Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Emerging Sustainable
Technologies
Sustainable Buildings
• Sustainability – it is our ability to meet current needs without
harming the environmental, economic, and societal systems on
which future generations will rely for meeting their needs.
• Sustainable building, also known as a green building – is a
healthier and more resource-efficient structure that is designed,
built, operated, renovated, reused, and eventually
dismantled/demolished in a sustainable manner. It is designed to
meet specific goals such as protecting occupant health;
improving employee productivity; using energy, water, and other
resources efficiently; and reducing the overall impact to the
environment.
• Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and
power (CHP) – it is the use of a heat engine (or other
means) to simultaneously generate both electricity and
heat. Its principal purpose is to produce electricity but,
as a by-product, the heat produced is used for heating
water, space heating, or industrial process heating.
Conventional Cogeneration
• Building cogeneration
or CHP systems –
produce electrical power
for local buildings, and
use the heat from that
production to also provide
heat to the buildings
(often through
underground steam or hot
water piping systems).
Geothermal Energy Systems
Horizontal-Axis
Wind Turbines
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝑻 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝝆𝑨𝒗𝟑 𝒎 = 𝝆𝑨𝒗
𝟐 𝟐
Where:
PT = total power of the windstream, W
m = mass flow rate, kg/s
v = incoming velocity, m/s
ρ = density of air, kg/m^3
Coefficient of Performance
Coefficient of Performance – is defined as the ratio of the
power delivered by the rotor P to the maximum power
available PT.
𝑷 𝑷
𝑪𝒑 = =
𝑷𝑻 𝟏 𝟑
𝟐 𝝆𝑨𝒗
Betz’s Law
According to Betz's law, no turbine can capture more than
16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in wind. The factor 16/27
(0.593) is known as Betz's coefficient. This was published by
Albert Betz.
Tip Speed Ratio – is the ratio of the speed of the tip of the
rotor to the wind speed v.
Sample Problems
1. The undisturbed wind speed at a location is Vi = 30 mph, the
speed of turbine is 60% of this value and the speed at exit is
40% of Vi. The rotor diameter is 9 m, ρ = 1.293 kg/m^3.
Calculate (a) the power available in undisturbed wind at the
turbine rotor, (b) the power in the wind at outlet, (c) the
power developed by the turbine and (d) the coefficient of
performance.
Solution:
Vi = 30 mi/hr x (1609.34 m/1 mile) x (1 hr/3600 sec)
Vi = 13.42 m/s
Solution:
V = 27 mi/hr x (1,609.34 m/1 mile) x (1 hr/3600 sec) = 12.07 m/s
Pressure = 14.7 psia = 101,325 Pascal
T = 5/9(70 + 460) = 294.44 K
Solution:
TSR = rotor speed / wind speed
0.7 = rotor speed / 5
Rotor speed = 3.5 m/s
𝟏 𝟑𝟓𝟑
𝜹= 𝝆𝒗𝟑 𝝆= 𝒆−𝒉/[𝟐𝟗.𝟑 𝑻+𝟐𝟕𝟑 }
𝟐 𝑻 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑
Where:
δ = power density of the wind, W/m^2
ρ = density of air, kg/m^3
v = incoming velocity, m/s
h = elevation of the wind above sea level, m
T = air temperature, deg C
Sample Problems
4. The Tehachapi is a desert city in California with an elevation
of about 350 m, and is known for its extensive wind farms.
Compute the power density of the wind when the air
temperature is 30 deg C and the speed of the wind is 12 m/s.
Solution:
353
ρ= e−h/[29.3 T+273 }
T + 273
𝒌𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝑸𝒉𝜼
Where:
Q = discharge in cu. m/sec for metric system
h = net head of water in meter
η = over-all efficiency of the hydrostation
Power Developed in a Hydrostation
𝑬 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝑽 × 𝒉 × 𝜼
Where:
V = volume in cu. m
h = net head of water in meter
η = over-all efficiency of the hydrostation
Sample Problems
1. A hydroelectic power plant operates under an effective
head of 50 m and a discharge of 94 m^3/s. Determine the
power developed.
Solution:
Output kW = 9.81Qhη
Assume η = 100%
Output kW = 9.81(94)(50)(1)
Output kW = 46,107 kW
Sample Problems
2. A hydroelectric power station is supplied from a reservoir
having an area of 50 km^2 and a head of 50 m. If the
overall efficiency of the plant be 60%, find the rate at
which the water will fall when the station is generating
30,000 kW.
Solution:
A = 50 km^2 = 50 x 10^6 m^2
P = 9.81Qhη kW
Q = P/[9.81hη] = 30,000/[(9.81(50)(0.60)] = 101.94 m^3 per second
E = 9.81 x V x h x η kW-sec
E = 9.81(588 x 10^6)(50)(0.85)(0.80) = 1.96 x 10^11 kW-sec
E = 1.91 x 10^11 kW-sec x 1 hr/3600 sec = 54.44 x 10^6 kWh
𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 × 𝑨 × 𝒓 × 𝜼
Where:
R = annual rainwater collected in gallons/year
A = catchment area in sq. ft
r = average rainfall for the period under consideration
η = systeml efficiency
Required Catchment Area
• The minimum required catchment area meet a specific
daily rate of consumption is given by:
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 × 𝑫
𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 × 𝒓 × 𝜼
Where:
Amin = minimum required catchment area
Qtotal = daily consumption rate in liters/day
D = number of days in period under consideration
r = average rainfall for the period under consideration
η = systeml efficiency
Cistern Size
• The required cistern storage capacity (ST) can be
approximated by
Where:
ST = required cistern capacity
Qtotal = daily consumption rate in liters/day
Ddry spell = longest average dry spell in day
Sample Problems
1. A home in Denver, Colorado, has a catchment area
equivalent to the 2400 sq. ft roof footprint (including the
roof overhangs). The home will have 4 occupants and a
water consumption rate of 55 gal per person per day.
Denver Colorado, receives an average rainfall of 15.40
in/year
a. Approximate the rainwater collected over a year.
Assume an efficiency of 85%.
b. Approximate the required cistern storage capacity.
Assume the longest average dry spell will be 4 weeks.
c. Approximate the minimum required catchment area
Solution:
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟔, 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔
(c) For the approximated minimum required catchment area