosx = 2 + 5
y is greatest, when  sin x   is least.
 4
3
 
 cosx = log e 2  5  1 and 2  5  e
 for sin x = , we get the maximum value of y. Hence the given equation has no real solution.
4
 29

11. Case I: If cos2x < 1, sin2x < 1, 

1
=   tan ( n  1)  tan 1 n 
We have (cos2x)29 + (sin2x)20 < cos2x + sin2x = 1 1
not possible. = [tan–1 2 – tan–11] + [tan–13 – tan–12] + ...
Case II: If cos2x = 1, sin2x = 0, then x = n. + [tan–1 (n + 1) – tan–1n]
 = tan–1(n + 1) – tan–1(1)
Case III: If sin2x = 1, cos2x = 0, then x = n ± .
2 
Thus combining Case (II) and Case (III), = tan 1 ( n  1) 
4
n
We get the solution x = , n  Z.     
2  Lt Sn = Lt tan 1 (n  1)   =  
n n 4 2 4 4
1 1  tan 2  1
12. cos2 =    x  y
3 1  tan 2  3 18. Let cos1   = A, cos 1    B,
 2  3
1 1
tan 2    tan 8   Thus A + B = .
2 16
 cos (A + B) = cos 
 2cos2 – 3cos = 32tan8 = 2
 cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos 
 2cos2 – 3cos – 2 = 0
x y
 (2cos + 1) (cos – 2) = 0    cos  = 1  cos2 A 1  cos2 B
2 3
1
 cos  =  ( cos   2)
2  xy – 6 cos  = 4  x 2 9  y2
2 squaring both sides, we have
  = 2 n  , n Z
3
x2y2 – 12xy cos + 36 cos2  = (4–x2) (9 – y2)
14. tan–1a – tan–1b + tan–1(b) – tan–1c + tan–1c – tan–1a = 0  9x2 – 12xy cos  + 4y2 = 36(1 – cos2 )
 c x  y  c c   c c   9x2 – 12xy cos  + 4y2 = 36 sin 2 
15. tan 1  1   tan 1  2 1   ...  tan 1  n n 1 
 c1 y  x   1  c2 c1   1  cn cn 1  19. Let A = 3, B = 4, c = 5
 x 1   1 1   1 1  A + B + C =   12 = 180°   = 15°
  
 y c   c c   c c  thus the angles are A = 45°, B = 60°, C = 75°
= tan 1  x 11   tan 1  1 1 21   ...  tan 1  n 11 n1   a and c are the least and greatest sides opposite to
1   1   1  
 y c1   c1 c2   cn 1 cn  the smallest and greatest angle A and C, respectively.
By sine rule,
x 1 1 1
= tan 1  tan 1  tan 1  tan 1  a sin A sin 45 sin 45
y c1 c1 c2 =  
c sin C sin 75 sin(30  45)
1  1
....  tan 1 tan 1   2  3 1 
cn 1  cn  2 3 1
=  
1 x  1
 tan 1   .
3 1  3 1  3 1  1
= tan
y  cn  20. Let AB be the wall and BC be the ladder.
16. tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1 3x – tan–1 x B

 ( x  1)  ( x  1)   3x  x 
 tan 1  = tan 1 
 1  ( x  1)( x  1)   1  3 x  x 
 x(1 + 3x2) = (2 – x2)x
 x(4x2 – 1) = 0
1
 x = 0, x = 
2 60°
C A

 1
1  Then, ACB = 60° and AC = 4.6 m.
17. Sn =  tan  2 
1
 n  n  1
AC 1
 = cos 60° 
1  ( n  1)  n  BC 2
=  tan  1  (n  1)n 
1  BC = 2 × AC = (2 × 4.6) m = 9.2 m
 30
CHAPTER

4
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

 The equation of a pair of perpendicular straight

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
lines can be given by ax2 + 2hxy – ay2 = 0
An equation of the type [Substituting b = – a]
2 2
ax + 2hxy + by = 0 ...(1) 2h
is a homogeneous equation of second degree. or x2 + 2pxy – y2 = 0, where 2 p  .
a
[Note that the sum of the powers of x and y in every term (c) If the lines given by the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2
is the same and equal to 2] = 0 are equally inclined to axes, then the coordinate
The homogeneous equation of the second degree always axes are the bisectors, i.e., the equation of pair of
represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin. bisector must be xy = 0. Therefore h = 0.
If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents the pair of lines (d) If two pairs of straight lines are equally inclined to
y = m1x and y = m2x. Then one another, then both must have the same pair of
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = b(y – m1x)(y – m2x) ...(2) bisectors.
Comparing the coefficients we get (e) Since coeff. of x2 + coeff. of y2 = 0. Therefore two
bisectors are always perpendicular. (The original
2h a lines may or may not be perpendicular)
m1  m2   and m1 m2  ...(3)
b b
If the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents the
CIRCLE
straight lines y = m1x and y = m2x, then the acute angle , If centre of the circle is (h, k) and radius is a then equation
between the lines is given by of circle will be (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2.
m1  m2 2 h 2  ab The general equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy +
tan   
1  m1 m2 ab c = 0 whose centre is (–g, –f) and radius is g2  f 2  c .
The equation of the pair of lines bisecting the angle
If the ends of diameter of circle and (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
between the lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
then equation of circle will be (x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)
x 2  y 2 xy (y – y2) = 0.
 or h(x2 – y2) – (a – b)xy = 0.
ab h The equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at the
point (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2.
Important Results
The equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx +
(a) Two lines are coincident if tan  = 0 2fy + c = 0 at the point (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) +
i.e., if h2 – ab = 0 f(y + y1) + c = 0.
(b) Two lines are perpendicular of tan  =  Line y = mx + c, will touch the circle x2 + y2 = a2, if
i.e., if a + b = 0 c = a2 (1 + m2).
2

30
 31

CONIC SECTION x2 y2
Equation of normal of ellipse   1, at the point
(Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola) a2 b2
x  x1 y  y1
(x1, y1) is  .
PARABOLA x1 y1
a2 b2
The equation of Parabola is y2 = 4ax, whose vertex is (0, 0)
and focus is (a, 0). Equation of auxillary circle of ellipse

Equation of directrix is x = –a and axis is y = 0 x2 y2

 1 is x2 + y2 = a2.

Length of latus rectum for all forms of parabola is = 4a. a2 b2
Equation of tangent of parabola y2 = 4ax at the point Equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn on
(x1, y1) is: x2 y2
ellipse 2
  1 at the point (x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a (x + x1) a b2
Line y = mx + c, will touch the parabola y2 = 4ax if xx1 yy1
a 2
  1.
c . a b2
m
The equation of any tangent of parabola y2 = 4ax is x2 y2
Equation of diameter of ellipse   1 is
a a2 b2
y = mx  which touches the parabola at the point
m  b2 
y   2  x
 a 2a   a m
 2 , .
m m
Conjugate diameter : y = m1x and y = m2x are conjugate
Equation of normal of parabola at the point
x2 y2
diameters of ellipse   1 if
 y1  a2 b2
(x1, y1) is (y – y1) =    ( x  x1 ).
 2a 
 b2 
Equation of normal to parabola at the point m1 m2    2 
a 
(am2, – 2am) is
y = mx – 2am – am3. x2 y2
Equation of that chord of ellipse   1 whose
a2 b2
ELLIPSE mid-point is (x1, y1) is:
x2 y2
The equation of ellipse is   1, where b 2 = a 2 xx1 yy1 x12 y12
a b 2 2   
a2 b2 a2 b2
(1 – e2), eccentricity (e), centre (0, 0), vertex (± a, 0), foci
 a HYPERBOLA
(± ae, 0) and equations of directrix are x =    .
e
x2 y2
2 Let  = 1 ...(1)
2b a2 b2
Latus rectum of ellipse = .
a be the equation of a hyperbola,
x2 y2 where b2 = a2(e2 – 1) ...(2)
Equation of tangent of ellipse   1, at the point
a2 b2 (a) Transverse Axis: Intercept of the hyperbola on the
xx1 yy1 axis (AA) is called its transverse axis, the transverse
(x1, y1) is  1 axis, AA = 2a.
2
a b2
(b) Conjugate Axis: Length BB = 2b, on y-axis is
x2 y2 called conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
Line y = mx + c, will touch an ellipse   1, if
a2 b2 [Note that the hyperbola does not intersect the
c2 = a 2m 2 + b 2 y-axis].
Equation of any tangent of ellipse is: 2
b2  conjugate axis 
(c) Eccentricity: e  1   1 
 transverse axis 
2 2 2
y  mx  ( a m  b ). a2
 32

(d) Focal Difference: Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the The difference of the focal distances
hyperbola, then
|SP – SP| = 2a = transverse axis
 a
SP = ePM  e  x1    ex1  a  The difference of the focal distances of any
 e
point on the hyperbola is a constant, equal to
 a
and SP = ePM   e  x1    ex1  a transverse axis.
 e

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The straight line (2x + 3y + 4) + (6x – y + 12) = 0 8. The angle between the two straight lines represented
will be parallel to y-axis, if the value of  is: by the equation
A. 1 B. 2 6x2 + 5xy – 4y2 + 7x + 13y – 3 = 0 is
C. 3 D. 4
1 3 1 11
2. If the portion of a straight line intercepted between A. tan B. tan
5 2
the co-ordinate axes is bisected at (2, 2), then the
1 2 1 5
equation of the line is: C. tan D. tan
A. x + y = 4 B. x + 2y = 6 11 3
C. 2x + y = 6 D. 3x – y = 4 9. The point of intersection of the straight lines given by
the equation
3. The locus of a point, whose abscissae and ordinates
are always equal, is: 3y2 – 8xy – 3x2 – 29x + 3y – 18 = 0 is
A. x – y = 0 B. x – y = 1  3 5
C. x + y = 0 D. x + y = 1 A.   ,   B. (1, –1)
2 2
4. If there is a triangle whose vertices are A(3, –5), C. (2, 1) D. (–1, 1)
B(7, 3) and C(–5, 5), then the equation 6x – y = 23
10. The pair of straight lines joining the origin to the
represents
intersection of the straight line y = mx + c and the
A. the line AB
curve x2 + y2 = a2 are at right angles if:
B. The line joining the mid-points of BC and AC
C. the median through A A. a2(1 – m2) = c2
D. altitudes from A to BC B. a2(1 + m2) = 2c2
5. Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines y = mx, C. a2(1 – m2) = 2c2
y = mx + 1, y = nx and y = nx + 1 equals D. a2(1 + m2) = c2

|mn| 2 11. If the pair of straight lines

A. 2 B. x2 – 2pxy – y2 = 0 and x2 – 2qxy – y2 = 0
( m  n) |mn|
be such that each pair bisects the angle between the
1 1
C. D. other pair, then:
|mn| |mn| A. pq = 1 B. p = q
6. The value of k so that the equation C. p + q = 0 D. pq = –1
3y2 – 8xy – 3x2 – 29x + ky – 18 = 0 12. If a straight line touches both the circle x2 + y2 = 2
represents a pair of straight lines is: and the parabola y2 = 8x, then its equation is:
A. 3 B. –1 A. y = ±(x + 1) B. y = ±(2x + 1)
C. 1 D. 8 C. y = ±(x + 2) D. y = ± x

7. The lines given by the equation 13. The normal to the circle (x – 2)2 + y2 = 4 at the point
x2 + 6xy + 9y2 + 4x + 12y – 5 = 0 are (4, 0) meets the circle again at:
A. perpendicular B. parallel A. (0, 4) B. (0, 2)
C. coincident D. None of these C. (0, 0) D. (2, 0)
 (2731) Math—5
33

14. The possible value of p for which the line x cos  + x 2 y2

y sin  = p is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 – 2qx cos 24. The eccentricity of the ellipse   1 is:
25 9
 – 2 qy sin  = 0, is/are:
A. 0 and q B. q and 2q 9 5
A. B.
C. 0 and 2q D. q 25 4
25 4
15. The equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents C. D.
a circle of non-zero radius if 9 5
A. g2 + f 2 > c B. g2 + f 2 < c 25. Consider the equation
2 2
C. g + f = c D. None of these y2 – 8x – 2y – 7 = 0
16. The length of the intercept made by the circle x2 + y2 and the following statements:
– 7x + 6 = 0 on the x-axis is: I. It represents a parabola.
A. 5 B. 7 II. Its vertex is (–1, 1).
C. 6 D. –6 III. Its focus is (0, 0).
IV. It has x = –3 as the directrix.
17. Consider the line 2x – y – 2 = 0 and the circles
Of these statements:
x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y + 5 = 0 and 5x2 + 5y2 = 4. The line
A. I, III and IV are correct
is a tangent to:
B. I, II and III are correct
A. the first circle but not to the second
C. I, II and IV are correct
B. the second circle but not to the first
D. I, II, III and IV are correct
C. Both the circles
D. Neither of the circles 26. The locus of a variable point whose distance from
18. If the two circles (x – 1)2+ (y – 3)2= and r2 x2
+ y2 2 9
(–2, 0) is times its distance from the line x  
– 8x + 2y + 8 = 0 intersect in two distinct points, then 3 2
A. r > 2 B. r < 2 is:
C. r = 2 D. None of these A. ellipse B. parabola
C. hyperbola D. None of these
19. If the circles x2 + y2 + 2x + 2ky + 6 = 0 and x2 + y2
+ 2ky + k = 0 intersect orthogonally, then k is: x 2 y2
27. Let E be the ellipse of   1 and C be the
3 3 9 4
A. 2 or  B. –2 or  2 2
circle x + y = 9. Let P and Q be the points (1, 2) and
2 2
(2, 1) respectively, then
3 3 A. Q lies inside C bus outside E.
C. 2 or D. –2 or
2 2 B. Q lies outside both C and E.
C. P lies inside both C and E.
20. The equations of the tangents drawn from the origin
D. P lies inside C but outside E.
to the circles x2 + y2 – 2rx – 2hy + h2 = 0, are
A. x = 1 28. The equation 2x2 + 3y2 – 8x – 18y + 35 = k represents:
B. y = 0 A. no locus if k > 0
C. (h2 – r2) x – 2rhx = 0 B. an ellipse if k < 0
D. (h2 – r2) x + 2rhy = 0 C. a point if k = 0
D. a hyperbola if k > 0
21. The tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 5 at (1, –2) touches
the circle x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y + 20 = 0 at the point: 29. Diameter of a circle which passes through the focus of
A. (2, –1) B. (3, –1) x 2 y2
an ellipse   1, whose centre is at (0, 3) is:
C. (4, –1) D. (5, –1) 16 9
A. 3 B. 12
22. The length of the intercept made by the circle C. 8 D. 2
3x2 + 3y2 + 4x + 2y + 1 = 0 on the x-axis is:
30. The equation y2 – 2x – 2y + 5 = 0 represents:
2 2 A. a circle with centre (1, 1).
A. B. 
3 3 B. a parabola with focus (1, 2).
C. less than 1 D. more than –1 3
C. a parabola with directrix x = .
23. The focus of the parabola x2 + 8y = 0 at: 2
A. (0, –2) B. (0, 2) 1
D. a parabola with directrix x =  .
C. (2, 0) D. (–2, 0) 2
 (2731) Math—5-II
34

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C A D * D A B B A B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C C C A A C D A C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B A A D C A A C C C

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
x y Similarly, for the second circle
2. Suppose the equation of the line is  1
a b 2 2
Since AB is bisected at (2, 2). = which is true.
4 1 5
a0 0b 18. Here, c1 = (1, 3), r1 = r; c2 = (4, – 1), r2 = 3
 2= , 2=
2 2 In case they intersect in two distinct points, then
or a = 4, b = 4
c1c2 < r1+ r2 and c1c2 > r1 – r2
Hence, the equation of the line is
or 5 < r + 3 and 5 > r – 3
x y
 = 1 or x + y = 4 or r > 2 and r < 8
4 4
i.e., 2< r<8
4. Equation of the line AB is
19. Since the units intersect orthogonally,
3 5
y –3 = ( x  7) 2×1×0+2×k×k=6+k
73
or 2x – y = 11 ( 6x – y = 23) or 2k2 = k + 6 or 2k2 – k – 6 = 0
Equation of the line joining the mid-points of BC 3
or (k – 2) (2k + 3) = 0 or k = 2, k = 
(1, 4) and AC (–1, 0) is 2
04 20. The joint equation of the pair of tangents OA and OB
y –0 = ( x  1) can be obtained by making the equation (i) of the
1  1
or 2x – y = – 2 ( 6x – y = 23) circle homogeneous with the help of the equation (ii).
Equation of the median through A is: Thus, we get it as:
y5 A
1
=   6 or 6x – y = 23 (same)
x 3 53
5  7
m n O
5. Here y= or
mn nm
Depending on which one of n or m is greater.
1 1  1 B
Area of parallelogram = 2    1   . 2
2 mn  mn
x 2  y 2  2(rx  hy ) 
(rx  hy )  rx  hy 
 h2   0
h 2
 h 2 
17. The line 2x – y – 2 = 0 will touch the circle
x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y + 5 = 0 or h2(x2 + y2) = (rx + hy)2
If perpendicular distance from its centre (3, –1) on the or h2x2 + h2y2 = r2x2 + h2y2 + 2rhxy
line is equal to its radius = 9 1 5  5 or x2(h2 – r2) – 2rhx = 0 x=0
or x(h2 – r2) – 2rhy = 0
2  3  ( 1)  2
i.e., if = 5 21. The tangent to the circle,
4 1
x2 + y2 = 5 at (1, – 2) is x(1) + y(–2) – 5 = 0
5
i.e., if = 5 which is true. or x – 2y – 5 = 0 ...(1)
5
 35

Suppose it touches the circle This clearly represents a parabola, whose

x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y + 20 = 0 at (x1, y1) ...(i) (a) Vertex is at X = 0, Y = 0 or x + 1 = 0, y – 1 = 0
Also, the equation of tangent at or x = –1, y = 1
(x1, y1) is x(x1 – 4) + y(y1 + 3) – 4x1 + 3y1 + 20 = 0 (b) Focus is at X = 2, Y = 0 or x + 1 = 2, y – 1 = 0
or x = 1, y = 1
...(ii)
(c) Directrix is X = – 2 or x + 1 = – 2
Since (i) and (ii) represent the same lines or x= – 3
x1  4 y 3 4 x1  3 y1  20 27. Since distance between P(1, 2) and centre of circle
= 1 =
1 2 5
C(0, 0) = (1  0)2  (2  0)2  5  9.
Solving these, x1 = 3, y1 = – 1.
Therefore P lies inside the circle C.
22. Intersection of the circle 3x2 + 3y2 + 4x + 2y + 1 = 0
with the x-axis (y = 0) is given by 3x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 Similarly, as (2  0) 2  (1  0) 2  5  9, therefore Q
or (3x + 1) (x + 1) = 0 also lies inside the circle C.
Next, side for the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 – 36 = 0, at P(1,
1
 x1 = – , x2 = –1 2), 4(1)2 + 9(2)2 – 36 = 4 > 0 at Q(2, 1), 4(2)2 + 9(1)2
3 – 36 = – 11 < 0, Q lies inside the ellipse and P lies
Hence, length of intercept on x-axis outside E.
1 2 2 Hence, Q lies inside C but outside E.
= x1  x2    1  
3 3 3 28. When k = 0, the equation becomes
23. The focus of the parabola x2 + 8y = 0 2x2+ 3y2 – 8x – 18y + 35 = 0
or x2 = – 8y = – (4 × 2)y or 2(x – 2)2 + 3(y – 3)2 = 0
is at (0, – a) = (0, – 2). Since the sum of two positive numbers is zero,
 each must be zero.
24. Eccentricity, e of the given ellipse with a = 5, b = 3
is given by, or 2( x  2) = 0 and 3( y  3) = 0
b2 = a2(1 – e2)  x = 2, y = 3
9 Hence, when k = 0, given equation represents a point,
or 9 = 25 (1 – e2) or 1 – e2 = viz, (2, 3).
25
9 16 4 30. Given equation is y2 – 2x – 2y + 5 = 0
or e2 = 1  or e = . or y2 – 2y + 1 = 2x – 4 or (y – 1)2 = 2(x – 2)
25 25 5
Shifting the origin to (2, 1), the equation becomes
25. y2 – 8x – 2y – 7 = 0
1
or y2 – 2y + 1 = 8x + 7 + 1 = 8x + 8 Y2 = 4  X
2
or (y – 1)2 = 8(x + 1)
which represents a parabola whose directrix is
which can be put as Y 2 = 8X = 4 × 2X 1 3
1
where Y = y – 1, X = x + 1 X =  or x – 2   or x =
2 2 2
 36
CHAPTER

5
CALCULUS

Calculus is the branch of mathematics that deals with

ex  1
continuous change. It helps us to understand the changes (f) lim 1
between the values which are related by a function. Calculus x 0 x
Math mainly focused on some important topics such as log e (1  x )
(g) lim 1
differentiation, integration, limits, functions, and so on. x 0 x
x n  an
LIMIT (h) lim  na n 1
x a xa
If f(x) approaches to a real number l, when x approaches to lim (1  kx )1/ x = ek, where k is any constant
(i)
a i.e., if f(x)  l when x  a, then l is called the limit of x 0
the function f(x). In symbolic form, it can be written as: log a (1  x )
(j) lim  log a e, a  0  1
lim f ( x )  l x  x
xa
sin x cos x
(k) lim  lim 0
LEFT HAND AND RIGHT HAND LIMIT x  x x  x
(l) lim cos x  1
LHL = lim f ( x )  l1 x 
x a 

RHL = lim f ( x )  l2
x a CONTINUITY AT A POINT
Formulae for Limits A function f(x) is continuous at a point x = a, were
a  domain of f(x), if
sin x x
(a) lim  1  lim lim f ( x )  f ( a)  lim f ( x )
x 0 x x  0 sin x xa xa

(b) lim
tan x
 1  lim
x where, xlim
a 
f ( x ) is Left Hand Limit (LHL) of f(x) at x = a
x 0 x x  0 tan x
lim f ( x ) is Right Hand Limit (RHL) of f(x) at x = a
sin 1 x x xa
(c) lim  1  lim
x 0 x x  0 sin 1 x and f(a) is the value of f(x) at x = a.

tan 1 x x DIFFERENTIABILITY
(d) lim  1  lim
x 0 x x  0 tan 1 x
Let f(x) be defined at any point c in the interval (a, b). Then
x
(e) lim a  1  log e a, a  0 f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = c if the function has
x 0 x a derivative at this point, i.e., if f (c) exists. Hence, if

36
 37

f (c  h )  f (c) y
lim exists, then the function f(x) is called
h 0 h
y = f (x)
differentiable at point x = c.
For the existence of this limit it is necessary that when
h  0, the left-hand and right-hand limits both must exist b c
a 0
and they must be equal.
The Right Hand Derivative (RHD) of f(x) at the point
x = c is defined as
There are two types of maxima and minima that exist
f (c  h )  f (c)
Rf (c)  lim ,h0 in a function, which are:
h 0  h
Local Maxima and Minima
Similarly, the Left Hand Derivative (LHD) of f(x) at
Absolute or Global Maxima and Minima
x = c is defined as
A second-order derivative test for maxima and minima
f (c  h )  f (c) tests whether the slope is equal to 0 at the critical point
Lf (c)  lim , h0
h0  h x = c(f (c) = 0), at which point we find the second derivative
of the function. Within the given range, if the second
f (c  h )  f (c)
or Lf (c)  lim , h0 derivative of the function is present:
h0 h
Local maxima : If f (c) < 0
Hence, function f(x) is differentiable at x = c iff
Local Minima : If f (c) > 0
Rf (c) = Lf (c).
Test fails : If f (c) = 0

TANGENT AND NORMAL LINES INTEGRATION

In calculus, the tangent line touches the curve at exactly
one point and this line has the same slope as the curve at
that point. The line which is perpendicular to the tangent
line is called the normal line. These two lines can be shown
as given in the below figure:
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Let f be a continuous function of u and u be a continuously
differentiable function of x on [a, b]. Then
 f (u)du   f (u( x))u ( x ) dx
Integration by parts is the inverse of the product rule.

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Let f and g be continuously differentiable functions on
[a, b]. Then
b b b
a f ( x)g ( x)dx  f ( x)g( x) a  a g( x) f ( x)dx
This rule is often written with differentials in the form

 u dv  uv   v du.
For a function y = f(x), the slope of the tangent line is given Standard Formulas for Indefinite Integration
by dy/dx.
n x n 1
(a) x dx 
n 1
c
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
x ax
Maxima and minima are known as the extrema of a function. (b)  a dx  lna
c
Maxima and minima are the maximum or the minimum x
value of a function within the given set of ranges. (c) e dx  e x  c
 38

1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(d)  x dx  lnx  c WITH VARIABLE SEPARABLE
(e)  sin x dx   cos x  c We know that the first order, first degree differential equation
is of the form:
(f)  cos x dx  sin x  c
2 dy
(g)  sec x dx  tan x  c dx
= F(x, y) ...(i)
2
(h)  cosec x dx   cot x  c If F(x, y) is expressed as the product of g(x) h(y), where
g(x) is the function of x and h(y) is the function of y, then
(i)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c the differential equation is said to be of variable separable
(j)  cosec x cot x dx  cosec x  c type. Thus, the differential equation (i) takes the form:
1 dy
(k)  dx  sin 1 x  c = g(x).h(y) ...(ii)
1  x2 dx
1 If h(y)  0, and separating the variables, equation (ii)
(l)  dx   cos 1 x  c becomes
1  x2
(1/h(y)) dy = g(x) dx ...(iii)
1 1
(m)  1  x 2 dx  tan x  c Now, integrate the equation (iii) on both sides, we get
1
(n)
1
 1  x 2 dx   cot x  c  (1 / h( y)) dy =  g( x)dx ...(iv)

Hence, equation (iv) provides the solution for the differential

1 1
(o)  2 dx  sec x  c equation in the form:
x x 1 H(y) = G(x) + C
1 1
(p)  2 dx  cosec x  c Where H(y) and G(x) are the antiderivatives of 1/h(y)
x x 1 and g(x), respectively and C is called the arbitrary constant.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect A. (–1, 1) B. (0, 1)
to its radius r at r = 6 cm is:    
A. 10  B. 12  C.  ,   D.  0, 
2 2
C. 8  D. 11 
5. A cylindrical tank of radius 10 m is being filled with
2. For all real values of x, the minimum value of wheat at the rate of 314 cubic metre per hour. Then
1  x  x2 the depth of the wheat is increasing at the rate of:
is: A. 1 m 3/h B. 0.1 m 3/h
1  x  x2
C. 1.1 m 3/h D. 0.5 m 3/h
A. 0 B. 1
1 6. The slope of the tangent to the curve x = t2 + 3t – 8,
C. 3 D. y = 2t2 – 2t – 5 at the point (2, –1) is:
3
22 6
1 A. B.
3. The maximum value of  x ( x  1)  1 3 , 0  x  1 is: 7 7
7 6
1 C. D.
1 6 7
 1 3
A.   B. 7. The line y = mx + 1 is a tangent to the curve y2 = 4x
 3 2
if the value of m is:
C. 1 D. 0 A. 1 B. 2
4. On which of the following intervals is the function f 1
given by f(x) = x100 + sin x – 1 strictly decreasing? C. 3 D.
2
 39

8. The normal at the point (1, 1) on the curve 2y + x2 = 3 dy

is: 15. If y  sin x  y , then is equal to:
dx
A. x + y = 0 B. x – y = 0
C. x + y + 1 = 0 D. x – y + 1 = 0 cos x cos x
A. B.
2y 1 1  2y
9. The function f : R  R given by f(x) = – | x – 1 | is:
A. continuous as well as differentiable at x = 1 sin x sin x
B. not continuous but differentiable at x = 1 C. D.
1  2y 2y 1
C. continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
D. neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 1 2x
16. What is the value of the given limit, lim ?
x 0 x
10. The function f(x) = cot x is discontinuous on the set:
A. 2 B. 0
A. {x = n  : n  Z}
B. {x = 2 n  : n  Z} 1 2
C. D.
 2 3
 
C.  x  (2 n  1) ; n  Z 
 2  8x  4 x
17. The value of lim is:
x 0 4x
 n 
D.  x  ; n  Z
1 1
 2  ln 2 ln 2
A. B.
2 4
x 1 C. 0 D. ln 2
11. The function f ( x )  is discontinuous at:
x ( x 2  1)
  
A. exactly one point 18. lim  x tan x  sec x  
x
x  2 
B. exactly two points 2
C. exactly three points A. 0 B. 1
D. no point

1 C. –1 D.
2 2
12. If f ( x )  x sin , where x  0, then the value of the
x
function f at x = 0, so that the function is continuous d2 y
19. If y = Ae5x + Be–5x, then is equal to:
at x = 0, is: dx 2
A. 0 B. –1 A. 25y B. 5y
C. 1 D. None of these C. –25y D. 15y
13. The value of c in Rolle’s theorem for the function d2 y
20. x = at2, y = 2at, then at t = 2 is:
dx 2
f(x) = x3 – 3x in the interval  0, 3  is:
A. 1 B. –1 1
A.
4
3 1
C. D. 1
2 3 B.
4
dy 
14. If y  log tan x , then the value of at x  is: 1
dx 4 C.
16a
A. 0 B. 1
1
1 D.
C. D.  16a
2

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D C D A B A B C A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C A A B A A B C A D
 40

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

1. Area of circle (A) = r2 (B) For (0, 1) i.e., 0 < x < 1, x99 and cos x are both
dA +ve
The rate of change of area w.r.t. its radius r 
dr  f (x) > 0
Now, A = r2  f (x) is increasing on (0, 1).
dA   
 = 2 × 6 (C) For  ,   i.e., < x < , x 99 is +ve and
dr 2  2
= 12 cm 2/radius.
–1 < cos x < 0
1  x  x2  f (x) > 0
2. Let y 
1  x  x2
 
2 2  f (x) is increasing on  ,  
dy ( 1  2 x )(1  x  x )  (1  x  x )(1  2 x ) 2

dx (1  x  x 2 )2    99
(D) For  0,  , i.e., 0 < x < , x and cos x are
dy 2 2
Numerator of  2( x  1)( x  1),
dx both –ve
dy 2( x  1)( x  1) dy  f (x) < 0
  ,  0 at x = 1, –1
dx ( x 2  x  1) 2 dx  
 f (x) is decreasing on  0,  .
dy 2
At x = 1, changes sign from –ve to +ve
dx 5. Let h be the height of the cylindrical tank at any
 y is minimum at x = 1 instant.
1  x  x2 1 11 1 Volume of cylindrical tank = r2h = (10)2h,
Minimum value of   .
1  x  x2 111 3  v = 100 h
Rate of change of volume
3. Let y = [x(x – 1) + 1]1/3
dv dh
1   100  ...(i)
dy (2 x  1) dy dt dt
  2/3
,  0 at x 
dx 3[ x ( x  1)  1] dx 2 The tank is filled at the rate of 314 cubic metre per
dy 1 hour i.e.,
changes sign from –ve to +ve at x 
dx 2 dv dh
 314 from (i) 314 = 100 
1 dt dt
 y is minimum at x 
2 dh 314 314
   1
Value of y at x = 0, (0 + 1)1/3 = 11/3 = 1 dt 100  100  3.14
Hence, the depth of the tank changes at 1 cubic
Value of y at x = 1, (0 + 1)1/3 = 11/3 = 1
m/h.
 The maximum value of y is 1.
6. The curve is x = t2 + 3t – 8, y = 2t2 – 2t – 5 ...(i)
4. Let f(x) = x100 + sin x – 1 Put x = 2,
 f (x) = 100 x99 + cos x  (t + 5)(t – 2) = 0
(A) for (–1, 1) i.e., –1 < x < 1, –1 < x99 < 1 Put t = 2 in y = 2t2 – 2t – 5 = 8 – 4 – 5 = –1
At x = 2, y = –1, t = 2
 –100 < 100 x99 < 100
Differentiating (i)
Also 0 < cos x < 1
dx
 f (x) can either be +ve or –ve on (–1, 1) = 2t + 3
dt
 f (x) is neither increasing nor decreasing on dy
= 4t – 2
(–1, 1). dx
 (2731) Math—6
41

dy dy dt 9. We have,
 = 
dx dt dx  x  1, if x  1
f ( x)   | x  1 |  
4t  2   ( x  1), if x  1
=
2t  3 At x = 1
dy 422 LHL = lim f (1  h )
At t = 2, = h0
dx 223
= lim (1  h )  1
6 h0
. =
7 =0
7. The equation of the curve is y2 = 4x RHL = lim f (1  h )
h0
Differentiating w.r.t. x
= lim  (1  h  1)
dy 4 2 h0
  
dx 2 y y =0
2 f(1) = 1 – 1 = 0
Slope of tangent = = m
y  LHL = RHL = f(0)
2  f(x) is continuous everywhere
 y ...(i)
m Now, at x = 1
(x1, y1) lies on y2 = 4x, y12 = 4x1 ...(ii) d
LHD = ( x  1)  1
Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) dx
or y = mx + y1 – mx1 ...(iii) d
RHD = { ( x  1)}  1
y = mx + 1 ...(iv) dx
Comparing (iii) & (iv) LHD  RHD
 f(x) is not differentiable of x = 1.
y1 – mx1 = 1 ...(v)
2 10. We know that, f(x) = cot x is continuous in
from (i) & (ii) m = R – {n : n  Z}
y1
cos x
Since, f(x) = cot x =
y12 sin x
x1 = [Since, sin x = 0
4 at{n, n  Z}]
 Put these values in (v) Hence, f(x) = cot x is discontinuous on the set {x = n : n
y y  Z}.
or y1  1 = 1 = 1
2 2
11. We have,
 y1 = 2
x 1
2 2 f(x) =
 m=  1 x ( x 2  1)
y1 2
 f(x) is discontinuous when x(x2 – 1) = 0
8. The equation of the curve 2y + x2 = 3  x = 0, x = ± 1
Differentiating,  f(x) is discontinuous
dy at x = 0, –1, 1
 = –x
dx i.e., exactly at three points.
dy  1
at (1, 1) = –1 = slope of tangent 12.  f ( x )  x 2 sin   ,
dx  x
1 where x  0
Since slope of normal = 1
Slope of tangent  lim f ( x )  0
x0
 The equation of the normal is Hence, value of the function f at x = 0, so that it is
y – y1 = (slope of normal) (x – x1) continuous at x = 0 is 0.
y – 1 = 1 (x – 1) 13.  f (c) = 0 [ f (x) = 3x2 –3]
or x – y = 0.  3c2 – 3 =0
 42

3 Applying L’Hospital’s Rule,

 c2 = 1
3 8 x ln 8  4 x ln 4
= lim
 c = ±1 x 0 4
where 1  0, 3   =
1 1 8
(ln 8  ln 4) = ln
 c = 1. 4 4 4
1
14. We have, y  log tan x = ln 2.
4
dy 1 1   
 =   sec2 x 18. lim  x tan x  sec x 
dx tan x 2 tan x   2 
x
2
dy sec2 x
 =  
dx 2 tan x  x sin x  2   0 
lim form 
2 = x    cos x   0 

dy
=
 2 =
2
= 1.

2 



dx  2 1 2 By L’Hospital’s Rule,
at x 
4
15.  y = (sin x + y)1/2  x cos x  sin x 
lim   = –1
x
   sin x 
dy 1 d 2
= (sin x  y) 1/ 2 . (sin x  y)
dx 2 dx
19. y = Ae5x + Be–5x
1 1  dy  dy
= . . cos x  
1/ 2   = 5Ae5x – 5Be–5x
2 (sin x  y)  dx  dx
dy 1  dy  d2y
 =  cos x   [ (sinx + y)1/2 = y]  = 25Ae5x + 25Be–5x
dx 2y  dx d2x
cos x = 25y.
dy  1
 1  =
dx  2y 2y 20.
dx
 2 at ,
dy
 2a
dt dt
dy cos x 2 y
 = . dy 2a 1
dx 2y 2y 1 = 
dx 2 at t
cos x
= . d2y 1 dt
2y 1 = 
2 2 dx
dx t
2x
16. Given lim 1 1
x0 x
= 2

Using L’Hospital’s Rule, by differentiating both the t 2at
numerator and denominator with respect to x,
 d2 y 1
2  2 =
lim  2.  dx  x 2 2 a  23
x 0 1

8x  4 x 0  1
= .
17. lim  0 form  16a
x 0 4x  
 43
CHAPTER

6
VECTORS

A vector is an object which has both magnitudes and The vector addition follows two important laws, which
direction. It is usually represented by an arrow which shows are:
the direction () and its length shows the magnitude. The l. Commutative Law: P + Q = Q + P
arrow which indicates the vector has an arrowhead and its
2. Associative Law : P + (Q + R) = (P + Q) + R
opposite end is the tail. It is denoted as  V.
3. P – Q = P + (–Q)
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF VECTORS Dot Product
Magnitude of a Vector The dot product is often called a scalar product. It is
 represented using a dot(.) between two vectors. The dot
The magnitude of a vector PQ is the distance between the product for both the vectors is given by:
initial point P and the end point Q. In symbols the magnitude P.Q. = | P | | Q | cos 
 
of PQ is written as PQ . If P and Q are both in the same direction, i.e.
 = 0°, then

or PQ = ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 P.Q. = | P | | Q |
If P and Q are both orthogonal, i.e.,  = 90°, then
Direction of a Vector P.Q. = 0 [since cos 90° = 0]
The direction of a vector is the measure of the angle it Cross Product
makes with a horizontal line. One of the following formulas
can be used to find the direction of a vector: A cross product is denoted by the multiplication sign(x)
between two vectors. It is a binary vector operation, defined
y
tan  = , where x is the horizontal change in a three-dimensional system.
x
and y is the vertical change It is represented by;
y y P × Q = |P| |Q| sin 
or tan  = x2 1 , where (x1, y1) is the initial
2  x1 Vector Algebra Formulas
point and (x2, y2) is the terminal point.
Apart from the addition, subtraction and multiplication,
VECTOR ALGEBRA there are some other formulas of vectors in algebra. They
are:
Just like in usual algebra, we also perform arithmetic
Let P(x, y, z) be a point. The position vector of P is
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication on  
vectors. However, in the case of multiplication, vectors OP  r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ and the magnitude of this
have two terminologies, such as dot product and cross   2 2 2
product. vector is given by OP  r  x  y  z .

43
 44

Suppose for any vector, r is the magnitude, (l, m, n)  

are the direction cosines and (a, b, c) are the m : n internally is given by nd  mb
mn
direction ratios, then:
In the case of external division, the formula becomes:
l = a/r, m = b/r, n = c/r
 
 mb  nd
Let a be any vector, then the unit vector in the
 mn
 d Matrix representation of the cross product of two
direction of a is given by â =  .
d vectors is given by:
The position vector of a point P dividing a line iˆ ˆj kˆ
segment joining the points A and B whose position  
a  b  a1 b1 c1
  a2 b2 c2
vectors are a and b respectively, in the ratio

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 5. Find a vector in the direction of the vector 5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ

1. Magnitude of the vector a  i j k is:
3 3 3 which has a magnitude of 8 units:
A. 1 B. 1.5 A. 40 ˆ 8 ˆ 16 ˆ
i j k
C. 0.5 D. 3 30 30 30
 40 ˆ 8 ˆ 16 ˆ
2. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector PQ, B. i j k
30 30 30
where P and Q are the points (1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 6),
respectively: 40 ˆ 8 ˆ 16 ˆ
C.  i j k
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 30 30 30
A. i j k B. i j k
3 3 3 3 3 3 40 ˆ 8 ˆ 16 ˆ
D. i j k
30 30 30
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
C.  i j k D. i j k
3 3 3 3 3 3    
6. Find a  b , if a  3iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ and b  2iˆ  2 ˆj  4 kˆ
3. If P1(x1, y1, z1) and P2(x2, y2, z2) are any two points,
then the vector joining P1 and P2 is the vector P1P2. A. 17 2 B. 19 3

Magnitude of the vector P1 P2 is: C. 8 3 D. 19 5
  
7. If a, b and c are any three vectors then the correct
A. (x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2  ( z2  z1 )2
expression for distributivity of scalar product over
B. (x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2  ( z2  z1 )2 addition is:
      
 
A. a  b  c  a  b  a  c
C. (x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2  ( z2  z1 )2       
 
B. a  b  c  a  b  a  c
D. (x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2  ( z2  z1 )2       
 
C. a  b  c  a  b  a  c
4. Find the scalar and vector components of the vector       
with initial point (2, 1) and terminal point (–5, 7).  
D. a  b  c  a  b  a  c

A. 7 and 6; 7iˆ and  6 ˆj 8. Find the direction cosines of the vector iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ
B. 7 and 6;  7iˆ and 6 ˆj 1 2 3 1 2 3
A. , , B.  , ,
C. 7 and 6; 7iˆ and 6 ˆj 14 14 14 14 14 14
1 2 3 1 2 3
D. 7 and  6;  7iˆ and  6 ˆj C. , , D. , ,
14 14 14 14 14 14
 45

   
9. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of a  b C. D.
    5 4
and a  b , where a  3iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ and b  iˆ  2 ˆj  2 kˆ
15. If a unit vector a makes angles
 
2 2 with iˆ, with ˆj
2
A.  iˆ 
2ˆ 1ˆ
j k B.  iˆ  ˆj  1 kˆ 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
and an acute angle  with kˆ, then the components of
2 2ˆ 1ˆ 2 2 ˆj  1 kˆ 
C.  iˆ  j k D.  iˆ  a are:
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
 A. , , B. , ,
10. Find the sum of the vectors a  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ, 2 2 3 3 2 2
  1 1 1 1 1 1
b  2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ and c  iˆ  6 ˆj  7kˆ C. , , D. , ,
3 3 2 2 2 2
A. 4 ˆj  kˆ B. iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ
16. If a and b are two vectors such that a.b = 0 and
C. iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ D. iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ a × b = 0, which one of the following is correct?
11. Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the A. a is parallel to b
points A(1, 2, –3) and B(–1, –2, 1), directed from A B. a is perpendicular to b
to B. C. Either a or b is a null vector
D. None of the above
1 2 2 1 2 2
A. , , B.  , , 17. If the vectors –i – 2xj – 3yk and i – 3xj – 2yk are
3 3 3 3 3 3
orthogonal to each other, what is the locus of the
1 2 2 1 2 2
C.  ,  , D.  ,  ,  point (x, y)?
3 3 3 3 3 3 A. A straight line B. An ellipse
  C. A parabola D. A circle
12. If a unit vector a makes angles with iˆ with ˆj
3 4 18. If c is the unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors
ˆ
and an acute angle  with k , then find  a and b, what is another unit vector perpendicular to
both the vectors a and b?
 
A. B. A. c × a B. c × b
10 5
( a  b) ( a  b)
  C.  D.
C. 2 D. ab ab
3 3
19. For what value of m are the points with position vectors
13. Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an 10i + 3j, 12i – 5j and mi + 11j collinear?
angle of 30° with the positive direction of x-axis. A. – 8 B. 4
3ˆ 1ˆ 3ˆ 1ˆ C. 8 D. 12
A.  i j B. i j
2 2 2 2 20. Magnitude of the vector
 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 1ˆ
3ˆ 1ˆ 3ˆ 1ˆ k i j k
C. i j D.  i j 6 6 6
2 2 2 2

14. Find the angle between two vectors a and b with A. B.
2
 6
magnitudes 3 and 2, respectively, having a  b  6
3

  6
A. B. C. D. None of these
3 2 2

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D D B B C C C B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C D C D D C D C C C
 46

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
1. a = i j k , then iˆ ˆj kˆ
3 3 3   3 1 2 = 8iˆ  8 ˆj  8kˆ
6. ab =
 2 2 2 2 2 4
a =  1   1   1 
       
3 3 3  
 ab = 82  ( 8) 2  ( 82 ) = 8 3

=
1 1 1
    
7. If a, b and c are any three vectors then the correct
3 3 3
expression for distributivity of scalar product over
3       
=
3
1  
addition is a  b  c  a  b  a  c

 
2. PQ = 3iˆ  3 ˆj  3kˆ
8. Let a = iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ, Then,
 
a iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ
3iˆ  3 ˆj  3kˆ
 = PQ
PQ   â =   2
a 1  22  32
PQ 32  3 2  3 2
i  2 ˆj  3kˆ
=
3iˆ  3 ˆj  3kˆ 14
=
27 Therefore, the D.C.’s of vector a are:

3(iˆ  ˆj  kˆ ) 1 2 3
= , , .
3 3 14 14 14
9. It is given that:
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 
= i j k 
3 3 3 a = 3iˆ  2 ˆj  2 kˆ and b  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
   
3. If P1(x1, y1, z1) and P2(x2, y2, z2) are any two points,  a  b = 4iˆ  4 ˆj and a  b = 2iˆ  4 kˆ
then the vector joining P1 and P2 is the vector P1P2,
iˆ ˆj kˆ
then;    
  (a  b )  (a  b ) = 4 4 0
P1 P2 = (x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2  ( z2  z1 )2 2 0 4
4. The scalar and vector components of the vector with = 16iˆ  16 ˆj  8kˆ
initial point (2, 1) and terminal point (–5, 7) is given
by: (–5 –2) i.e., –7 and (7 – 1) i.e. 6. Therefore, the    
 (a  b )  (a  b ) = 576  24
scalar components are –7 and 6, and vector components
Therefore, the unit vector perpendicular to both the
are – 7iˆ and 6ˆj .    
vectors (a  b ) and ( a  b ) is given by:

5. Let a = 5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ (16iˆ  16 ˆj  8kˆ)
 = 
a 24
then, 8aˆ = 8   1 ˆ
a =  (2i  2 ˆj  kˆ)
3
5iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ 10. We have,
= 8
52  ( 1) 2  2 2  
vectors a = iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ, b  2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ
8(5iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ ) 
= and c = iˆ  6 ˆj  7kˆ
30 
 a  b  c = iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ  ( 2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ)  iˆ  6 ˆj  7kˆ
40 ˆ 8 ˆ 16 ˆ   
= i j k  abc = 0iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ
30 30 30
 47

    
11. We have: AB = 2iˆ  4 ˆj  4 kˆ 14. a = 3, b  2, a  b  6,
  
AB  
then,  =   a  b = a  b cos 
AB
AB
= 2 3 cos
2iˆ  4 ˆj  4 kˆ 1 
=  cos  =   =
( 2) 2  ( 4)2  4 2 2 4

2iˆ  4 ˆj  4 kˆ 15. Let a = a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ, it is given that left | a | = 1,
=
36 then
2iˆ 4 ˆj 4 kˆ  a 12 + a 22 + a 32 = 1 ...(i)
=  
6 6 6  ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
 a  iˆ = (a1i  a2 j  a3 k )  i
1 ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ
=
i  j k   1
3 3 3  | a | | iˆ | cos = a1  a1 =
3 2
Therefore, the D.C.’s of vector AB are given by:  ˆ
 a  j = (a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ)  ˆj
1 2 2
 ,  ,
3 3 3   1
 | a | | ˆj | cos = a2  a2 =
 ˆ 4 2
12. Let, a = a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 k ,
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
It is given that
 a  kˆ = (a1i  a2 ˆj  a3 k )  k
 
a =1  | a | | kˆ | cos  = a3  a3 = cos 
then, Putting these values in (i), we get
 a12 + a22 + a32
=1 ...(i) 1 1
  cos2  = 1
  ˆ = (a iˆ  a ˆj  a kˆ)  iˆ 4 2
a i 1 2 3
3 3
   = 1 – cos2   sin2  =
 | a | | iˆ | cos = a1  a1 = 1 4 4
3 2
 ˆ 3
 a  j = (a1i  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ)  ˆj
ˆ  sin  =   = 60°
2
  1
| a | | ˆj | cos = a2  a2 = 1
4 2  a3 = cos 60° =
2
  ˆ = (a iˆ  a ˆj  a kˆ)  kˆ
ak 1 2 3  1 1 ˆ 1ˆ
  a = iˆ  j k
 | a | | kˆ | cos  = a3  a3 = cos  2 2 2
Putting these values in (1), we get 16. If a.b = 0  a  b
1 1 and a × b = 0  a || b
  cos2  = 1
4 2 But both conditions can’t exist simultaneously. The
one possible way for both conditions to exist
3 3
 = 1 – cos2   sin2  = simultaneously is that either of a and b is a null
4 4 vector.
3
 sin  =   = 60° 17. Let a =  iˆ  2 xjˆ  3 ykˆ
2
 and b = iˆ  3 xjˆ  2 ykˆ
13. Let r = xiˆ  yjˆ be a unit vector in XY plane
The both the vectors are orthogonal to each other,
x=
3 1
;y ,  r  1 then
2 2 a.b = 0
 3ˆ 1ˆ  ( iˆ  2 xjˆ  3 ykˆ)  (iˆ  3 xjˆ  2 ykˆ) = 0
 r = i  j is the required vector.
2 2  –1 + 6x2 + 6y2 = 0
 48

 6x2 + 6y2 = 1
and OC = miˆ  11 ˆj
1 Since, A, B and C are collinear.
 x2 + y2 =
6 We have, AB = BC
Which is the equation of a circle.
 (OB – OA) = (OC – OB)
18. If c is perpendicular to both vectors a and b, then
c= a× b  
(2iˆ  8 ˆj ) =  (m  12)iˆ  16 ˆj 
But c is the unit vector. On comparing the coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and kˆ we get
(m – 12) = 2 ...(i)
(a × b) and 16 = – 8
|a × b|
1
 = 
O 2
(a × b) a From Eq. (i),
–
|a × b| 1
b  (m  12) = 2
2
 m – 12 = – 4
ab  m= 8
Then, c = in the vertical upper direction and
ab 20. Magnitude of vector
the other perpendicular unit vector c on both vectors
2 2 2
a and b is:   2   2   1 
k =      
( a  b) 6  6  6
c= 
ab
4 4 1
which is vertically below direction. =  
6 6 6
19. Let OA = 10 iˆ  3 ˆj
9 3 6
=  
OB = 12iˆ  5 ˆj 6 2 2
 49
CHAPTER

7
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Direction Cosines: Let    be the angles which a Direction Ratios of the Line Joining two Points: Let
directed line makes with the positive directions of the axes A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) be two points, then d.r.'s of AB
of x, y and z respectively then cos , cos , cos  are called
1
the direction cosines of the line. are x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1, and d.c.'s of AB are (x – x1),
The direction cosines are usually denoted by < l, m, n >. r 2
Then l = cos , m = cos , n = cos . 1 1
Direction Ratios: Let a, b, c be proportional to the (y2 – y1), (z2 – z1) where r = [(x2 – x1)2].
r r
d.c.'s l, m, n, then a, b, c are called the direction ratios.
Projection of a Line on Another Line: Let PQ be a line
Position of a Point in Terms of Radius Vector and
segment with P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) and let L be a
d.c.'s: Let P(x, y, z) be any point and OP = r. Then cos
straight line whose d.c.'s are l, m, n. Note that l, m, n are d.c.'s
 = x/r, cos  = y/r, cos  = z/r. Then x, y, z are direction
of line L, not d.r.'s. Then the length of projection of PQ on
ratios of OP and coordinates of P are (r cos , r cos ,
the line L is
r cos ), i.e., (lr, mr, nr).
Projection = l(x2 – x1) + m(y2 – y1) + n(z2 – z1).
Relation Between Direction Cosines:
Angle Between Two Lines: Let  be the angle between
OP2 = [x2 + y2 + z2] the lines with d.c.'s l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2, then
 r2 = r2 (cos2  + cos2  + cos2 ) cos  = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2.
= r2 (l2 + m2 + n2) Also sin2  = (l1m1)2
 l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 Perpendicularity and Parallelism: Let the two lines
have their d.c.'s given by l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 respectively
D.R.’s and D.C.'s: Let a, b, c be d.r.'s and l, m, n the
then they are perpendicular if  = 90° i.e., cos  = 0
d.c.'s of a line, then
if l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
a b c Also the two lines are parallel if  = 90°, i.e., sin  = 0.
  = r (say)
l m n
l1 m1 n1
 a2 + b2 + c2 = r2 (l2 + m2 + n2) = r2 i.e.,  
 r = [a2 + b2 + c2] l2 m2 n2
 Direction cosines l, m, n are given by Example 1:
a b c What is the angle between the lines whose direction
l= ,m= , n = , where r = [(a2 + b2 + c2)]
r r r cosines are proportional to (2, 3, 4) and (1, –2, 1),
D.C.'s of Axes: Since the positive x-axes makes angle respectively?
0°, 90° with axes of x, y and z respectively,  d.c.'s of x- A. 90° B. 60°
axes are 1, 0, 0. Similarly, for y and z-axes. C. 45° D. 30°
 D.C.'s of x-axis are 1, 0, 0 Solution: (A) l1 = 2, l2 = 1, m1 = 3, m2 = – 2, n1 = 4, n2
D.C.'s of y-axis are 0, 1, 0 =1
D.C.'s of z-axis are 0, 0, 1 We know that,

49 (2731) Math—7
 (2731) Math—7-II
50

cos = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 where + sign is to be taken if d > 0

cos = 2 × 1 + 3 × (–2) + 4 × 1 and – sign is to be taken if d < 0.
cos  = 0 Equation of a Plane Through Three Points: The
 equation of the plane through three non-collinear points
or   = or 90°. (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2), (x3, y3, z3) is
2
The Plane: A geometrical locus is a plane if it is such x y z 1
that if P and Q are any two points on the locus, then every x1 y1 z1 1
point on the line PQ is also a point on the locus. =0
x2 y2 z2 1
Equation of a Plane: The equation of every plane is of
x3 y3 z3 1
the first degree, i.e., of the form ax + by + cz + d = 0, in which
a, b, c are constants, where a2 + b2 + c2  0 (i.e., a, b, Angle Between Two Planes: Consider two planes
c  0 simultaneously). ax + by + cz + d = 0 and a'x + b'y + c'z + d' = 0.
Planes Parallel to the Coordinate Planes: Angle between these planes is the angle between their
(a) Equation of y-z plane is x = 0 normals. Since direction ratios of their normals are a, b,
(b) Equation of z-x plane is y = 0 c and a', b', c' respectively and , the angle between them is
(c) Equation of x-y plane is z = 0 given by
(d) Equation of the plane parallel to x-y plane at a aa' bb' cc'
distance c(if c > 0, towards positive z-axis) is cos  =
z = c. Similarly, planes parallel to y-z plane and (a  b  c 2 ) (a' 2  b' 2  c' 2 )
2 2

z-x plane are x = c and y = c respectively.

 Planes are perpendicular if aa' + bb' + cc' = 0
Equation of Planes Parallel to the Axes: If a = 0, the and they are parallel if a/a' = b/b' = c/c'.
plane is parallel to x-axis, i.e., equation of the plane parallel Planes Parallel to a given Plane: Equation of a
to x-axis is plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
by + cz + d = 0 ax + by + cz + d' = 0.
Similarly, equations of planes  to y-axis and  to d' is to be found by other given condition.
z-axis are ax + cz + d = 0 and ax + by + d = 0, respectively.
Example 2:
Equation of Plane Through Origin:
Equation of plane passing through origin is ax + by + What is the accute angle between the planes
cz = 0. x + y + 2z = 3 and –2x + y – z = 11?
 
Equation of a Plane Through a given Point: Let the A. B.
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 passes through the point 5 4
 
(x1, y1, z1), then ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0. C. D.
6 3
 Subtracting, we get a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1)
= 0 which is the required equation. Solution: (D) We are given that the equation of planes are
Equation of a Plane in Intercept Form: Equation of x + y + 2z = 0 and –2x + y – z = 11.
the plane which cuts off intercepts a, b, c from the axes is We know that the angle between two planes
x y z a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2
  = 1.
a b c = 0 is given by,
Equation of a Plane in Normal Form: If the length of
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
the perpendicular distance of the plane from the origin is p cos  
and direction cosines of this perpendicular are (l, m, n), then a  b12  c12 a22  b22  c 2
2
1

the equation of the plane is lx + my + nz = p. Here,

Transformation of the Equation of a Plane to the a1 = 1, b 1 = 1, c 1 = 2, a 2 = –2, b 2 = 1 and
Normal Form: To reduce any equation to the normal form, c2 = –1
first write the constant term on the right-hand side and make Therefore,
it positive, then divide each term by (a2 + b2 + c2), where 1   2   1  1  2   1
a, b, c are coefficients of x, y and z respectively. cos  
11 4 4 11
ax by
e.g., +
2 2 2 3
 (a  b  c )  (a  b 2  c 2 )
2
cos =
6 6
cz d
+ = 3
2 2 2
 (a  b  c )  (a  b 2  c 2 )
2
cos =
6
 51

Straight Lines: A straight line in space is characterised

1
cos  = by the intersection of two planes which are not parallel and
2 therefore, the equation of a straight line is present as a
 solution of the system constituted by the equation of the
or   = .
3 two planes:
A Plane Through the Line of Intersection of Two a 1x + b 1y + c1z + d 1 = 0
given Planes: Consider two planes a 2x + b 2y + c2z + d 2 = 0
This form is also known as unsymmetrical form.
u = ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
Some particular straight lines:
v = a'x + b'y + c'z + d' = 0. Straight Lines Equation
The equation u + v = 0,  a real parameter, represents (i) Through the origin y = mx, z = nx
the plane passing through the line of intersection of given (ii) x-axis y = 0, z = 0
planes and if planes are parallel, this represents a plane (iii) y-axis x = 0, z = 0
parallel to them. (iv) z-axis x = 0, y = 0
Bisectors of Angles Between Two Planes: Let the (v)  to x-axis y = p, z = q
equations of the two planes be (vi)  to y-axis x = h, z = q
ax + by + cz + d = 0 and a1x + b1y + c1z + d = 0. (vii)  to z-axis x = h, y = p
Then equations of bisectors of angles between them are Equation of a Straight Line in Symmetrical Form:
given by (a) One point form: Let A(x1, y1, z1) be a given point
on the straight line and l, m, n the d.c.'s of the
ax  by  cz  d a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 line, then its equation is
=±
(a 2  b 2  c 2 ) (a12  b12  c12 ) x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Area of a Triangle: Let A(x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2), C(x3, = = = r (say)
l m n
y3, z3) be the vertices of a triangles ABC and l, m, n be the It should be noted that P (x 1 + lr, y 1 + mr,
d.c.'s of the normal. z1 + nr) is a general point on this line at a distance
Let x = projection of  ABC on y-z plane x = .l. r from the point A(x1, y1, z1), i.e., AP = r. One
Similarly, should note that for AP = r, l, m, n must be d.c.'s
y = projection of  ABC on z-x plane .m not d.r.'s. If a, b, c are direction ratios of the line,
then equation of the line is
z = projection of  ABC on x-y plane .n
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 x2 + y2 + 22 = 2 (l2 + m2 + n2) = 2.   = r, but here AP  r.
l m n
  = x2 + y2 + z2. (b) Equation of the line through two points
Also it is obvious that A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) is
y1 z1 1 z1 x1 1 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
1 y2 z 2 1 1 z2 x2 1   .
x = , y = x 2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
2 y z 1 2 z x 1
3 3 3 3 Example 3:
x1 y1 1 The line passing through (1, 2, 3) and having direction
1 x2 y2 1 ratios given by <1, 2, 3> cuts the x-axis at a distance
and x =
2 x y3 1 k from origin. What is the value of k?
3
A. 0 B. 1
Volume of a Tetrahedron: Volume of the tetrahedron
with vertices A(x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2), C(x3, y3, z3) and C. 2 D. 3
D(x4, y4, z4) is given by Solution: (A) The equation of line which passes through
x1 y1 z1 1 (1, 2, 3) having direction ratios <1, 2, 3> is given
x 2 y2 z 2 1 by,
1
V= x y3 z 3 1 x 1 y  2 z  3
6 3    a (say)
x 4 y4 z 4 1 1 2 3
If ax2 + by2 + cz2 +2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 represents or x – 1 = a
a pair of planes, then the angle between the planes is given y – 2 = 2a, z – 3 = 3a
by y = 2a + 2 and z = 3a + 3
At x axis, y = 0 and z = 0
2 f 2  g 2  h 2  ab  bc  ca Therefore,
tan  =
abc 2a + 2 = 0 and 3a + 3 = 0
 52

a = – 1 and a = – 1
   '   '    '
Hence, x = (–1) + 1 = 0.
= l m n ÷ { ( mn' m ' n) 2 }
Angle Between a Line and a Plane: Let equations of
the line and plane be l' m' n'
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 Equation to the plane containing line (1) and the shortest
  ,
l m n distance is
and ax + by + cz + d = 0 respectively and  be the
x y z  
angle which line makes with the plane. Then (/2 – ) is the
angle between the line and the normal to the plane. So, l m n =0 ...(3)
al  bm  cn   
sin  =
(a 2  b 2  c 2 ) (l 2  m 2  n 2 ) Equation to the plane containing the line (2) and the shortest
Line is parallel to plane if  = 0 distance is
i.e., if al + bm + cn = 0 x   ' y  ' z   '
Line is –| to the plane if line is parallel to the normal l' m' n' = 0 ...(4)
a b c   
of the plane, i.e., if   .
l m n
Equation (3) and (4) will represent the shortest distance
Condition in Order that the Line may Lie on the
between the given lines (1) and (2).
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 2nd method (Foot method): A point on (1) is
given Plane: The line   will lie on
l m n P(lr + , mr + , nr + ) and a point on (2) is
the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 if Q(l's + ', m's + ', n's + ')
(a) Al + Bm + Cn = 0 and If P and Q are the points of intersections of shortest
(b) Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D = 0 distance with the given line, then PQ is perpendicular to
Shortest Distance Between Two Skew Straight Lines: both the lines. If v be the d.r.'s of shortest distance, then
Shortest distance between two skew lines is perpendicular
 = lr +  – l's – ', µ = mr +  – m's – ' and
to both.
 = nr +  – n's – '
Magnitude and Equation to the Shortest Distance:
 l – m + n = 0 and l' – m' + n' = 0.
Ist method (Projection method): Suppose the equation
of the lines are Solving these equations, we can find r and s and then
x  y z   P and Q.
  ...(1) Now, we can find S.D. which is PQ, its equation is the
l m n
equation through P and Q.
x   ' y  ' z   '
and   ...(2) 3rd method (Vector method): Since l, m, n and l', m',
l' m' n' n' are d.c.'s of the lines, unit vectors in their direction are
Let , µ,  be d.c.'s of the shortest distance. Since
shortest distance is perpendicular to each of the given lines, e = l i + m j + n k and = e ' = l'i + m'j + n'k.
therefore l + mµ + n = 0; and l' + m'µ + n' = 0.
Let RS be the S.D., then is  to both.
Now solving these, we get

   1 PQ.(e  e ' )
  = So, RS = projection of PQ on RS = .
mn' m' n nl' n' l lm' l' m (mn' m' n) 2 e  e '
mn' m' n nl' n' l Sphere: A sphere is the locus of a point which remains
 = ,µ= , at a constant disance from a fixed point. The constant
2 2
 (mn' m' n)  (mn' m' n) distance is called the radius and the fixed point, the centre
lm' l' m of the sphere.
= Equation of a Sphere: Let (a, b, c) be the centre and
 (mn' m' n) 2
r be the radius of a given sphere. Then the equation of the
P() is a point on line (1) and Q(''') is a point sphere is
on line (2). Shortest distance will be the projection of the
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + (z – c)2 = r2.
line PQ, joining these points on the line whose d.c.'s are 
µ . General Equation of a Sphere: The equation
 Shortest distance = (– ') + ( – ')µ + (– ') x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wx + d = 0
represents a sphere with centre at (–u, –v, –w) and radius
(  ')(mn'm' n)  (  ')(nl'n' l)  (   ')(lm'l' m)
= (u2 + v2 + w2 – d)
n(mn'm' n) s 2
if u2 + v2 + w2 – d > 0.
 53

Sphere with a given Diameter: The equation of the

sphere described on the segment joining points A(x1, y1, z1) x 2  y2  z 2 x y z 1
2 2 2
and B(x2, y2, z2) as a diameter is x y z
1 1 1 x1 y1 z1 1
2 2 2
(x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y – y2) + (z – z1)(z – z2) = 0 x y z
2 2 2 x2 y2 z2 1 =0
Equation of Sphere Through Four Points: Equation 2
x y z
3
2
3
2
3 x3 y3 z3 1
of the sphere passing through four non-coplanar points 2 2 2
x y z
4 4 4 x4 y4 z4 1
(x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2), (x3, y3, z3) and (x4, y4, z4) is

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The ratio in which the line joining (2, 4, 5), (3, 5, –4) 9. Direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular to
is divided by the Y-Z plane is the lines whose direction ratios are 1, – 1, 2 and
A. 2 : 3 B. 3 : 2 2, 1, – 1, are given by
C. –2 : 3 D. 4 : –3 A. [– 1/(35), 5/(35), 3/(35)]
B. [– 1/(35), – 5/(35), 3/(35)]
2. A straight line which makes an angle of 60° with each C. [1/(35), 5/(35), – 3/(35)]
of y and z axes, is inclined with x-axis at an angle D. None of these
A. 45° B. 30°
C. 75° D. 60° 10. The angle between pair of lines whose direction ratios
are 1, 1, 2 and 3 – 1, – 3 – 1, 4 is
3. The projection of line joining (3, 4, 5) and (4, 6, 3) on A. 30° B. 45°
the line joining (–1, 2, 4) and (1, 0, 5) is C. 60° D. 90°
A. 4/3 B. 2/3
11. If centroid of the tetrahedron OABC, where A, B and
C. 8/3 D. 1/3
C are given by (a, 1, 2), (2, b, 1) and (3, 2, c)
4. The coordinates of a point P are (3, 12, 4) with respect respectively, be (1, 2, 3), then distance of P(a, b, c)
to the origin O. Then the direction cosines of OP are from origin is equal to
A. 3, 12, 4 A. (107) B. (14)
B. 1/4, 1/3, 1/2 C. (107/4) D. None of these
C. 3/(13), 1/(13), 2/(13) 12. The three lines drawn from O with direction ratios
D. 3/13, 12/13, 4/13 [1, – 1, k], [2, – 3, 0] and [1, 0, 3] are coplanar. Then
5. The graph of the equation y 2 + z2 = 0 in three k=?
dimensional space is A. 1 B. 0
A. x-axis B. y-axis C. no such k exists D. None of these
C. z-axis D. yz-plane
13. The foot of the perpendicular from (0, 2, 3) to the line
6. A line makes angles  with the four diagonals
x  3 y 1 z  4
of a cube, then   is
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  + cos2  has the value 5 2 3
A. 0 B. 2 A. (–2, 3, 4) B. (2, – 1, 3)
C. 4/3 D. 5/3 C. (2, 3, – 1) D. (3, 2, – 1)
7. The straight lines whose direction cosines are given 14. The equation of the plane passing through the point
by al + bm + cn = 0, fmn + gnl + hlm = 0 are (– 2, – 2, 2) and containing the line joining the points
perpendicular if (1, 1, 1) and (1, – 1, 2) is
f g h A. x + 2y – 3z + 4 = 0
A.   = 0 B. 3x – 4y + 1 = 0
a b c
B. (a/f) + (b/g) + (c/h) = 0 C. 5x – 2y – 3z – 17 = 0
C. (af) = (bg) = (ch) D. x – 3y – 6z + 8 = 0
D. (a/f) = (b/g) = (c/h) 15. If the plane x – 2y + 3z = 0 is rotated through a right
8. A line segment (vector) has length 21 and direction angle about its line of intersection with the plane
ratios (2, –3, 6). If the line makes an obtuse angle with 2x + 3y – 4z – 5 = 0, then the equation of plane in
x-axis, the components of the line (vector) are its new position is
A. 6, – 9, 18 B. 2, – 3, 6 A. 28x – 17y + 9z = 0
C. – 18, 27, – 54 D. – 6, 9, – 18 B. 22x + 5y – 4z – 35 = 0
 54

C. 25x + 17y + 52z – 25 = 0 x2 y3 z4

D. x + 35y – 10z – 70 = 0 24. The line   is parallel to the plane
3 4 5
16. If from a point P(a, b, c) perpendiculars PA,PB are A. 2x + y – 2z = 0
drawn to YZ and ZX planes, then the equation of the B. 3x + 4y – 5z = 7
plane OAB is C. x+y+z=2
A. bcx + cay + abz = 0 D. 2x + 3y + 4z = 0
B. bcx + cay – abz = 0 25. If the line x = ay + b, z = cy + d and the line
C. bcx – cay + abz = 0 x = a'y + b', z = c/y + d' are perpendicular, then
D. – bcx + cay + abz = 0 A. aa' + bb' = 1 B. aa' + cc' = – 1
17. A plane meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C and C. aa' + bb' = 0 D. None of these
(  ) is the centroid of the  ABC. Then the 26. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from
equation of the plane is the point (1, 3, 4) upon the plane 2x – y + z = 0 are
A. x/ + y/ + z/ = 3 A. (1, 1, – 4) B. (4, – 3, 1)
B. x/ + y/ + z/ = 1 C. (1, – 3, 4) D. (– 1, 4, 3)
C. 3x/ + 3y/ + 3z/ = 1
D. x + y + z = 1 27. The angle between the lines x = 1, y = 2 and y = – 1
and z = 0 is
18. Equation of the plane perpendicular to the plane A. 90° B. 30°
x – 2y + 5z + 1 = 0 which passes through the points C. 60° D. 0°
(2, – 3, 1) and (– 1, 1, – 7) is given by
28. P is a fixed point (a, a, a) on a line through the origin
A. 4x – 4y + z + 7 = 0
equally inclined to the axes, then any plane through
B. 4x + 7y + 2z + 11 = 0
P –| to OP, makes intercepts on the axes, the sum of
C. 2x + y – z = 0
whose reciprocals is equal to
D. None of these
A. a B. 3/2a
19. The volume of the terahedron included between the C. 3a/2 D. None of these
plane 2x – 3y + 4z – 12 = 0 and the three coordinate
planes is 29. The equations of the projection of the line
A. 3(29) B. 6(29) x 1 y  2 z  3
 
C. 12 D. None of these 2 1 3
20. Equation of the plane through P(2, 3 –1) at right on the plane x + y + z – 1 = 0 are
angle to OP is A. x + y + z – 1 = 0 = 2x – y – z + 3
A. 2x + 3y – z = 14 B. 2x + 3y – z = (14) B. x + y – z – 1 = 0 = x + 2y – z – 3
C. 2x + y – z = 14 D. None of these C. 2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 = x + y + z + 1
D. x + 2y – 3z = 0 = x + y + z – 1
21. Equation of the plane that passes through the point
(2, –3, 1) and is perpendicular to the line joining the 30. A straight line passes through the point (2, – 1, – 1).
points (3, 4, – 1) and (2, – 1, 5) is given by It is parallel to the plane 4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and is
perpendicular to the line x/1 = y/(–2) = (z – 5)/1. The
A. x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0 B. x – 5y + 6z – 23
equation of the straight line are
=0
A. (x – 2)/4 = (y + 1)/1 = (z + 1)/1
C. x + 5y – 6z = 19 D. None of these
B. (x + 2)/4 = (y – 1)/1 = (z – 1)/3
22. The coordinates of the point of intersection of the line C. (x – 2)/(– 1) = (y + 1)/1 = (z + 1)/3
x 1 y  3 z  2 D. (x + 2)/(– 1) = (y – 1)/1 = (z – 1)/3
  with the plane 3x + 4y + 5z = 5
1 3 2 31. The distance of the point (3, 8, 2) from the line
are
A. (5, 15, – 14) B. (3, 4, 5) x 1 y  3 z  2
  measured parallel to the plane
C. (1, 3, – 2) D. (3, 12, – 10) 2 4 3
3x + 2y – 2z + 5 = 0 is
23. The direction cosines of two lines at right angles are A. 2 B. 3
l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2. C. 5 D. None of these
Then the d.c.'s of a line –| to both the given lines are
32. The angle between the lines in which the planes
A. m1n2 – m2n1, n1l2 – n2l1, l1m2 – l2m1 3x – 7y – 5z = 1, 5x – 13y + 3z + 2 = 0 cut the plane
B. l1 + l2, m1 + m2, n1 + n2 8x – 11y + 2z = 0 is
C. l1 – l2, m1 – m2, n1 – n2 A. /3 B. 
D. None of these C. /2 D. 2/3
 55

33. The shortest distance between the lines A. x2 + y2 + z2 = 4k2

x 1 y  2 z  3 x2 y4 z5 B. x 2 + y 2 + z2 = k 2
  and   is C. 2(x2 + y2 + z2) = k2
2 3 4 3 4 5
D. None of these
A. 1/6 B. 1/6
C. (1/3) D. 1/3 37. The equation of the sphere with centre at (2, 3, – 4)
34. The image of the point (1, 3, 4) w.r.t. the plane and touching the plane
2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is 2x + 6y – 3z + 15 = 0 is
A. (– 1, 4, 3) B. (– 3, 5, 2) A. x2 + y2 + z2 – 4x – 6y + 8z – 20 = 0
C. (1, 3, 4) D. None of these B. x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x – 6y – 8z – 20 = 0
C. x2 + y2 + z2 – 4x – 6y + 8z + 20 = 0
35. A plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c). The D. None of these
locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn to it from
38. A sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 is cut by the plane x + y +
the origin is
z = 3. The radius of the circle so formed is
A. x2 + y2 + z2 + ax + by + cz = 0
A. 6 B. 3
B. x2 + y2 + z2 – ax – by – cz = 0
C. 3 D. 6
C. x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ax + 2by + 2cz = 0
D. x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ax – 2by – 2cz = 0 39. The plane 2x – 2y + z + 12 = 0 touches the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 – 2x – 4y + 2z – 3 = 0 at the point
36. A sphere of constant radius 2k passes through the
A. (1, – 4, – 2) B. (– 1, 4, – 2)
origin and meets the axis in A, B, C. The locus of the
C. (– 1, – 4, 2) D. (1, 4, – 2)
centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C A A D A C A D A C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D A C D B B A B C A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A C A A B D A D A C
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
D C B B B B A A B

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
1. Let the required ratio be  : 1.  x = lr, y = mr, z = nr
Then the point is  l = x/r, n = y/r, n = z/r,
3  2 5  4 4   5 i.e., l = 3/13, m = 12/13, n = 4/13.
, , 2 2
 1  1  5. y + z = 0  y = 0, z = 0.
It lies on YZ plane, so its x-coordinate = 0 In three dimensional space, y = 0, z = 0 represents x-
i.e.,  = –2/3  Ratio is – 2: 3 z plane, x-y plane respectively whose intersection is x-
i.e., – 2 : 3 externally. axis.
2. Let  be the angle. Then the d.c.'s of the line are cos 6.
, 1/2, 1/2.
 cos2  + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1, i.e., cos2  = 1/2 or  = 45°.
3. Direction ratios of the line joining (– 1, 2, 4) and
(1, 0, 5) are 2, – 2, 1 so its d.c.'s are 2/3, – 2/3, 1/3.
 Length of projection of the line segment joining
points (3, 4, 5) and (4, 6, 3)
= (1/3)[(4 – 3)2 + (6 – 4)(– 2) + (– 2)(1)]
= (1/3)[2 – 4 – 2] = 4/3.
4. OP = (32 + 122 + 42) = 13 = r (say)
Let d.c.'s of OP be l, m, n
 56

The four diagonals of the cube are OG, AE, BF and l1l2 mm nn
DC.   1 2 = 1 2 = q (say)
f /a g/b h/c
The direction ratios of these diagonals are as follows:
d.r.'s of OG are a – 0, a – 0, a – 0, i.e., a, a, a We know that the lines are perpendicular if
d.r.'s of AE are 0 – a, a – 0, a – 0, i.e., – a, a, a l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0,
d.r.'s of BF are a – 0, 0 – a, a – 0, i.e., a, – a, a i.e., if (f/a)q + (g/b)q + (h/c)q = 0,
d.r.'s of DC are 0 – a, 0 – a, a – 0, i.e., – a, – a, a i.e., if f/a + g/b + h/c = 0.
Let d.r.'s of the given line be x, y, z.
8. Let components of the vector (line segment) be a, b,
Let given line makes angles  with the diagonals
c.
OG, AE, BF and DC respectively.
Then a2 + b2 + c2 = 212 = 441
xa  ya  za
Then cos  = a b c
  =  (say)
a  a  a2 x 2  y 2  z 2
2 2
2 3 6
xa  ya  za x yz and a< 0
= =  2 [4 + 9 + 36] = 441  2 = 9
2 2 2 2
3a x  y  z 3 x 2  y2  z 2
Since a = 2 < 0,  = – 3
( x  y  z)2  Components are – 6, 9, – 18.
 cos2  = 9. If l, m, n are the d.c.'s of the line which is perpendicular
3( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
Similarly, to the given lines, then
( x  y  z ) 2 1.l – 1.m + 2.n = 0
cos2  = and 2.l + 1.m – 1.n = 0
3( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
l m n
( x  y  z)2   
cos2  = 1 2 4  1 1 2
3( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
l m n (l 2  m2  n2 ) 1
( x  y  z ) 2 i.e.,    =
cos2  = 1 5 3 (1  25  9) 35
3( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
 l = – 1/(35), m = 5/(35), n = 3/(35).
Thus cos2  + cos2  + cos2  + cos2 
10. D.c.'s of the line are 1/6, 1/6, 2/6 and (3 – 1)/26,
1
= [(x + y + z)2 + (– x + y + z)2 (–3 – 1)26, 4/26
3( x  y 2  z 2 )
2
 (12 + 12 + 22) = 6
+ (x – y + z)2 + (– x – y + z)2]
and [(3 – 1)2 + (–3 – 1)2 + 42] = (24) = 26.
= 4/3.
7. From the first relation If  is the angle between the lines then
cos  = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
al  bm
n= – 11 3 1 1  3 1 2 4 1
c =    +  =
Putting it in second relation 6 2 6
16 6 2 6 6 2 6 2
FG  al  bm IJ FG  al  bm IJ   = 60°.
fm H c K + gl H c K + hlm = 0,
11. Coordinates of the centroid, say G of tetrahedron
or afml + bfm2 + agl2 + bglm – chlm = 0, OABC are
l2 l FG 0  a  1  2 , 0  2  b  1 , 0  3  2  c IJ
ag 2  (af + bg – ch) + bf = 0
m m
...(1) H 4 4 4 K
Now if l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 be direction cosines of i.e., [(a + 3)/4, (b + 3)/4, (c + 5)/4].
two lines, then from (1) If the centroid is (1, 2, 3) then
l1l2 bf (a + 3)/4 = 1, (b + 3)/4 = 2, (c + 5)/4 = 3

m1 m2 ag ,  a = 1, b = 5, c = 7
 Coordinates of P are (a, b, c), i.e., (1, 5, 7)
[Since roots of (1) are l1/m1, l2/m2]
 PG = {(1 – 1)2 + (5 – 2)2 + (7 – 3)2} = 5.
l1l2 mm
or  1 2 12. If lines are coplanar and l, m, n are d.c.'s of the normal
f /a g/b on the plane, then
Similarly, elimination of l will yield 1.l – 1.m + k.n = 0
m1 m2 n1n2 2.l – 3.m + 0.n = 0

g/b h/c 1.l + 0.m + 3.n = 0
 (2731) Math—8
57

1 1 k i.e., a = 3, b = 3, c = 3

 Putting in (1), the equation of the required plane is
2 3 0 = 0  k = 1.
x/ + y/ + z/ = 3.
1 0 3
18. Equation of a plane through (2, – 3, 1) is
13. Any point on the given line is a(x – 2) + b(y + 3) + c(z – 1) = 0 ...(1)
(5r – 3, 2r + 1, 3r – 4). If it is the foot of the It passes through (– 1, 1, – 7), so
perpendicular from (1, 2, 3), then
– 3a + 4b – 8c = 0 ...(2)
5(5r – 3 – 0) + 2(2r + 1 – 2) + 3(3r – 4 – 3) = 0
It is perpendicular to the plane
i.e., 38r = 38, i.e., r = 1
x – 2y + 5z + 1 = 0,
 Foot of perpendicular is (2, 3, – 1).
so a – 2b + 5c = 0 ...(3)
14. Equation of a plane through (–2, –2, 2) is given by Solving (2) and (3), we get
a(x + 2) + b(y + 2) + c(z – 2) = 0
It contains the line joining the points (1, 1, 1) and a b c
  =
(1, –1, 2), so these points also lie in the plane. 4 7 2
 3a + 3b – c = 0, Putting these values of a, b, c in (1), equation of the
3a + b + 0.c = 0 required plane is
4x + 7y + 2z + 11 = 0.
a b c
   = r (say) 19. Vertices of the tetrahedron are (0, 0, 0), (6, 0, 0),
1 3 6
or a = r, b = – 3r, c = – 6r (0, – 4, 0), (0, 0, 3)
 Equation of the plane is 0 0 0 1
x – 3y – 6z + 8 = 0.
16 0 0 1
15. The equation of the given plane is  Volume = = 12.
6 0 4 0 1
x – 2y + 3z = 0 ...(1)
Equation of plane through the line of intersection of 0 0 3 1
plane (1) and plane 2x + 3y – 4z – 5 = 0, can be taken 20. Coordinates of the given point P are (2, 3, – 1)
as OP is normal to the required plane so direction ratios
(x – 2y + 3z) + (2x + 3y – 4z – 5) = 0 of the normal to the plane are 2, 3, – 1.
i.e., (1 + 2)x + (– 2 + 3)y + (3 – 4)z – 5 = 0 ...(2) Equation of the plane through P(2, 3, –1) is a(x – 2)
If angle between planes (1) and (2) is 90°, then + b(y – 3) + c(z + 1) = 0
1. (1 + 2) – 2.(– 2 + 3) + 3.(3 – 4) = 0 Since, the direction ratios of the normal to the plane
  = 7/8 are 2, 3, – 1,
Putting in (2) the equation of the plane in the new so, we have a/2 = b/3 = c/(– 1) and hence the equation
position is 22x + 5y – 4z – 35 = 0. of the required plane is
16. A and B, foot of perpendicular from P(a, b, c) to y-z 2(x – 2) + 3(y – 3) – 1(z + 1) = 0
plane and z-x plane, are given by A(0, b, c) and (a, 0, or 2x + 3y – z = 14.
c). A plane through origin (0, 0, 0) is 21. Direction ratios of the line joining the point
px + qy + rz = 0 ...(1) A(3, 4, – 1), B(2, – 1, 5) are
It passes through A and B, so 3 – 2, 4 + 1, – 1 – 5, i.e., 1, 5, – 6.
0p + bq + cr = 0 Equation of the plane through
and ap + 0q + cr = 0 P(2, –3, 1) is
p q r a(x – 2) + b(y + 3) + c(z – 1) = 0 ...(1)
   =  (say)
bc ac  ab The plane is perpendicular to the line AB so the
 The equation of the plane OAB is direction ratios of the normal to the plane (1) are 1,
bcx + cay – abz = 0. 5, – 6 and hence, we have
17. Let the equation of the plane be a b c
  ,
x/a + y/b + z/c = 1 ...(1) 1 5 6
Plane (1) meets the axes at A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0) and therefore the equation of the required plane is
C(0, 0, c). 1(x – 2) + 5(y + 3) – 6(z – 1) = 0.
If (  ) is the centroid of the  ABC, then or x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0.
 = (a + 0 + 0)/3, 22. Equation of the line is
 = (0 + b + 0)/3, x 1 y  3 z  2
 = (0 + 0 + c)/3   = r (say) ...(1)
1 3 2
 58

Any point on it can be written as 27. The lines are

(r – 1, 3r – 3, – 2r + 2)
x 1 y  2 z
If this point is the point of intersection of the line (1) x = 1, y = 2, i.e.,  
0 0 1
and plane
3x + 4y + 5z = 5 ...(2) x y 1 z
and y = – 1, z = 0 i.e.  
Then, this point should lie on the plane (2), 1 0 0
so 3(r – 1) + 4(3r – 3) + 5(– 2r + 2) = 5  If  is the angle between them, then
i.e., 5r – 5 = 5 or r = 2 cos  = 0.1 + 0.0 + 1.0 = 0
 Required point of intersection is (1, 3, – 2). i.e.,  = 90°.
23. Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line –|  to 28. Since the line is equally inclined to the axes, and
both. Therefore passes through the origin, its direction cosines are 1,
ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0, 1, 1. So its equation is
and ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0 x y z
 
l m n 1 1 1
   A point P on it is given by (a, a, a). So equation of
m1n2  m2 n1 n1l2  n2 l1 l1 m2  l2 m1
the plane through
[l 2  m 2  n 2 ] P(a, a, a) and – to OP is
= 1.(x – a) + 1.(y – a) + 1.(z – a) = 0
 (m1n2  m2 n1 ) 2 [  OP is normal to the plane]
Now l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 and i.e., x + y + z = 3a
(m1n2 – m2n1)2 = sin  = sin 90 = 1 x y z
[  given lines are –| ] or   = 1
3a 3a 3a
 d.c.'s are Intercepts on axes are 3a, 3a, 3a, whose reciprocals
m 1 n 2 – m 2 n 1 , n 1 l2 – n 2 l1 , l1 m 2 – l2 m 1 . are 1/3a, 1/3a, 1/3a
x  y z   Sum of reciprocals of these intercepts
24. The line   is parallel to the plane
l m n 1 1 1 3 1
=     .
ax + by + cz + d = 0 3a 3a 3a 3a a
If the line is –| to the normal to the plane, i.e.,
29. The projection of the line
al + bm + cn = 0
In this question, this condition is satisfied by the x 1 y  2 z  3
  ...(1)
plane 2x + y – 2z = 0. 2 1 3
25. The equation of the two lines can be written as on the plane x + y + z – 1 = 0 ...(2)
is the line of intersection of the plane (2) and the
xb y0 zd
  plane perpendicular to the plane (2) and containing
a 1 c the line (1).
x  b' y  0 z  d ' Now, equation of the plane through line (1) can be
and  
a' 1 c' taken as
 The lines are perpendicular if A(x – 1) + B(y – 2) + C(z – 3) = 0 ...(3)
a.a' + 1.1 + c.c' = 0, i.e., aa' + cc' = – 1. where 2.A + 1.B + 3.C = 0 ...(4)
If plane (3) is perpendicular to the plane (2), then
26. Perpendicular to the plane is parallel to the normal to
1.A + 1.B + 1.C = 0 ...(5)
the plane, so d.r.'s of the line –| to the plane
from (4) and (5)
2x – y + z + 3 = 0 are 2, – 1, 1
 A/(– 2) = B/1 = C/1 = k (say).
 Equation of –| drawn through the point
 A = – 2k, B = k, C = k
(1, 3, 4) is
Putting in (3), we get
x 1 y  3 z  4 2x – y – z + 3 = 0 ...(6)
  = r (say)
2 1 1 Hence the required projection is given by planes (2)
Any point on it is (2r + 1, – r + 3, r + 4). If this is and (6).
the foot of the – , then it should lie on the plane. 30. Let a, b, c be the d.r.'s of the required line.
 2(2r + 1) – (– r + 3) + (r + 4) + 3 = 0  Line is  to the plane 4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and
i.e., 6r + 6 = 0, i.e., r = – 1 –| to the line x/1 = y/(– 2) = (z – 5)/1
So, foot of the perpendicular is (– 1, 4, 3).  4a + 1.b + 1.c = 0 ...(1)
 59

and 1.a – 2.b + 1.c = 0 ...(2)  (mn' – m'n)2 = (– 1)2 + (2)2 + (1)2] = 6
 a/3 = b/(– 3) = c/(– 9) = k (say) 1 2 2
 Equation of the required line is 1
 Shortest distant = 2 3 4 ÷ 6 .
x  2 y 1 z 1 6
  3 4 5
a b c
i.e., (x – 2)/3 = (y + 1)/(– 3) = (z + 1)/(– 9) 34. Equation of the line through A(1, 3, 4) are
perpendicular to the plane
i.e., (x – 2)/(– 1) = (y + 1)/1 = (z + 1)/3.
2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is
31. Let the line through the point (3, 8, 2), say A and
x 1 y  3 z  4
parallel to the plane   = r (say)
3x + 2y – 2z + 5 = 0 ...(1) 2 1 1
meet the line Any point P on it is (2r + 1, – r + 3, r + 4).
x 1 y  3 z  2 If this point is the image of (1, 3, 4), then mid-point
  ...(2) of AP should lie on the plane.
2 4 3
at the point P (1 + 2r, 3 + 4r, 2 + 3r) FG 2r  1  1IJ – FG r  3  3IJ
 d.r.'s of line AP are 2
H 2 K H 2 K
1 + 2r – 3, 3 + 4r – 8, 2 + 3r – 2
FG r  4  4 IJ
i.e.,

2r – 2, 4r – 5, 3r
AP is parallel to the plane (1)
+
H 2 K +3=0

or 4r + 4 + r – 6 + r + 8 + 6 = 0 or r = – 2
 3(2r – 2) + 2(4r – 5) – 2(3r) = 0  r = 2
 Image of (1, 3, 4) is (– 3, 5, 2).
 Coordinates of P are (5, 11, 8)
 Required distance = AP = 7. 35. Equation of plane through the point (a, b, c) is
(x – a) + (y – b) + (z – c) = 0. ...(1)
32. Let l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 be the d.r.'s of the lines
in which the planes Equation of the perpendicular from origin
(0, 0, 0) to this plane is
3x – 7y – 5z = 1 and 5x – 13y + 3z + 2 = 0 cut the
plane 8x – 11y + 2z = 0, then x y z
 
3l1 – 7m1 – 5n1 = 0    = r (say) ...(2)
8l2 – 11m2 + 2n2 = 0 Let P(x1, y1, z1) be the foot of the perpendicular. Then
 l1/(– 69) = m1/(– 46) = n1/23 it lies on (2) and plane (1), so
and 5l2 – 13m2 + 3n2 = 0 x1 = r, y1 = r, z1 =  r
8l2 – 11m2 + 2n2 = 0 x1 y1 z1
 l2/7 = m2/14 = n2/49.  (x1 – a) + (y1 – b) + (z – c) = 0
r r r 1
If  is the angle between the two lines, then i.e., x12 + y12 + z12 – ax1 – by1 – cz1 = 0
l1l2  m1 m2  n1n2 Hence locus of P is
cos  = =0
(l  m12  n12 ) (l22  m22  n22 )
2
1
x2 + y2 + z2 – ax – by – cz = 0.
36. Let OA = a, OB = b and OC = c.
  = /2.
33. Shortest distant between the lines  Equation of sphere through O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0,
0), B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c) is
x  y z  
  x2 + y2 + z2 – ax – by – cz = 0 ...(1)
l m n
Radius of this sphere
x   ' y  ' z   '
and   is given by = (a2/4 + b2/4 + c2/4) = 2k
l' m' n'
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 16k2 ...(2)
   '   '    '
If (f, g, h) is the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC,
Shortest distant = l m n ÷ (mn' – m'n)2
l' m' n' then f = a/4, g = b/4, h = c/4
i.e, a = 4f, b = 4g, c = 4h
x 1 y  2 z  3
Here lines are   = r (say) Putting in (2), we get
2 3 4
x2 y4 z5 f 2 + g 2 + h 2 = k2
and   = s (say)  Locus of centre (f, g, h) is x2 + y2 + z2 = k2.
3 4 5
 60

37. The centre of the sphere is given as (2, 3, – 4). Now, CL = length of – from C on plane
 Radius of the sphere x+ y+ z= 3
= length of perpendicular from the centre (2, 3, – 4) 3
= = 3
to the plane (1  1  1)
2x + 6y – 3z + 15 = 0 In  ACL, AL = (CA 2 – CL2) = 6.
2.2  6.3  3(4)  15 39. Centre of the sphere
= =7
[2 2  6 2  (3) 2 ] x2 + y2 + z2 – 2x – 4y + 2z – 3 = 0 is
(1, 2, – 1) and radius is (1 + 4 + 1 + 3) = 3
 The equation of the required sphere is –| distance of centre from the plane
(x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 + (z + 4)2 = (7)2 2x – 2y + z + 12 = 0
i.e., x2 + y2 + z2 – 4x – 6y + 8z – 20 = 0. = (2.1 – 2.2 – 1 + 12)/(4 + 4 + 1) = 3 = radius
 Plane touches the sphere.
38. For sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 9, centre C is (0, 0, 0) and
radius CA = 3. Now point of contact is the foot of perpendicular
drawn from the centre to the plane. Equation of line
–| to the plane from centre (1, 2, – 1) is
x 1 y  2 z 1
  = r (say)
2 2 1
Any point on it is (2r + 1, – 2r + 2, r – 1)
This should lie on the plane
 2(2r + 1) – 2(– 2r + 2) + (r – 1) + 12 = 0
or r=–1
 Point of contact is (– 1, 4, – 2).
 61
CHAPTER
8
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
INTRODUCTION
Linear programm ing deals with the optim ization
(maximization or minimization) of a function of variables
known as objective function, subject to a set of linear
equalities and/or inequalities known as constraints. The
objective function may be profit, cost, production capacity
or any other measure of effectiveness, which is to be obtained
in the best possible or optimal manner. The constraints may
be imposed by different sources such as market demand,
production processes and equipment, storage capacity, raw
material availability, etc. By linearity is m eant a
mathematical expression in which the variables do not have
powers.
Requirements for a Linear Programming
Problem
All organizations, big or small, have at their disposal, men,
machines, money and materials, the supply of which may be
limited. If the supply of these resources were unlimited, the
need for management tools like linear programming would
not arise at all. Supply of resources being limited, the
management must find the best allocation of its resources
in order to maximize the profit or minimize the loss or
utilize the production capacity to the maximum extent.
However, this involves a number of problems which can be
overcome by quantitative methods, particularly the linear
programming.
Generally speaking, linear programming can be used
for optimization problems if the following conditions are
satisfied:
1. There must be a well defined objective function
(profit, cost or quantities produced) which is to be
either maximized or minimized and which can be
expressed as a linear function of decision variables.
2. There must be constraints on the amount or extent
of attainment of the objective and these constraints
61
must be capable of being expressed as linear equalities
or inequalities in terms of variables.
3. There must be alternative courses of action. For
example, a given product may be processed by two
different machines and problem may be as to how
much of the product to allocate to each machine.
4. Another necessary requirement is that decision
variables should be interrelated and non- negative.
The non-negativity condition shows that linear
programming deals with real life situations for which
negative quantities are generally illogical.
5. As stated earlier, the resources must be in limited
supply. For example, if a firm starts producing greater
number of a particular product, it must make smaller
number of other products as the total production
capacity is limited.
Some Important Inferences
It is important to see what the assumption of linearity implies.
3 5/ 2
Intuitively it means that powers of variables (e.g., x12 , x13 ),
their products (e.g., x 11 x 12 ) and their combinations
(e.g., a11x11 + a12 log x12) are not permissible in the objective
function equation as well as constraints.
More generally, linearity can be characterised by certain
additive and multiplicative properties. For example, if a
machine processes job A in 5 hours and job B in 10 hours,
then time taken to process both job A and B is 5 + 10 = 15
hours. This, however, is true only when the change-over
time from Job A to B is negligible. Some processes may not
behave this way. For instance, when several liquids of
different chemical compositions are mixed, the resulting
volume may not be equal to the sum of the volumes of the
individual liquids. Here, the property of additivity does not
hold.
The multiplicative property implies: If a product yields
a profit of ` 10, the profit earned from the sale of 12 such
 62

products will be ` (10 × 12) = ` 120. This may not be Table 1

always true because of quantity discounts. Further, even if Time per unit (minutes)
the sale price is constant, the manufacturing cost per unit Machine capacity
Machine Product 1 Product 2 Product 3 (minutes/day)
may vary with the number of units produced and so may
vary the profit per unit. The real world situations may not M1 2 3 2 440
be strictly linear. However, the assumed linearity represents M2 4 — 3 470
their close approximation and provides very useful answers. M3 2 5 — 430
In most linear programming problems the decision
It is required to determine the daily number of units to
variables are permitted to take any non-negative values that
be manufactured for each product. The profit per unit for
satisfy the constraints. However, there are problems wherein
product 1, 2 and 3 is ` 4, ` 3 and ` 6 respectively. It is
variables are restricted to have integral values only. Though
assumed that all the amounts produced are consumed in the
such problems, strictly speaking, are not linear programming
market.
problems, they are frequently solved by linear programming
techniques and the values are then rounded off to nearest Formulation of Linear Programming Model
integers to satisfy the constraints. This approximation,
however, is valid only if the variables have large optimal Step 1
values. From the study of the situation find the key-decision to be
The objective function does not involve any constant made. In this connection, looking for variables helps
term, i.e., we do not write considerably. In the given situation key decision decides
n the extent of products 1, 2 and 3, as the extents are permitted
maximize (or minimize) Z =  c j x j  c. to vary.
j 1
Step 2
The reason for this is simple: the optimal values of xj
are just independent of any constant c. This constant c, if Assume symbols for variable quantities noticed in step 1.
present, is ignored during the process of optimization and Let the extents (amounts) of products, 1, 2 and 3
can be added to the optimal value of the objective function manufactured daily be x1, x2 and x3 respectively.
after the solution to the problem is obtained. Step 3
Mathematically, the constraints that restrict the decision Express the feasible alternatives mathematically in terms of
variables to be non-negative do not differ from other variables. Feasible alternatives are those which are
constraints. However, since while solving the problems they physically, economically and financially possible. In the
are handled differently from the other constraints, they have given situation feasible alternatives are sets of values of x1,
been termed as non-negativity restrictions and the term x2 and x3,
constraints has been used to represent constraints other
where x1, x2, x3  0, ...(1)
than the non-negativity restrictions and this terminology
since negative production has no meaning and is not feasible.
will be continued throughout the text.
Step 4
Examples on the Applications of Linear Mention the objective quantitatively and express it as a
Programming linear function of variables. In the present situation, objective
In this section we illustrate the application of linear is to maximize the profit.
programming to various situations with the help of examples. i.e., maximize Z = 4x1 + 3x2 + 6x3. ...(2)
The objective is to familiarize the reader with some of the
Step 5
areas where this technique may be applied. In these examples
the stress is laid on the analysis of the situation and Put into words the influencing factors or constraints. These
formulation of the L.P. model rather than its solution. The occur generally because of constraints on availability
solution of such problems is discussed separately. (resources) or requirements (demands). Express these
constraints also as linear equalities/inequalities in terms of
EXAMPLE 1. (Production Allocation variables.
Problem) Here, constraints are on the machine capacities and can
be mathematically expressed as
A firm produces three products. These products are processed
2x1 + 3x2 + 2x3  440,
on three different machines. The time required to manufacture
one unit of each of the three products and the daily capacity 4x1 + 0x2 + 3x3  470, ...(3)
of the three machines are given in the table below. 2x1 + 5x2 + 0x3  430.
 63

EXAMPLE 2. (Production Planning raw material 1, 7x1 + 4x2 + 2x3  120,

Problem) and raw material 2, 5x1 + 7x2 + 9x3  240. ...(3)
A factory manufactures a product each unit of which consists The above formulation violates the linear programming
of 5 units of part A and 4 units of part B. The two part A properties since the objective function is non-linear. (Linear
and B require different raw materials of which 120 units and relationship between two or more variables is the one in
240 units respectively are available. These parts can be which the variables are directly and precisely proportional).
manufactured by three different methods. Raw material However, the above model can be easily reduced to the
requirements per production run and the number of units for generally acceptable linear programming format.
each part produced are given below.  6 x  5 x2  7 x3 4 x1  8 x2  3 x3 
Let y = Min  1 , 
 5 4
Table 2
6 x1  5 x2  7 x3
Input per run (units) Output per run (units) It follows that  y
5
Method Raw Raw Part A Part B 4 x1  8 x2  3 x3
material 1 material 2 and  y.
4
1 7 5 6 4 i.e., 6x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 – 5y  0,
2 4 7 5 8 and 4x1 + 8x2 + 3x3 – 4y  0.
3 2 9 7 3
Determine the number of production runs for each EXAMPLE 3. (Advertising Media Selection
method so as to maximize the total number of complete Problem)
units of the final product. An advertising company wishes to plan its advertising
strategy in three different media—television, radio and
Formulation of Linear Programming Model magazines. The purpose of advertising is to reach as large
a number of potential customers as possible. Following data
Step 1
has been obtained from market survery:
The key-decision to be made is to determine the number of
production runs for each method. Table 3
Television Radio Magazine I Magazine II
Step 2
Cost of an
Let x1, x2, x3 represent the number of production runs for advertising unit `30,000 `20,000 `15,000 `10,000
method 1, 2 and 3 respectively. No. of poten-
tial customers
Step 3 reached per unit 2,00,000 6,00,000 1,50,000 1,00,000
Feasible alternatives are the sets of values of No. of female
customers 1,50,000 4,00,000 70,000 50,000
x1, x2 & x3, where x1, x2, x3  0, ...(1) reached per unit
since negative number of production runs has no meaning The company wants to spend not more than ` 4,50,500
and is not feasible. on advertising. Following are the further requirements the
Step 4 must be met:
The objective is to maximize the total number of units of (i) at least 1 million exposures take place among female
the final product. Now, the total number of units of part A customers,
produced by different methods is 6x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 and for (ii) advertising on magazines be limited to ` 1,50,000,
part B is 4x1 + 8x2 + 3x3. Since each unit of the final product (iii) at least 3 advertising units be bought on magazine
requires 5 units of part A and 4 units of part B, it is evident I and 2 units on magazine II, and
that the maximum number of units of the final product
(iv) the number oof advertising units on television and
cannot exceed the smaller value of
radio should each be between 5 and 10.
6 x1  5 x2  7 x3 4 x1  8 x2  3 x3 Formulate an L.P. model for the problem.
and
5 4
Thus the objective is to maximize Formulation of Linear Programming
6 x1  5 x2  7 x3 4 x1  8 x2  3 x3  Model
Z = Min  ,  . ...(2)
 5 4
Step 1
Step 5 The key decision to be made is to determine the number of
Constraints are on the availability of raw materials. They advertising units to be bought in television, radio, magazine
are, for I and magazine II.
 64

Step 2 Step 3
Let x1, x2, x3, x4 represent the number of these advertising Determine the vertices of the convex region and find the
units in television, radio, magazine I and magazine II value of objective function at each vertex. The vertex which
respectively. gives the optimal (maximum or minimum) value of the
objective function gives the desired optimal solution to the
Step 3 problem.
Feasible alternatives are sets of values of x1, x2, x3, x4, Otherwise, draw the dotted line through the origin
where x1, x2, x3, x4, all  0. representing the objective function with z = 0. As z is
increased from zero, this line moves to the right remaining
Step 4
parallel to itself. We go on sliding this line (parallel to
The objective is to maximize the total number of potential itself), till it is farthest away from the origin and passes
custome` through only one vertex of the convex region. This is the
i.e., maximize Z = 10 5(2x1 + 6x2 + 1.5x3 + x4). vertex where the maximum value of z is attained.
When it is required to minimize z, the value of z is
Step 5
increased till the dotted line passes through the nearest
Constraints are on the advertising budget: vertex of the convex region.
30,000x1 + 20,000x2 + 15,000x3 Example 1: Maximize Z = 3x1 + 4x2 ...(i)
+ 10,000x4  4,50,000 subject to 4x1 + 2x2  80 ...(ii)
or 30x1 + 20x2 + 15x3 + 10x4  450 2x1 + 5x2  180 ...(iii)
on number of female customers reached by the advertising x1, x2  0 ...(iv)
campaign: Solution: Consider x1 – x2 coordinate system as shown in
1,50,000x1 + 4,00,000x2 + 70,000x3 Fig. 1. The non-negativity restrictions (iv) imply that the
+ 50,000x4  10,00,000 values of x1, x2 lie in the first quadrant only.
or 15x1 + 40x2 + 7x3 + 5x4  100, We plot the lines 4x1 + 2x2 = 80 and 2x1 + 5x2 = 180.
on expenses on magazine advertising: Then any point on or below 4x1 + 2x2 = 80 satisfies
15,000x3 + 10,000x4  1,50,000 (ii) and any point on or below 2x1 + 5x2 = 180 satisfies (iii).
This shows that the desired point (x1, x2) must be somewhere
or 15x3 + 10x4  150,
in the shaded convex region OABC. This region is called
on no. of units on magazines: the solution space or region of feasible solutions for the
x 3  3, given problem. Its vertices are O(0, 0), A(20, 0), B(2.5, 35)
x 4  2, and C(0, 36).
on no. of units on television: x2
5  x1  10, (0, 40)
C B (2.5, 35)
on no. of units on radio: (0, 36)
2x1
4x 1

5  x2  10. +5
x2 =
+2

1 80
x2 =

GRAPHICAL METHOD L
80

An LPP with only two variables presents a simple case, for
which the solution can be derived using a graphical method.
The graphical technique provides a pictorial representation
of the solution and one gets insight into the basic concepts
used in solving large L.P.P.
Working Procedure
To solve a linear programming problem graphically:
Step 1
Formulate the given problem as a linear programming
problem.
Step 2
Plot the given constraints as equalities on x1 ~ x2 coordinate
plane and determine the convex region formed by them.
0 A (20, 0) x1
M (90, 0)
Fig. 1
The values of the objective function (i) at these points
are
Z(O) = 0, Z(A) = 60, Z(B) = 147.5, Z(C) = 144.
Thus the maximum value of Z is 147.5 and it occurs at
B. Hence the optimal solution to the problem is
x1 = 2.5 x2 = 35 and Zmax = 147.5.
NOTE: Our aim is to find the point (or points) in the
solution space which maximizes the profit function Z. To
do this, we observe that on making Z = 0, (i) becomes 3x1
+ 4x 2 = 0 which is represented by the dotted line LM
through O. As the value of Z is increased, the line LM starts
moving parallel to itself towards the right. Larger the value
 (2731) Math—9
65

of Z, more will be the company's profit. In this way, we go green wool = 5x1 + 2x2 oz,
on sliding LM till it is farthest away from the origin and and yellow wool = 3x1 + 8x2 oz.
passes through one of the corners of the convex region. This Since the manufacturer does not have more than 1000
is the point where the maximum value of Z is attained. Just oz of red wool, 1000 oz of green wool and 1200 oz of
possible, such a line may be one of the edges of the solution yellow wool, therefore
space. In that case every point on that edge gives the same 4x1 + 5x2  1000 ...(ii)
maximum value of Z. 5x1 + 2x2  1000 ...(iii)
Here Zmax is attained at B(2.5, 35). Hence the optimal 3x1 + 8x2  1200 ...(iv)
solution is x1 = 2.5, x2 = 35 and Zmax = 147.5. Also x1  0, x2  0. ...(v)
Example 2: Find the maximum value of Z = 2x Thus the given problem is to maximize Z subject to the
+ 3y subject to the constraints: x + y  30, y  3, constraints (ii) to (v).
0  y  12, x – y  0, and 0  x  20.
x2
Solution: Any point (x, y) satisfying the conditions
x  0, y  0 lies in the first quadrant only. Also since x +
y  30, y  3, y  12, x  y and x  20, the desired point
(iii)
(x, y) lies within the convex region ABCDE (shown shaded
in Fig. 2). Its vertices are A(3, 3), B(20, 3), C(20, 10), D(18,
12) and E(12, 12). D C
y B
(iv)

y = 12 E D
C O A (ii) x1

y Fig. 3
x+

=
x
y=

Any point satisfying the condition (v) lies in the first

y=3
x = 20

30

quadrant only. Also the desired point satisfying the

A B
0 x
Fig. 2
The values of Z at these five vertices are
Z(A) = 15, Z(B) = 49, Z(C) = 70, Z(D) = 72, and
Z(E) = 60.
Since the maximum value of Z is 72 which occurs at
the vertex D, the solution to the L.P.P. is x = 18, y = 12 and
maximum Z = 72.
Example 3: A company manufactures two types of cloth,
using three different colours of wool. One yard length of
type a cloth requires 4 oz of red wool, 5 oz of green wool
and 3 oz of yellow wool. One yard length of type B cloth
requires 5 oz of red wool, 2 oz of green wool and 8 oz of
yellow wool. The wool available for manufacture is 1000 oz
of red wool, 1000 oz of green wool and 1200 oz of yellow
wool. The manufacturer can make a profit of ` 5 on one
yard of type A cloth and ` 3 on one yard of type B cloth.
Find the best combination of the quantities of type A and
type B cloth which gives him maximum profit by solving
the L.P.P. graphically.
Solution: Let the manufacturer decide to produce x1 yards
of type A cloth and x2 yards of type B cloth. Then the total
income in rupees, from these units of cloth is given by
Z = 5x1 + 3x2 ...(i)
To produce these units of two types of cloth, he requires
red wool = 4x1 + 5x2 oz,
constraints (ii) to (iv) lies in the convex region OABCD
(Fig. 3). Its vertices are O(0, 0), A(200, 0), B(3000/17, 1000/
17), C(2000/17, 1800/17) and D(0, 150).
The values of Z at these vertices are given by Z(O) =
0, Z(A) = 1000, Z(B) = 1057.6, Z(C) = 905.8 and Z(D) = 450.
Since the maximum value of Z is 1058.8 which occurs
at the vertex B, the solution to the given problem is
x1 = 3000/17, x2 = 1000/17 and max. Z = 1058.8.
Hence the manufacturer should produce 176.5 yards of
type A cloth 58.8 yards of type B cloth, so as to get the
maximum profit of ` 1058.8.
Example 4: A company making cold drinks has two bottling
plants located at towns T1 and T2. Each plant produces
three drinks A, B and C and their production capacity per
day is shown below:
Plant at
Cold drinks
T1 T2
A 6,000 2,000
B 1,000 2,500
C 3,000 3,000
The marketing department of the company forecasts a
demand of 80,000 bottles of A, 22,000 bottles of B and
40,000 bottles of C during the month of June. The operating
costs per day of plants at T1 and T2 are ` 6,000 and ` 4,000
respectively. Find (graphically) the number of days for which
each plant must be run in June so as to minimize the
operating costs while meeting the market demand.
 (2731) Math—9-II
66

Solution: Let the plants at T1 and T2 be run for x1 and Thus the operating cost w ill be m inim um for
x2 days. Then the objective is to minimize the operation x1 = 12 days, x2 = 4 days and Zmin = 6000 × 12 + 4000 ×
costs i.e. 4 = ` 88,000.
min. Z = 6000x1 + 4000x2 ...(i) Remarks. The dotted line parallel to the line LM is
Constraints on the demand for the three cold drinks are: called the iso-cost line since it represents all possible
combinations of x1, x2 which produce the same total cost.
for A, 6,000x1 + 2,000x2  80,000
or 3x1 + x2  40 ...(ii)
for B, 1,000x1 + 2,500x2  22,000 SIMPLEX METHOD
or x1 + 2.5x2  22 ...(iii) Solving as LPP Graphically, the region of feasible solutions
for C, 3,000x1 + 3,000x2  40,000 was found to be convex, bounded by vertices and edges
or x1 + x2  40/3 ...(iv) joining them. The optimal solution occurred at some vertex.
Also x1, x2  0 ...(v) If the optimal solution is not unique, the optimal points
Thus the L.P.P. is to minimize (i) subject to constraints were on an edge. These observations also hold true for the
(ii) to (v). general LPP i.e., the essential problem of an LPP is that of
finding the particular vertex of the convex region which
x2 corresponds to the optimal solution. The most commonly
C
40 used method for locating the optimal vertex is the simplex
method. This method consists in moving step-by-step from
one vertex to the adjacent one of all the adjacent vertices,
the one giving better value of objective function over that
of preceding vertex, is chosen. This method of jumping
(ii ) from one vertex to the other is then repeated. As the number
of vertices is finite, the simplex method leads to an optimal
13.3 vertex in a finite number of steps.
( iv )
The simplex method is primarily based on following
8.8 two conditions:
( i ii ) B
L 1. Feasibility Condition: It ensures that if the starting
solution is basic feasible, the subsequent will also be basic
A feasible.
0 13.3 22 x1
2. Optimality Condition: It ensures that only improved
M solutions will be obtained.
Fig. 4 Now, we shall elaborate the above terms in relation to
the general linear programming problem in standard form,
The solution space satisfying the constraints (ii) to (v)
i.e.
is shown shaded in Fig. 4. As seen from the direction of the
arrows, the solution space is unbounded. The constraint (iv) Maximize Z = c1x1 + c2x2 + .... + cnxn
n
is dominated by the constraints (ii) and (iii) and hence does
not affect the solution space. Such a constraint as (iv) is subject to  aij x j  si  bi ,  1, 2, .... m
j 1
called the redundant constraint. and xj  0, si  0, j = 1, 2, .... n.
The vertices of the convex region ABC are A(22, 0), (i) Solution: x1, x2, ...., xn is a solution of the general
B(12, 4) and C(0, 40). L.P.P., if it satisfies the constraint.
Values of the objective function (i) at these vertices are (ii) Feasible solution: x1, x2, .... xn is a feasible solution
Z(A) = 132000, Z(B) = 88,000, Z(C) = 160,000. of the general L.P.P. if it satisfies both the constraints
Thus the minimum value of Z is ` 88,000 and it occurs and the non-negativity restrictions. The set of all
at B. Hence the solution to the problem is x1 = 12 days, feasible solution is called the feasible region. A
x2 = 4 days, Zmin = ` 88,000. linear programme is said to be infeasible when the
Otherwise: Making Z = 0, (i) becomes 3x1 + 2x2 = 0 set is empty.
which is represented by the dotted line LM through O. As (iii) Basic solution is the solution of the m basic
Z is increased, the line LM moves parallel to itself, to the variables when each of the n non-basic variables is
right. Since we are interested in finding the minimum value equated to zero.
of Z, value of Z is increased till LM passes through the (iv) Basic feasible solution is that basic solution which
vertex nearest to the origin of the shaded region, i.e. also optimizes the objective function and satisfying
B(12, 4). the constraint and non-negative criteria.
 67

(v) Optimal solution is that to basic feasible solution (vi) Non-degenerate basic feasible solution is that basic
which also optimizes the objective function feasible solution which contains exactly m non-zero
while satisfying constraints and non-negativity basic variables. If any of the basic variables becomes
criteria. zero, it is called a degenerate basic solution.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Using the Hungarian method, the optimal value of the A. (1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0) B. (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7)
assignment problem whose cost matrix is given by C. (0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 6) D. (3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
5 23 14 8 6. If the cost matrix for an assignment problem is given
10 25 1 23 by
35 16 15 12 a b c d 
b c d a
16 23 11 7  
is c d a b
A. 29 B. 52  
 d a b c 
C. 26 D. 44
where a, b, c, d > 0 then the value of the assignment
2. Let a primal linear programming problem admit an problem is
optimal solution. Then the corresponding dual problem A. a + b + c + d
A. does not have a feasible solution B. min {a, b, c, d}
B. has a feasible solution but does not have any C. max {a, b, c, d}
optimal solution D. 4 min {a, b, c, d}
C. does not have a convex feasible region
D. has an optimal solution 7. Consider the transportation problem given below. The
bracketted elements in the table indicate a feasible
3. Consider the Linear Programming Problem
solution and the elements on the left hand corner are
Max. z = x1 + 5x2 + 3x3
the costs cij.
subject to 2x1 – 3x2 + 5x3  3
ai
3x1 + 2x3  5
2 5 1
x1, x2, x3  0
(1) 1
Then the dual of this Linear Programming Problem
A. has a feasible solution, but does not have a basic 1 3 4
(1) (1) 2
feasible solution
B. has a basic feasible solution
bj 1 1 1 3
C. has infinite number of feasible solution
D. has no feasible solution A. this solution is a basic feasible solution
B. this solution can be made basic feasible
4. The unit cost cij of producing product i at plant j is
C. this is an optimal solution
given by the matrix:
D. the problem does not have an optimal solution
14 12 16  8. Which of the following is a correct statement?
 21 9 17 
 A. If the primal problem is in its standard form, dual
 9 7 5  variables will be non-negatives.
The total cost of optimal assignment is B. Dual simplex method always leads to generate basic
A. 20 B. 22 feasible solution.
C. 25 D. 28 C. Dual simplex method is applicable to an LPP, if
5. Consider the following Linear Programming Problem initial basic feasible solution is not optimum.
(LPP). D. If the number of primal variables is very small and
Minimize z = 2x1 + 3x2 + x3 the number of constraints is very large, then it is
subject to x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 – x4 + x5 = 3 more efficient to solve the dual rather than the
2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + ... + x6 = 6 primal problem.
xi  0, i = 1, 2, ... 6 9. When we solve a system of simultaneous linear
A non degenerate basic feasible solution (x1, x2, x3, x4, equations by using two-phase simplex method, the
x5, x6) is values of decision variables may be
 68

A. Positive w1 – w2 + w3  2
B. Negative –6w2 – 3w3  5
C. Non-negative w1, w2, w3  0
D. Positive or Negative D. None of these
10. The primal LPP is 13. The primal LPP is
Max z = 7x1 – 3x2 Max z = 7x1 – 3x2
subject to x1 + x2  3, 8x1 + 4x2  16, subject to x1 + x2  3, 8x1 + 4x2  16,
5x1 + 3x2  15, x1, x2  0 5x1 + 3x2  15, x1, x2  0
then dual of this problem has Then dual of this problem has
A. Unique feasible and optimal solution A. Unique feasible and optimal solution
B. No feasible solution B. No feasible solution
C. Infinite number feasible solution but not any C. Infinite number of feasible solution but not any
optimal solution optimal solution
D. Degenerate optimal solution D. Degenerate optimal solution
11. The LPP 14. Consider the Linear Programming Problem
Maximize z = 3x + 9y
Max z = 2x1 + 3x2 + x3
subject to x + 4y  8
subject to –2x1 + 3x2 + 5x3  5 x + 2y  4, x, y  0
–x1 + 2x2 + 3x3  4 The maximum value of z is
x1, x2, x3  0 has A. 6 B. 15
A. Optimal solution C. 18 D. 21
B. Unbounded solution 15. Consider the following transportation problem
C. No feasible solution
D. No solution A B C D Demand
12. If the primal problem is given by I 21 16 25 13 11
Min z = 2x2 + 5x3 II 17 18 14 23 13
subject to x1 + x2  2 III 32 27 18 41 19
2x1 + x2 + 6x3  6 Requirement 6 10 12 15 43
x1 – x2 + 3x3 = 4
Then the optimal cost of the above problem is
x1, x2, x3  0 A. 796 B. 804
then its dual is C. 812 D. 820
A. Max z = 2w1 + 6w2 – 4w3 16. The number of basic feasible solution of the LPP.
subject to w1 + 2w2 – w3  0 2x1 + 3x2 – x3 + 4x4 = 8,
w1 + w2 + w3  2 x1 – 2x2 + 6x3 – 7x4 = –3,
–6w2 – 3w3  5 x1, x2, x3, x4  0
w1, w2  0 and w3 unrestricted with respect to objective function
B. Max z = 2w1 – 6w2 + 4w3 Max z = 2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + 7x4
subject to w1 – 2w2 + w3  0 A. 2 B. 3
w1 – w2 – w3  2 C. 4 D. 6
–6w2 + 3w3  5 17. In the above problem, the value of z for the optimal
w1, w2  0 and w3 unrestricted solution
C. Max z = 2w1 – 6w2 – 4w3 A. 25.4 B. 27.2
subject to w1 – 2w2 – w3  0 C. 28.9 D. 30.4

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D B D C A B D D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
A B B C A C C
 69

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

1. The given assignment cost matrix is Case II: When x2 = 0, then the constraints become
2x1 + 5x3 = 3× 3
5 23 14 8 3x1 + 2x3 = 5× 2
10 25 1 23  (15 – 4)x3 = 9 – 10
35 16 15 12 1
 x3 = (not a basic solution)
16 23 11 7 11
Case III: When x3 = 0, then the constraint becomes
Apply the Hungarian method (i.e. substracting the 2x1 – 3x2 = 3
minimum cost of each row to the other element of
the same row) 5
3x 1 = 5    x1 =
3
0 18 9 3 10 1
  3 x2 = 3  x2 =
9 24 0 22 3 9
then 23 4 3 0 i.e. the basic solution in this case is
9 16 4 0 5 1
x1 = , x2 = , x3 = 0
3 9
As the second column does not any zero, apply the i.e. given LPP has basic feasible solution.
Hungarian rule for second column, we get 4. The given assignment cost matrix is
0 14 9 3
14 12 16
9 20 0 22
21 9 17
23 0 3 0
9 7 5
9 12 4 0
i.e. Hence the optimal cost = 5 + 1 + 16 + 7 = 29. using the Hungarian method, (i.e. substracting the
minimum cost of each row to the other element of
3. The given LPP is
the same row).
Maximum Z = x1 + 5x2 + 3x3
Subject to 2x1 – 3x2 + 5x3  3. 2 0 4
3x1 + 2x3  5 12 0 8
Then
x1, x2, x3. 4 2 0
As the number of variables are 3 and the number of
constraints are 2. (as the first column does not have any zero, apply
Hence the basic solution can be obtained by making the Hungarian rule for the first column, we get).
any one of the three variables equating to zero.
0 0 4
Case I: When x1 = 0
then the constraints becomes 10 0 8
–3x2 + 5x3 = 3 2 2 0
5 Hence the optimal assignment cost
2x 3 = 5    x3 =
2 = 14 + 9 + 5 = 28.
25 6. The given cost matrix of the assignment problem is
i.e. 3 x2  =3
2
a b c d
25 19  
or 3x 2 = 3 =
2 2 b c d a
19 c d a b
 x2 =  
6 d a b c 
i.e. the basic solution in this case is
if let a is the minimum among the a, b, c, d, then
19 5 apply the Hungarian method for the given cost
x1 = 0, x2 = , x3 = .
6 2 matrix, we get
 70

 0 ba ca d  a subject to

  x1 + x2  3, 8x1 + 4x2  16, 5x1 + 3x2  15
b  a ca d a 0 
c  a d a 0 b  a as primal LPP is of maximization type, converting
  all the inequalities into () type. We get
d  a 0 ba c  a
max Z = 7x1 – 3x2
clearly all the rows and column consist exactly one
zero element. Hence it will be the minimum cost subject to –x1 – x2  –3
matrix. 8x1 + 4x2  16
i.e. The optimal cost in this case –5x1 – 3x2  –15.
= a + a + a + a = 4a. Now by the duality principle, we get
Similarly when b is the minimum among the a, b, Min Z = –3y1 + 16y2 – 15y3
c, d,
subject –y1 + 8y2 – 5y3  7
then by the Hungarian method, the optimal cost in
–y2 + 4y2 – 3y3  –3
this case = b + b + b + b = 4b.
for determining the basic solution, we make any one
i.e. The required optimal cost = 4.min{a, b, c, d}.
out of three equal to zero, case by case.
12. The given primal problem is
Case I: When y1 = 0
Min Z = 2x2 + 5x3
then 8y2 – 5y3 = 7
Subject to x1 + x2  2
4y2 – 3y3 = –3
2x1 + x2 + 6x3  6
x1 – x2 + 3x3 = 4.  –5y3 + 6y3 = 13
As the given objective function is of minimization  y 3 = 13
type. Hence all the constraint should be made  8y 2 = 7 + 65 = 72
to  type.
72
i.e. The given primal problem can be changed to y2 = = 9.
8
Min Z = 0x1 + 2x2 + 5x3
i.e. y1 = 0, y2 = 9, y3 = 13.
Subject to x1 + x2  2
Case II: When y 2 = 0
–2x1 – x2 – 6x3  –6
then –y1 – 5y3 = 7
x1 – x2 + 3x3  4
–y1 – 3y3 = –3
–x1 + x2 – 3x3  –4.
 –2y3 = 10 y3 = –5 (not basic)
Now converting the above primal into dual by duality
principle then objective function is of maximization Case III: When y 3 = 0
type. –y1 + 8y2 = 7
i.e. Max Z = 2w1 – 6w2 + 4(w3 – w3) –y1 + 4y2 = –3
Subject to  4y2 = 10
w1 – 2w2 + (w3 – w3)  0
5
w1 – w2 + (w3 – w3)  2 y2 =
2
0.w1 – 6w2 + 3(w3 – w3)  5. –y1 + 10 = –3
Writting w3 = w3 – w3 the above inequalities can be  y 1 = 13.
rewritten as max Z = 2w1 – 6w2 + 4w3.
Subject to w1 – 2w2 + w3  0 14. The given LPP is
w1 – w2 + w3  2 max Z = 3x + 9y
subject to x + 4y  8
–6w2 + 3w3  5
x + 2y  4
where w1, w2  0 and w3 is unrestricted.
x, y  0
13. The given primal LPP is Solution space is shown in the given by the shaded
max Z = 7x1 – 3x2 region of the plotted graph.
 71

y 6
17 18 14 23 13 [3]
32 27 18 41 19 [9]
(0, 2)
A 6 10 12 4 32
x + 2y  4 [15] [9] [4] [18]

x + 4y  8 4
18 14 23 7 [4]
x x
B (8, 0) 27 18 41 19 [9]
(4, 0) 10 12 4
The optimum value of the objective function is [9] [4] [18]
obtained at the boundary of the region i.e. either at
A(0, 2) or at B(4, 0). 3
Now at Z(A) = 3.0 + 9.2 = 18 18 14 3 [4]
and Z(B) = 3.4 + 9.0 = 12. 27 18 19 [9]
Hence the maximum value of Z is at the point A. 10 12
i.e. Zmax = 18. [9] [4]

15. A B C D Demand 7 12
27 18 19
I 21 16 25 13 11
7 12
II 17 18 14 23 13
Hence the initial basic solution is given as
III 32 27 18 41 19
6 10 12 15 43 11
21 16 25 13 11
Apply the Vogel’s Approximation method, for the
initial basic feasible solution. 6 3 4
17 18 14 23 13
11
7 12
21 16 25 13 11 [3]
32 27 18 41 19
17 18 14 23 13 [3]
32 27 18 41 19 [9] 6 10 12 15
6 10 12 15 43 the optimal cost = 11 × 13 + 17 × 6 + 18 × 3 + 23
[4] [2] [4] [10] × 4 +27 × 7 + 12 × 18 = 796.
 72
CHAPTER

9
PASSAGE BASED MCQs

5. Mr. Shyam exercised his voting right in General

PASSAGE-1
Election-2019, then Mr. Shyam is related to which of
A general election of Lok Sabha is a gigantic exercise. the following?
About 911 million people were eligible to vote and voter A. All those eligible voters who cast their votes
turnout was about 67%, the highest ever. B. Family members of Mr.Shyam
Let I be the set of all citizens of India who were eligible C. All citizens of India
to exercise their voting right in general election held in D. Eligible voters of India
2019. A relation ‘R’ is defined on I as follows:
R = {(V1, V2) : V1, V2  I and both use their voting PASSAGE-2
right in general election – 2019}
Sherlin and Danju are playing Ludo at home during
1. Two neighbors X and Y  I. X exercised his voting
Covid-19. While rolling the dice, Sherlin’s sister Raji
right while Y did not cast her vote in general election
observed and noted the possible outcomes of the throw
– 2019. Which of the following is true?
every time belongs to set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Let A be the set
A. (X, Y) R B. (Y, X) R of players while B be the set of all possible outcomes.
C. (X, X)  R D. (X, Y) R A = {S, D}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. Mr. ‘X’ and his wife ‘W’ both exercised their voting 1. Let R : B  B be defined by R = {(x, y): y is divisible
right in general election-2019, by x} is;
Which of the following is true? A. Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
A. both (X, W) and (W, X)  R B. Reflexive and symmetric and not transitive
B. (X,W)  R but (W, X)  R C. Not reflexive but symmetric and transitive
C. both (X, W) and (W, X)  R D. Equivalence
D. (W, X)  R but (X, W)  R 2. Raji wants to know the number of functions from A to
3. Three friends F1, F2 and F3 exercised their voting right B. How many number of functions are possible?
in general election-2019, then which of the following A. 6 2 B. 2 6
is true? C. 6! D. 2 12
A. (F1, F2)  R, (F2, F3)  R and (F1, F3)  R 3. Let R be a relation on B defined by R = {(1, 2),
B. (F1, F2 )  R, (F2, F3)  R and (F1, F3)  R (2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 1), (4, 3), (5, 5)}.
C. (F1,F2 )  R, (F2, F2)  R but (F3, F3)  R Then R is:
D. (F1, F2 )  R, (F2, F3)  R and (F1, F3)  R A. Symmetric B. Reflexive
C. Transitive D. None of these three
4. The above defined relation R is ..................
4. Raji wants to know the number of relations possible
A. Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
from A to B. How many numbers of relations are
B. Universal relation possible?
C. Equivalence relation A. 6 2 B. 2 6
D. Reflexive but not symmetric and transitive C. 6! D. 2 12
72
 (2731) Math—10
73

5. Let R : B  B be defined by R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), they planted one of the rows of the saplings along the line
(3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5),(6, 6)}, then R is: y = x – 4. Let L be the set of all lines which are parallel on
A. Symmetric the ground and R be a relation on L.
B. Reflexive and Transitive Answer the following using the above information.
C. Transitive and symmetric 1. Let relation R be defined by R = {(L1, L2): L1 || L2
D. Equivalence where L1, L2 € L} then R is ........ relation
A. Equivalence
PASSAGE-3 B. Only reflexive
An organization conducted bike race under 2 different C. Not reflexive
categories-boys and girls. Totally there were 250 D. Symmetric but not transitive
participants. Among all of them finally three from Category
2. Let R = {(L1, L2) : L1  L2 where L1, L2 € L} which
1 and two from Category 2 were selected for the final race.
of the following is true?
Ravi forms two sets B and G with these participants for his
college project. A. R is Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive
Let B = {b1, b2, b3} G = {g1, g2} where B represents the B. R is Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
set of boys selected and G the set of girls who were selected C. R is Reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
for the final race. D. R is an Equivalence relation
Ravi decides to explore these sets for various types of 3. The function f : R  R defined by f(x) = x – 4 is
relations and functions. .................
1. Ravi wishes to form all the relations possible from B A. Bijective
to G. How many such relations are possible? B. Surjective but not injective
A. 2 6 B. 2 5 C. Injective but not Surjective
C. 0 D. 2 3 D. Neither Surjective nor Injective
2. Let R: B  B be defined by R = {(x, y): x and y are 4. Let f : R  R be defined by f (x) = x – 4. Then the
students of same sex}, Then this relation R is ........... range of f (x) is ...............
A. Equivalence A. R B. Z
B. Reflexive only C. W D. Q
C. Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
5. Let R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is parallel to L2 and L1 : y = x – 4}
D. Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric then which of the following can be taken as L2 ?
3. Ravi wants to know among those relations, how many A. 2x – 2y + 5 = 0 B. 2x + y = 5
functions can be formed from B to G? C. 2x + 2y + 7 = 0 D. x + y = 7
A. 2 2 B. 2 12
C. 3 2 D. 2 3 PASSAGE-5
4. Let R : B  G be defined by R = {(b1, g1), (b2, g2), Raji visited the Exhibition along with her family. The
(b3, g1)}, then R is ............... Exhibition had a huge swing, which attracted many children.
A. Injective Raji found that the swing traced the path of a Parabola as
B. Surjective given by y = x2.
C. Neither Surjective nor Injective Answer the following questions using the above
D. Surjective and Injective information.

5. Ravi wants to find the number of injective functions 1. Let f : R  R be defined by f (x) = x2 is .................
from B to G. How many numbers of injective functions A. Neither Surjective nor Injective
are possible? B. Surjective
A. 0 B. 2! C. Injective
C. 3! D. 0! D. Bijective
2. Let f : N  N be defined by f (x) = x2 is ..................
PASSAGE-4 A. Surjective but not Injective
Students of Grade 9, planned to plant saplings along straight B. Surjective
lines, parallel to each other to one side of the playground C. Injective
ensuring that they had enough play area. Let us assume that D. Bijective
 74

3. Let f : {1, 2, 3, ......}  {1, 4, 9, ....} be defined by 1  1 

f (x) = x2 is .............. C. tan  
3
D. tan
1
 3
A. Bijective
4. ABC =
B. Surjective but not Injective
 
C. Injective but Surjective A. B.
4 6
D. Neither Surjective nor Injective
 
4. Let : N  R be defined by f (x) = x2. Range of the C. D.
2 3
function among the following is ...............
5. Domain and Range of cos–1 x =
A. {1, 4, 9, 16, .....}
A. (–1, 1 ), (0, ) B. [–1, 1 ], (0, )
B. {1, 4, 8, 9, 10, .....}
C. {1, 4, 9, 15, 16, .....}   
C. [–1, 1 ], [0, ] D. ( 1,1)   ,
D. {1, 4, 8, 16, .....}  2 2 
5. The function f : Z  Z defined by f (x) = x2 is ..........
A. Neither Injective nor Surjective PASSAGE-7
B. Injective The Government of India is planning to fix a hoarding board
C. Surjective at the face of a building on the road of a busy market for
D. Bijective awareness on COVID-19 protocol. Ram, Robert and Rahim
are the three engineers who are working on this project. “A”
is considered to be a person viewing the hoarding board 20
PASSAGE-6 metres away from the building, standing at the edge of a
Two men on either side of a temple of 30 meters high pathway nearby. Ram, Robert and Rahim suggested to the
observe its top at the angles of elevation  and  firm to place the hoarding board at three different locations
respectively. (as shown in the figure below). The distance namely C, D and E. “C” is at the height of 10 metres from
the ground level. For the viewer A, the angle of elevation of
between the two men is 40 3 meters and the distance
“D” is double the angle of elevation of “C” The angle of
between the first person A and the temple is 30 3 meters. elevation of “E” is triple the angle of elevation of “C” for the
B same viewer. Look at the figure given and based on the
above information answer the following:
E

  D
A C
x D d
C
Based on the above information answer the following: 10 m
1. CAB =  =
A 5m A 20 m B

1  2   1
1
1. Measure of CAB =
A. sin  B. sin  
 3   2
1  1 
 3 A. tan –1(2) B. tan  
1 2
C. sin–1 (2) D. sin   C. tan–1 (1) D. tan–1 (3)
 2 
2. CAB =  = 2. Measure of DAB =
1  3 
 1 1  2  A. tan   B. tan –1(3)
A. cos 1   B. cos   4
 5  5
1  4 
 3
1  4
1 C. tan   D. tan –1(4)
C. cos   D. cos   3
 2   5
3. Measure of EAB =
3. BCA =  = A. tan–1 (11) B. tan –1 3
 1 1  2  1  11 
A. tan 1   B. tan –1(2) C. tan   D. tan  
 2  11   2
 75

4. A Is another viewer standing on the same line of them. A, B, C are the matrices created by Amit, Biraj and
observation across the road. If the width of the road Chirag respectively.
is 5 meters, then the difference between CAB and  1 2 4 0 2 0 
CAB is: A=   B =  C 
 1 3  1 5  1 2 
1  1  1  1 
A. tan   B. tan   If a = 4 and b = – 2, based on the above information
2 8 answer the following:
1  2  1  11 
C. tan   D. tan   1. Sum of the matrices A, B and C, A + (B + C) is:
5 21
1 6  6 1 
5. Domain and Range of tan–1 x = A.   B.  2 7 
2 7  
     
A. R + ,   ,  B. R  ,   ,  7 2 2 1 
 2 2  2 2 C.   D.  
1 6  7 6
    
C. R,   ,  D. R,  0,  2. (A T)T is equal to:
 2 2  2
 1 2 2 1 
A.   B.  
PASSAGE-8  1 3   3 1
A manufacture produces three stationery products Pencil, 1 1  2 3
Eraser and Sharpener which he sells in two markets. Annual C.   D.  
sales are indicated below: 2 3   1 1 

Market Products (in numbers) 3. (bA)T is equal to:

Pencil Eraser Sharpener  2 4   2 2 

A.   B.  
A 10,000 2000 18,000  2 6   4 6 
B 6000 20,000 8,000
 2 2   6 2 
C.   D. 
If the unit Sale price of Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener are  6 4  2 4 
` 2.50, ` 1.50 and ` 1.00 respectively, and unit cost of the
above three commodities are ` 2.00, ` 1.00 and ` 0.50 4. AC-BC is equal to:
respectively, then,  4 6   4 4 
Based on the above information answer the following: A.   B.  
 4 4   4 6 
1. Total revenue of market A
 4 4   6 4 
A. ` 64,000 B. ` 60,400 C.   D.  
C. ` 46,000 D. ` 40,600  6 4   4 4 
2. Total revenue of market B 5. (a + b)B is equal to:
A. ` 35,000 B. ` 53,000  0 8  2 10 
C. ` 50,300 D. ` 30,500 A.   B.  
10 2  8 0 
3. Cost incurred in market A
A. ` 13,000 B. ` 30,100 8 0  2 0 
C.  2 10  D.  8 10 
C. ` 10,300 D. ` 31,000    
4. Profit in market A and B respectively are
A. (` 15,000, ` 17,000) PASSAGE-10
B. (` 17,000, ` 15,000)
C. (` 51,000, ` 71,000) Three schools DPS, CVC and KVS decided to organize a
D. (` 10,000, ` 20,000) fair for collecting money for helping the flood victims.
They sold handmade fans, mats and plates from recycled
5. Gross profit in both market
material at a cost of ` 25, ` 100 and ` 50 each respectively.
A. ` 23,000 B. ` 20,300
The numbers of articles sold are given as:
C. ` 32,000 D. ` 30,200
School/Article DPS CVC KVS
PASSAGE-9 Handmade fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40 50
Amit, Biraj and Chirag were given the task of creating a
square matrix of order 2. Below are the matrices created by Plates 20 30 40
 76

Based on the information given above, answer the 3. The number of children who were given some money
following questions: by Seema, is:
A. 30 B. 40
1. What is the total money (in Rupees) collected by the
C. 23 D. 32
school DPS?
A. 700 B. 7,000 4. How much amount is given to each child by Seema?
C. 6,125 D. 7875 A. ` 32 B. ` 30
C. ` 62 D. ` 26
2. What is the total amount of money (in Rs.) collected
by schools CVC and KVS? 5. How much amount Seema spends in distributing the
A. 14,000 B. 15,725 money to all the students of the Orphanage?
C. 21,000 D. 13,125 A. ` 609 B. ` 960
C. ` 906 D. ` 690
3. What is the total amount of money collected by all
three schools DPS, CVC and KVS?
A. ` 15,775 B. ` 14,000
PASSAGE-12
C. ` 21,000 D. ` 17,125 Two farmers Ramakishan and Gurucharan Singh cultivate
4. If the number of handmade fans and plates are only three varieties of rice namely Basmati, Permal and
interchanged for all the schools, then what is the total Naura. The sale (in rupees) of these varieties of rice by both
money collected by all schools? the farmers in the month of September and October are
A. ` 18,000 B. ` 6,750 given by the following matrices A and B.
September sales (in Rupees)
C. ` 5,000 D. ` 21,250
5. How many articles (in total) are sold by three schools? 10,000 20,000 30,000  Ramakishan
A=  
A. 230 B. 130  50,000 30,000 10,000  Gurucharan
C. 430 D. 330 October sales (in Rupees)
 5,000 10,000 6,000  Ramakishan
PASSAGE-11 B=  
 20,000 10,000 10,000  Gurucharan
On her birth day, Seema decided to donate some money to
1. The total sales in September and October for each
children of an orphanage home. If there were 8 children less,
farmer in each variety can be represented as ............. .
everyone would have got Rs.10 more. However, if there
A. A + B B. A – B
were 16 children more, everyone would have got Rs. 10
C. A > B D. A < B
less. Let the number of children be x and the amount
distributed by Seema for one child be y (in Rs.). 2. What is the value of A23?
Based on the information given above, answer the following A. 10000
questions: B. 20000
C. 30000
1. The equations in terms x and y are:
D. 40000
A. 5x – 4y = 40 B. 5x – 4y = 40
5x – 8y = –80 5x – 8y = 80 3. The decrease in sales from September to October is
given by ................. .
C. 5x - 4y = 40 D. 5x + 4y = 40
A. A + B B. A – B
5x + 8y = –80 5x – 8y = –80
C. A > B D. A < B
2. Which of the following matrix equations represent the
4. If Ramkishan receives 2% profit on gross sales, compute
information given above?
his profit for each variety sold in October.
 5 4   x   40  A. ` 100, ` 200 and ` 120
A.      
 5 8   y   80  B. ` 100, ` 200 and ` 130
 5 4   x   40  C. ` 100, ` 220 and ` 120
B.       D. ` 110, ` 200 and ` 120
 5 8  y  80 
5. If Gurucharan receives 2% profit on gross sales,
 5 4   x   40  compute his profit for each variety sold in September.
C.      
 5 8  y   80  A. ` 100, ` 200, ` 120
B. ` 1000, ` 600, ` 200
 5 4   x   40 
D.  5 8  y    80  C. ` 400, ` 200, ` 120
     D. ` 1200, ` 200, ` 120
 77

PASSAGE-13 1. The rate of growth of the plant with respect to sunlight

is ............... .
Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a 1 2
school in his village. When he was asked to give dimensions A. 4 x  x B. 4 – x
2
of the plot, he told that if its length is decreased by 50 m
1 2
and breadth is increased by 50 m, then its area will remain C. x – 4 D. x  x
same, but if length is decreased by 10m and breadth is 2
decreased by 20m, then its area will decrease by 5300 m 2. 2. What is the number of days it will take for the plant
to grow to the maximum height?
A. 4 B. 6
C. 7 D. 10
y
3. What is the maximum height of the plant?
A. 12 cm B. 10 cm
C. 8 cm D. 6 cm
x 4. What will be the height of the plant after 2 days?
Based on the information given above, answer the A. 4 cm B. 6 cm
following questions: C. 8 cm D. 10 cm
1. The equations in terms of X and Y are 7
A. x – y = 50, 2x – y = 550 5. If the height of the plant iscm, the number of days
2
B. x – y = 50, 2x + y = 550 it has been exposed to the sunlight is .............. .
C. x + y = 50, 2x + y = 550 A. 2 B. 3
D. x + y = 50, 2x + y = 550 C. 4 D. 1
2. Which of the following matrix equation is represented
by the given information PASSAGE-15
 1 1  x   50  P(x) = – 5x2 + 125 x + 37500 is the total profit function of
A.      
 2 1   y   550  a company, where x is the production of the company.
 1 1  x   50  1. What will be the production when the profit is
B.  2 1  y    550  maximum?
    
A. 37500 B. 12.5
 1 1   x   50  C. –12.5 D. –37500
C.  2 1  y    550 
     2. What will be the maximum profit?
 1 1  x   50  A. ` 38,28,125
D.  2 1  y    550  B. ` 38281.25
    
C. ` 39,000
3. The value of x (length of rectangular field) is D. None
A. 150 m B. 400 m
C. 200 m D. 320 m 3. Check in which interval the profit is strictly increasing.
A. (12.5, )
4. The value of y (breadth of rectangular field) is B. for all real numbers
A. 150 m B. 200 m C. for all positive real numbers
C. 430 m D. 350 m
D. (0, 12.5)
5. How much is the area of rectangular field?
4. When the production is 2units what will be the profit
A. 60000 sq. m. B. 30000 sq. m.
of the company?
C. 30000 m D. 3000 m
A. 37500 B. 37,730
C. 37,770 D. None
PASSAGE-14
5. What will be production of the company when the
The Relation between the height of the plant (y in cm) with profit is ` 38250?
respect to exposure to sunlight is governed by the following A. 15
1 B. 30
equation y = 4x  x 2 where x is the number of days C. 2
2
exposed to sunlight. D. data is not sufficient to find
 78

PASSAGE-16 A. Variable separable method

B. Solving Homogeneous differential equation
A potter made a mud vessel, where the shape of the pot is C. Solving Linear differential equation
based on f (x) = |x – 3| + |x – 2|, where f(x) represents the D. all of the above
height of the pot. 3. If the temperature was measured 2 hours after
1. When x > 4 What will be the height in terms of x? 11.30 pm, will the time of death change?
A. x – 2 B. x – 3 (Yes/No)
C. 2x – 5 D. 5 – 2x 4. The solution of the differential equation
2. Will the slope vary with x value? dT
 k  T  70  is given by,
A. Yes dt
B. No A. log |T – 70| = kt + C
dy B. log |T – 70| = log | kt | + C
3. What is at x = 3 C. T – 70 = kt + C
dx
A. 2 D. T – 70 = kt C
B. –2 5. If t = 0 when T is 72, then the value of c is
C. Function is not differentiable A. –2 B. 0
D. 1 C. 2 D. Log 2
4. When the x value lies between (2, 3) then the function
is: PASSAGE-18
A. 2x – 5 B. 5 – 2x
C. 1 D. 5 Polio drops are delivered to 50 K children in a district. The
5. If the potter is trying to make a pot using the function rate at which polio drops are given is directly proportional
f(x) = [x], will he get a pot or not? Why? to the number of children who have not been administered
A. Yes, because it is a continuous function the drops. By the end of 2nd week half the children have
B. Yes, because it is not continuous been given the polio drops. How many will have been
C. No , because it is a continuous function given the drops by the end of 3rd week can be estimated
D. No , because it is not continuous dy
using the solution to the differential equation  k (50  y)
dx
PASSAGE-17 where x denotes the number of weeks and y the number of
children who have been given the drops.
A Veterinary doctor was examining a sick cat brought by 1. State the order of the above given differential
a pet lover. When it was brought to the hospital, it was equation.
already dead. The pet lover wanted to find its time of death. 2. Which method of solving a differential equation
He took the temperature of the cat at 11.30 pm which was dy
94.6°F. He took the temperature again after one hour; the can be used to solve  k (50  y)?
dx
temperature was lower than the first observation. It was
93.4°F. The room in which the cat was put is always at 70°F. A. Variable separable method
The normal temperature of the cat is taken as 98.6°F when B. Solving Homogeneous differential equation
it was alive. The doctor estimated the time of death using C. Solving Linear differential equation
Newton law of cooling which is governed by the differential D. all of the above
dT dy
equation:   T  70  , where 70°F is the room temperature 3. The solution of the differential equation  k (50  y)
dt dx
and T is the temperature of the object at time t. is given by,
Substituting the two different observations of T and t A. log |50 – y| = kx + C
made, in the solution of the differential equation B. – log | 50 – y| = kx + C
dT C. log |50 – y| = log | kx | + C
 k  T  70  where k is a constant of proportion, time
dt D. 50 – y = kx + C
of death is calculated.
1. State the degree of the above given differential 4. The value of c in the particular solution given that
equation. y(0) = 0 and k = 0.049 is.
2. Which method of solving a differential equation A. log 50 B. log 1/50
helped in calculation of the time of death? C. 50 D. – 50
 79

5. Which of the following solutions may be used to find 2. What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested as
the number of children who have been given the polio COVID positive’ given that ‘he is actually not having
drops? COVID’?
A. y = 50 – ekx A. 0.01 B. 0.99
B. y = 50 – e–kx C. 0.1 D. 0.001
C. y = 50 (1 – e–kx) 3. What is the probability that the ‘person is actually not
D. y = 50 (e–kx – 1) having COVID?
A. 0.998 B. 0.999
PASSAGE-19 C. 0.001 D. 0.111
4. What is the probability that the ‘person is actually
A coach is training 3 players. He observes that the player having COVID given that ‘he is tested as COVID
A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, player B can hit 3 times positive’?
in 4 shots and the player C can hit 2 times in 3 shots A. 0.83
From this situation answer the following: B. 0.0803
1. Let the target is hit by A, B: the target is hit by B and, C. 0.083
C: the target is hit by A and C. Then, the probability D. 0.089
that A, B and, C all will hit, is 5. What is the probability that the ‘person selected will
A. 4/5 B. 3/5 be diagnosed as COVID positive’?
C. 2/5 D. 1/5 A. 0.1089 B. 0.01089
2. Referring to (i), what is the probability that B, C will C. 0.0189 D. 0.189
hit and A will lose?
A. 1/10 B. 3/10 PASSAGE-21
C. 7/10 D. 4/10
3. With reference to the events mentioned in (i), what is In answering a question on a multiple choice test for class
the probability that ‘any two of A, B and C will hit? XII, a student either knows the answer or guesses. Let 3/5
A. 1/30 B. 11/30 be the probability that he knows the answer and 2/5 be the
C. 17/30 D. 13/30 probability that he guesses. Assume that a student who
guesses at the answer will be correct with probability 1/3.
4. What is the probability that ‘none of them will hit the
Let E1, E2, E be the events that the student knows the
target’?
answer, guesses the answ er and answers correctly
A. 1/30 B. 1/60
C. 1/15 D. 2/15 respectively.

5. What is the probability that at least one of A, B or C Based on the above information, answer the following
will hit the target? 1. What is the value of P(E1)?
A. 59/60 B. 2/5 A. 2/5 B. 1/3
C. 3/5 D. 1/60 C. 1 D. 3/5
2. Value of P(E | E1) is
PASSAGE-20 A. 1/3 B. 1
C. 2/3 D. 415
The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified as follows:
Of people having COVID, 90% of the test detects the disease k 2
but 10% goes undetected. Of people free of COVID, 99% 3.  k 1
P(E|E k )P(E k ) equals
of the test is judged COVID negative but 1% are diagnosed A. 11/15 B. 4/15
as showing COVID positive. From a large population of C. 1/5 D. 1
which only 0.1% have COVID, one person is selected at
k 2
random, given the COVID PCR test, and the pathologist 4. Value of  P(E k )
k 1
reports him/her as COVID positive.
Based on the above information, answer the following: A. 1/3 B. 1/5
C. 1 D. 3/5
1. What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested as
COVID positive’ given that ‘he is actually having 5. What is the probability that the student knows the
COVID? answer given that he answered it correctly?
A. 0.001 B. 0.1 A. 2/11 B. 5/3
C. 0.8 D. 0.9 C. 9/11 D. 13/3
 80

ANSWERS
PASSAGE-1 PASSAGE-12
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
D A A C A A A B A B
PASSAGE-2 PASSAGE-13

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
A A D D B B A C A B

PASSAGE-3 PASSAGE-14

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
A A D B A B A C B D

PASSAGE-4 PASSAGE-15

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
A A A A A B B D B A

PASSAGE-5 PASSAGE-16

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
A C A A A C A C C D

PASSAGE-6 PASSAGE-17
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
B C D C C Degree is 1 A No A D
PASSAGE-7 PASSAGE-18
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
B C D B C Order is 1 A B B C
PASSAGE-8 PASSAGE-19
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
C B D A C C A D B A
PASSAGE-9
PASSAGE-20
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
C A B C C
D A B C B
PASSAGE-10
PASSAGE-21
1 2 3 4 5
B A C D D 1 2 3 4 5
D B A C C
PASSAGE-11
1 2 3 4 5
A C D B B