7/31/2018

MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 WHAT IS RADIOGRAPHIC
EXPOSURE??

• RADIATION SAFETY: AMOUNT OF RADIATION

EXPOSED TO AN INDIVIDUAL
• RADIOGRAPHIC EXPOSURE: AMOUNT OF
RADIATION (X OR GAMMA EMITTED FROM THE
SOURCE UNDER A SPECIFIC RADIOGRAPHIC
ARRANGEMENT , THAT WILL BLACKEN THE
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM TO A REQUIRED
DENSITY

7/31/2018
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 Requirements For
Correct Exposure
• Too high exposure produce too high density radiographs. Too
high density radiographs cannot be interpreted and possibly
low contrast
• Too low exposure produce too low density radiographs. Too
low density radiographs have very low contrast
• Correct exposure will produce radiographs with acceptable
density and sensitivity
• Acceptable density: 1.8 to 4 for x-ray and 2-4 for gamma ray

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 D2
At low density
the curve

Density
gradient is low
thus the
contrast is also
D1
low.

log10E1 log10E2
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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 UNIT OF EXPOSURE

• X-RAYS
• Current x Exposure Time
• 2mAx1min=2mAmin
• GAMMA RAYS
• Strength X Exposure time
• 70CiX10secs. =700CiSec=66.7Cimin.

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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 ASSIGNMENT 1

• AN EXCELLENT RADIOGRAPH IS OBTAINED UNDER A

GIVEN SET OF EXPOSURE CONDITIONS WITH TUBE
CURRENT OF 5 mA AND EXPOSURE TIME OF 12
MINUTES:
• 1. WHAT IS THE AMOUNT OF RADIOGRAPHIC
EXPOSURE FOR THIS PARTICULAR ARRANGEMENT??
• 2. IF OTHER CONDITIONS ARE NOT CHANGED,
WHAT EXPOSURE TIME WOULD BE REQUIRED IF THE X-
RAY TUBE CURRENT IS NOW RAISED TO 6 mA

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Training & Consultancy
 ASSIGNMENT 2

A 70 Ci IRIDIUM-192 SOURCE WAS USED TO

RADIOGRAPH A STEEL PLATE AND THE
EXPOSURE TIME REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A
RADIOGRAPH OF A DENSITY OF 2 IS 3
MINUTES:
1. WHAT IS THE AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE IN
Ci HOUR AND Ci MINUTES??
2. 2.5 MONTHS LATER THE SAME SOURCE
WAS USED TO RADIOGRAPH THE SAME
SPECIMEN UNDER STRICTLY THE SAME
CONDITIONS AS (1). WHAT WILL BE THE
EXPOSURE TIME REQUIRED TO PRODUCE
A RADIOGRAPH OF THE SAME DENSITY??
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Training & Consultancy
 FACTORS GOVERNING
EXPOSURES

• RADIATION ENERGY
• SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE (SFD)
• RADIATION ABSORPTION BY THE
SPECIMEN
• SCREEN USED
• FILTERATION
• FILM TYPE
• DEVELOPMENT

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Training & Consultancy
 1. RADIATION ENERGY

• Higher energy require less exposure

than lower energy
• For x-ray, exposure required at 300kV is less
than that required at 120kV
• For gamma-ray 10 Ci Co-60 require less
exposure than that required by 10Ci Ir-192
because Co-60 has higher energy than Ir-
192

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Training & Consultancy
7/31/2018
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 • For X-ray:
• Increasing mA will increase
ENERGY &
intensity and increasing kV INTENSITY
will increase both intensity
and energy
• Increase mA will reduce
exposure time (not
exposure) without changing
penetrating power Higher kV
• Increase kV will also reduce
exposure time and Lower kV
increases penetrating power

wavelength
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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 • For gamma ray ENERGY &
• Intensity depend on the INTENSITY
strength
• For an isotope,
increasing strength,
increases intensity (but High mA
NOT EXPOSURE) thus
reducing exposure time
Low mA
• Radiosiotope of higher
energy (similar strength)
requires less exposure
wavelength

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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 2. SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE (SFD)

• SMALLER OR SHORTER SFD

REQUIRES LESS EXPOSURE
• BIGGER OR LONGER SFD REQUIRES
MORE EXPOSURE
• RADIATION INTENSITY REDUCES WITH
DISTANCE BY INVERSE SQUARE LAW

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Training & Consultancy
 AMOUNT OF RADIATION REACHING THE
SOURCE-FILM DISTANCE (OR SFD)

•At sfd1 radiation with intensity Io fall on

4”sq (Intensity persquare inch=(1/4)Io
sfd1
•At sfd2 (2sfd1) radiation of similar
intensity fall on an area 16”sq (Intensity
persquare inch= (1/16)Io=1/4 of intensity at
SFD1
•For the same intensity persquare
sfd2

𝑆𝐹𝐷22
𝐸2 = 2 𝑥 𝐸1
𝑆𝐹𝐷1
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 3. RADIATION ABSORPTION BY THE
SPECIMEN
• THE MORE THE SPECIMEN ABSORB THE
RADIATION THE HIGHER EXPOSURE REQUIRED
• ABSORPTION BY SPECIMEN DEPENDS ON:
• DENSITY :HIGHER DENSITY MATERIAL ABSROB MORE
RADIATION THUS REQUIRES HIGHER EXPOSURE
• THICKNESS: THICKER SPECIMEN ABSORBS MORE RADIATION
THUS REQUIRES HIGHER EXPOSURE
• ATOMIC NUMBER: SPECIMEN WITH HIGHER EQUIVALENCE
ABSORB MORE RADIATION THUS REQUIRE MORE EXPOSURE

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 4. RADIOGRAPHIC SCREEN USED

• AT 100kV AND BELOW kV/So Intensific

SCREEN PROVIDE NO urce ation
INTENSIFICATION THUS IF <100 1
SCREEN IS USED MORE 100 1
EXPOSURE REQUIRED 150 2
200 3
• AT HIGHER kV 300 4
INTENSITIFICATION Ir-192 2.9
OCCUR, THUS LESS Cs-137 2.7
EXPOSURE REQUIRED Co-60 1.75
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Training & Consultancy
 OTHERS
•5. FILTERATION
• FILTER ABSORB SOFT RADIATION, THUS
REQUIRES HIGHER EXPOSURE
•6. DEVELOPMENT
• DENSITY SHOULD BE OBTAINED THROUGH
ADJUSTMENT OF EXPOSURE NOT THE
DEVELOPMENT
•7. FILM TYPE
• FASTER FILM REQUIRES LESS EXPOSURE AS
7/31/2018
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
COMPARED WITH SLOW FILM
 EXPOSURE
DETERMINATION
•PREVIOUS RECORD
•EXPOSURE CHART
•CHARACTERISTIC
CURVE
•DIAGONAL METHOD

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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
7/31/2018
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 EXPOSURE CHART

• GRAPH RELATING EXPOSURE TO MATERIAL THICKNESS

UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
• CONDITIONS INCLUDE (FOR X-RAY)
• TYPE OF X-RAY MACHINE
• FILM TYPE
• DENSITY OF FILM
• PROCESSING CONDITION
• MATERIAL
• TYPE OF SCREEN
• SFD
• FILTER TYPE AND THICKNESS
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Training & Consultancy
 EXAMPLE OF X-RAY EXPOSURE CHART
90kV 120kV 160kV 200kV
100
100kV 140kV 180kV

Exposure (mA.min)
JPF: 70sm
10 Filem: D7
Penapis: Tiada
Skrin hadapan dan
belakang: 0.125mm
Larutan Penimbul:
Agfa Gevaert
Ketumpatan: 2
Mesin Sinar x: Andrex
252
Bahan: keluli
1
0 10 20 30 40

7/31/2018
Ketebalan mm Fe
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 GAMMA RAY
EXPOSURE CHART
• Prepared in the same way as in x-rays
• May use separate film. Each wedge
radiographed separately due to
penetration power of gamma ray
• Choose the wedge thickness at
appropriate range
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• Examples are given
Training & Consultancy
 𝑘𝑒𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑎 𝐶𝑖 𝑋 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛 (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝐹𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑑𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛 =
𝑆𝐹𝐷2 (𝑖𝑛2 )
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 GAMMA RAY
EXPOSURE CHART

50 cm

40 cm
30 cm

20 cm
100

EXPOSURE (CURIE-HOUR)
10

Source: Iridium-192
Density: 2.0
Film : Front - 0.1mm
1 Back - 0.15mm
Material: Steel
Developer: G121/G135
Filter: Nil

Film D7

0.1
0 50 100 150 200

7/31/2018
THICKNESS (MM) FE
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 Gamma radiography
exposure chart-type 2
D=2.5
D=2.0
D=1.5

Dedahan
Co-60 source
Type 11 film

0 1 2 3
Inci keluli

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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 APPLICATION OF EXPOSURE CHARTS

• FOR STRAIGHT FORWARD CALCULATION

• FOR DIFFERENT SOURCE TO FILM
DISTANCE
• FOR DIFFERENT FILM FACTORS
• FOR DIFFERENT MATERIAL

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Training & Consultancy
 Berapakah dedahan yang diperlukan untuk
90kV 120kV 160kV 200kV
meradiograf sekeping plat keluli dengan ketebalan
100kV 140kV 180kV
100
10mm bagi mendapatkan radiograf dengan
ketumpatan 2 menggunakan SFD=70mm. (Semua
parameter radiografi lain adalah sama dengan
seperti yang didalam carta)
Exposure (mA.min)

10
JPF: 70sm Penyelsaian:
Filem: D7
Penapis: Tiada
Skrin hadapan dan a. Buat garis lurus bermula dari titik 10mm selari
belakang: 0.125mm
Larutan Penimbul:
dengan paksi Y (Garis ini bersilang dengan garis
Agfa Gevaert 120kV, 140 kV, 160kV, 180kV dan 200kV.
Ketumpatan: 2
1 Mesin Sinar x: Andrex BERAPA WAKTU DEDAHAN SEKIRANYA
0 10 20 30 252 40
MESIN DI TETAPKAN PADA 5 MA
Ketebalan mm Fe
Bahan: keluli

Penyelsaian:
a. Pada 120 kV, dedahan 35mAmin, masa=35/5 min, 7 minit
DIRECT USE b. Pada 140 kV, dedahan 12mAmin, masa=12/5 min, 2.4 mt
c. Pada 160 kV, dedahan 5.4mAmin, masa=5.4/5 min, 1.08 mt
OF EXPOSURE d. Pada 180 kV, dedahan 4mAmin, masa=4/5 min, 0.8 mt
7/31/2018
CHART
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
e. Pada 200 kV, dedahan 3mAmin, masa=3/5 min, 0.6 mt
 USE OF EXPOSURE CHART
Kira dedahan untuk meradiograf plat keluli setebal
AT DIFFERENT SFD 30mm bagi mendapatkan radiograf dengan
90kV 120kV 160kV 200kV
ketumpatan 2. (Semua parameter radiografi lain
adalah sama dengan seperti yang didalam carta
100 100kV 140kV 180kV
kecuali SFD ditukar pada 50 cm)
Penyelsaian:
a. Buat garis lurus bermula dari titik selari dari titi
30mm dengan paksi Y (Garis ini bersilang dengan
Exposure (mA.min)

JPF: 70sm garis 180kV dan 200kV. (ini bererti kedua dua kV
Filem: D7
10
boleh digunakan untuk tugasan ini)
Penapis: Tiada
Skrin hadapan dan Penyelsaian:
belakang: 0.125mm
Larutan Penimbul:
Katakan voltaj 180kV digunakan:
Agfa Gevaert a. Dari titik silang garis 30mm dan garis 180 kV,
Ketumpatan: 2
Mesin Sinar x: Andrex
lukis garis lurus selari dengan paksi X sehingga
1
0 10 20 30
252
40
memotong paksi Y
Ketebalan mm Fe Bahan: keluli
b. Garis memotong paksi Y pada 52 mA min

Pada arus 5 mA, masa

7/31/2018 dedahan = 26.53/5 = 5 min
MADANI
Training & Consultancy 18 saat
 Katakanlah punca Ir 192 dengan keaktifan
40 Ci digunakan untuk meradiograf 2”
keluli menggunakan SFD=20”. Berapakan
masa dedahan untuk menghasilkan
radiograf dengan ketumpatan 1.5

Penyelsaian:
- Buat garis lurus bermula dari titik 2”
hingga bersilang dengan garis
ketumpatan 1.5.
- Dari silang ini buat gais datar sehingga
memotong paksi Y
- Faktur dedahan adalah 7.5 minit
𝒌𝒆𝒌𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒂 𝑪𝒊 𝑿 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒉𝒂𝒏 (𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕)
𝑭𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒉𝒂𝒏 =
𝑺𝑭𝑫𝟐 (𝒊𝒏𝟐 )

MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 60cm, 50cm, 40 cm, 30cm 20cm

DIRECT USE OF
EXPOSURE CHART

Ir-192 60Ci digunakan untuk meradiograf

plet keluli 50mm dengan SFD 60cm. Kira
masa dedahan untuk menghasilkan
radiograf dengan ketumpatan 2 (parameterfi
lain adalah sama seperti dalam carta.
Penyelsaian:
- titik silang antara ketebalan 50mm
dengan SFD 60cm adalah 6Ci jam
-sekiranya kekuatan punca 10 Ci, masa
dedahan T= 0.6jam= 36 minit

MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 60cm, 50cm, 40 cm, 30cm 20cm

USE OF EXPOSURE CHART

FOR DIFFERENT SFD
Ir-192 60Ci digunakan untuk meradiograf plet keluli 50mm
dengan SFD 80cm. Kira masa dedahan untuk menghasilkan
radiograf dengan ketumpatan 2 (parameter lain adalah
sama seperti dalam carta.

Penyelsaian:
-pilih mana2 titik silang antara ketebalan 50mm dengan
SFD 30cm, 40cm, 50cm atau 60 cm
-katakana dilipih SFD 40cm
-Pada SFD 80 cm

MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 DIRECT USE OF
EXPOSURE CHART
D=2.5
D=2.0
Co-16 20Ci digunakan untuk meradiograf plet keluli
D=1.5 1.5” dengan SFD 50cm. Kira masa dedahan untuk
menghasilkan radiograf dengan ketumpatan 2 (Carta
Dedahan

inii adalah untuk SFD 60cm sementara parameterfi

10 Ci mt Co-60 source
lain adalah sama seperti dalam carta.
Type 11 film
SFD=50 cm
Penyelsaian:

- Lukis garis bermula dari titik 1.5” sehingga bersilang

1 Ci mt
0 1 2 3
dengan garis ketumpatan 2
Inci keluli - Lukis garis mendatar dari titik silang ini dan
persilangan dengan paksi Y menunjukkan jumlah
dedahan yang diperlukan iaitu 8 Ci mt.
- Jika punca adalh 20Ci, masa dedahan adalah: 8/20
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Training & Consultancy
mt=0.4 minit=24 saat
 USE OF EXPOSURE CHART
FOR DIFFERENT SFD
D=2.5
D=2.0
Co-16 20Ci digunakan untuk meradiograf plet keluli
D=1.5 1.5” dengan SFD 50cm. Kira masa dedahan untuk
menghasilkan radiograf dengan ketumpatan 2
Dedahan

menggunakan SFD 80cm sementara parameterfi lain

10 Ci mt Co-60 source
adalah sama seperti dalam carta.
Type 11 film
SFD=50 cm
Penyelsaian:

- Untuk SFD 50 cm (SFD1) dedahan (E1) adalah 8Cimt

1 Ci mt
0 1 2 3
- Untuk SFD 80cm (SFD2) dedahan (E2) adalah:
Inci keluli
𝑆𝐹𝐷22 802 6400
𝐸2 = X 8Cimt = 𝑋 8𝐶𝑖𝑚𝑡 = 2500 𝑋 8𝐶𝑖𝑚𝑡 = 20.48 𝐶𝑖 𝑚𝑡
𝑆𝐹𝐷12 502

T2=(20.48Cimt)/20Ci=1.02 minit=1 min 12 saat

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Training & Consultancy
 Radiography Equivalent

• Equivalent thickness of certain material (e.g.

aluminum) as compared with a thickness of
some conveniently chosen material (e.g
normally steel) that will absorb the same
amount of radiation of certain energy (e.g x-ray
at 100kV).

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 Radiography Equivalence

Operating energies

Metal or 50 100 140 220 250 400 1000 2000 6 to Ir-192 Co-60 Ra-226
Alloy kV kV kV kV kV kV kV kV 31MeV

Al1100 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.35 0.4

Al2024 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.35 0.35
Mg 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08
Carbon
Steel 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
St.
Steel (18-8) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Cu 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1
Monel 1.7 1.5 1.2
Pb 14 11 3.0 2 .5 2.4 4.0 2.3 2.3
Zr 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.0
U 18 16 12

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Training & Consultancy
 Radiography
Equivalent-examples

 At 100kV thickness of 1” of
aluminum=thickness of 0.08” of
steel.
 Thus at this kV, to radiograph 1.5”
aluminum, the exposure required is
equivalent to that required to
radiograph 1.5 X 0.08=0.12” steel
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 Radiography
Equivalent-examples 2

 At 100kV thickness of 1” of
Copper=thickness of 1.5” of steel.
 Thus at this kV, to radiograph 1.5”
aluminum, the exposure required is
equivalent to that required to
radiograph 1.5 X 1.5=2.25” steel

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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 Use of exposure chart of
seel for different material

100 90kV 120kV 160kV 200kV

Please calculate the
100kV 140kV 180kV
exposure required to
examine an aluminium
plate of 60mm
thickness at 120kV.
Exposure (mA.min)

10
Other parameters
remain constant as
those specified in the
x-ray exposure chart.
Radiographic
1
0 10 20 30 40
equivalent at this kV is
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MADANI
0.08.
Training & Consultancy
 Use of exposure chart
for different material

100 90kV 120kV 160kV 200kV

Please calculate the
100kV 140kV 180kV
exposure required to
examine a
circumferential
aluminium pipe weld of
Exposure (mA.min)

10
20” dia. and 0.5”
thickness by using a
DWSI technique. Other
Sfd= parameters remain
70cm constant as those
1
specified in the x-ray
mm
0 10 20 30 40
exposure chart.
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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 USE OF EXPOSURE CHART FOR
DIFFERENT MATERIAL

• Total Thickness of Al=0.5x2”=1.0”

• At 140kV eq thickness 0.12
• Exposure required to radiograph 1.0” of aluminum =
exposure required to radiograph 0.12” (3.05mm) of steel.
• From the chart, at 140kV, exposure requoired to radiograph
3.05mm of steel=2.7mAmin (but this is at a sfd of 70cm)
• What is the exposure for pipe having od=20” (50.8cm)=
(50/70)2X2.7mAmin=1.37mAmin

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Training & Consultancy
 Exposure Factor
 Definition: Exposure required
by a film to have a certain
density relative to the
exposure required by a
REFERENCE film to have a
same density

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Training & Consultancy
 Relative Speed of
various Film
Kodak Film Relative Agfa Gaevert
Speed Film
0.5 D2 (single
coat)
Industrex M 1 D2
4 D4
Industrex A 8 D5
Industrex D 16 D7
Kodirex 32
64 D10
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MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 ASSIGNMENT-x-ray
Please calculate the exposure for getting
the radiographic density of 2 for the
following case: 90kV 120kV 160kV 200kV
100kV 140kV 180kV
1. 15mm plate weld at sfd=70cm 100

2. 20 mm plate weld at sfd=110cm

3. Circumferential pipe weld, dia=36”,
thickness=0.75”, technique: dwsi

Exposure (mA.min)
4. Circumferential pipe weld, dia=3”, 10

thickness= 0.25” technique: DWDI

(sfd=30”)
5. Circumferential pipe weld, dia=36”,
thickness 0.75” technique: SWSI focal
point at the centre
1

6. In cases 1-6, what would be the 0 10 20 30 40

exposure time if the film used is now

7/31/2018
MADANI changed to D4
Training & Consultancy
 Please calculate the exposure time
for getting the radiographic
ASSIGNMENT-
density of 2 for the following
case:
gamma ray
1. 1” plate weld at sfd=50cm
2. 20 mm plate weld at sfd=110cm

50 cm

40 cm
30 cm

20 cm
3. Circumferential pipe weld,
100

dia=36”, thickness=1”,
technique: dwsi
4. Circumferential pipe weld,

EXPOSURE (CURIE-HOUR)
10

dia=3”, thickness= 0.5”

technique: DWDI
5. Circumferential pipe weld,
Source: Iridium-192
Density: 2.0
Film : Front - 0.1mm
dia=36”, thickness 1” technique:
1
Back - 0.15mm
Material: Steel
SWSI focal point at the centre Developer: G121/G135
Filter: Nil

6. In cases 1-6, what would be the

Film D7

exposure time if the film used is 0.1

now changed to D4
0 50 100 150 200
THICKNESS (MM) FE

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7/31/2018
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 CONSTRUCTION OF CC
A 2mAmin
• Load fresh film
• Cover the film with lead B 4mAmin

except those to be exposed C 8mAmin

(e.g G)
• Exposed the film to certain D 16 mAmin

exposure (2 mA min)
E 32 mAmin
• Moves cover to exposed F &
F 64 mAmin
G and give another exposure
(twice the previous) G 128 mAmin

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Training & Consultancy
 CONSTRUCTION OF CC
 Again move cover to A 2mAmin

expose E,F and G and B 4mAmin

again twice the previous
exposure C 8mAmin

 Repeat the process until D 16 mAmin

the whole film is exposed
E 32 mAmin
 Process the film
accordance to standard F 64 mAmin

procedure G 128 mAmin

 Draw density versus
7/31/2018
exposure or log exposure
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Training & Consultancy
 Characteristic curve for
exposure calculation

Dr

Dt Ecr
Er  ( Et )
Ect
Ect Ecr

7/31/2018 Relative Exposure

MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 Making x-ray exposure chart from
characteristic curve
• At one kV and mA, expose step wedge of
appropriate thickness range on film
• Process the film using standard procedure
• Measure density on areas of different thickness
and tabulate thickness versus density
• Calculate correct exposure at required density (2)
for each thickness
• Plot correct exposure versus thickness for this kv
• Repeat the procedure for other kVs

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Training & Consultancy
 Example of usage
• Trial exposure (Et)
12mAmin gives
density 0.8, how much 3.5
exposure required for
density 2 3.0
• Log Rel Exp at Dr=2 is 2.5
1.62
2.0
• So rel.exp. (Ecr) for

Density
Dr=2 is 42 1.5
• Log rel exp at D=0.8 is 1.0
1
0.5
• Rel. exp (Ect) at D=1 is
10mAmin 0
• Er=(42/10)X12mAmin 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
7/31/2018
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Training & Consultancy
 Film x has higher contrast
than film z at D=2, let say 3.5
we want to get radiograph
at D=2 using film x
3.0 Film z
Log E at D=2 for film X is 2.5
1.91
2.0 Film x
Log E at D=2 for film Z is

Density
1.62 1.5
Difference in log is 0.29 1.0
Antilog of this difference is
0.5
1.95
So to get D=2 using film x 0
the exposure required is
equal to exposure required 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
for film x multiply by 1.95 Log Relative Exposure

The Use of Characteristic Curve

7/31/2018
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 Assignment

3.5 Trial exposure

10mAmin gives
3.0
radiograph of
2.5 density 1.5.
Calculate
2.0
exposure to
Density

1.5 give a density

of 2.5
1.0
0.5
Fog
0
Density 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
7/31/2018
MADANI
Log Relative Exposure
Training & Consultancy
 Use of characteristic curve for
exposure determination
Er Ecr 2.0

Et Et Dr
Ecr
Er  XEt 1.5
Ect
Assignment: At trial Dt
exposure 12mAmin we 1.0
obtain a density of 1. Log
relative exposure is 1.0.
What would be the exposure 0.5
required if we like to have a Ecr
radiograph of density 2. Log Ect
relative exposure at density 2 0
7/31/2018
MADANI
Relative Exposure
is 1.62.
Training & Consultancy
 90kV 120kV 160kV 200kV
100kV 140kV 180kV1
100

Exposure (mA.min)
10
SFD: 70 cm
FILM : D7
FILTER : NIL
FRONT AND BACK : 0.125mm
DEVELOPER : AGFA-GEVAERT
DENSITY : 2
X-RAY MACHINE: ANDREX 257
MATERIAL : SS
PREPARED BY: NDT GROUP UTN

1
0 10 20 30 40

7/31/2018
MADANI X-ray Exposure chart
Training & Consultancy
 Making x-ray exposure chart
 Using step wedge
4mAmin 8mAmin
 Cut a slot in a lead sheet 3 2mAmin
(about the size of wedge) 1mAmin

 Place slot on film and wedge

on slot 2

 Shoot at e.g.100kV, 1 mAmin

(that may produce density 2 at
the thinnest step) 1
For 100kV
 Shift slot and wedge to the
adjacent area, expose double 0
the previous, e.g. 2 mA at the 1.0 2.0 3.0
same kV thickness

7/31/2018
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 Making x-ray exposure chart
4mAmin 8mAmin
2mAmin
 Shift to new position and shoot by 3 1mAmin
doubling the previous exposure
until say 5 radioraphs of wedge at
5 different exposures 2

 Process the film and results of D

versus T 1
For 100kV
 Thickness values that give D=2
are read directly from the curve
 Values plot against exposures on 0
1.0 2.0 3.0
semi log paper and a straight line
thickness
for one kV value (e.g. 100kV is
obtained
7/31/2018
MADANI  Repeat procedure for other kV
Training & Consultancy
 Assignment
 You are requested to perform
100% radiograph of a

50 cm

40 cm
30 cm

20 cm
100
circumferential weld of a
steel pipe having an internal
diameter of 18” and
thickness of 0.75” using

EXPOSURE (CURIE-HOUR)
10
75Ci Ir-192 source. Please
calculate the total exposure
time required to completely
radiograph the pipe by using
1
arrangements showed in the
previous slide (i.e. 1. source
at the centre and 2.sfd=10”
(use ASME V as a reference)
0.1
0 50 100 150 200
THICKNESS (MM) FE

MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 50 cm

40 cm
30 cm

20 cm
Assignment
100

EXPOSURE (CURIE-HOUR)
10

• You are requested to perform

100% radiograph of a
circumferential weld of a steel 1

pipe having an internal

diameter of 36” and
thickness of 0.75” using 75Ci
Ir-192 source. Please 0.1
0 50 100 150 200

calculate the total exposure THICKNESS (MM) FE

time required to completely 38mm

radiograph the pipe by using
double wall single image Sfd=od=95.25cm
technique.

MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 50 cm

40 cm
30 cm

20 cm
Assignment 100

EXPOSURE (CURIE-HOUR)
10

 You are requested to

perform 100% radiograph
of a circumferential weld
of a steel pipe having an 1

internal diameter of 2.5”

and thickness of 0.25”
using 75Ci Ir-192 source. 0.1
0 50 100 150 200
Please calculate the total THICKNESS (MM) FE

exposure time required to

completely radiograph
the pipe by using double
wall double image
technique.
MADANI
Training & Consultancy
 100

50 cm 40 cm 30 cm 20 cm
100

Dedahan dalam Ci jam

10
200keV
180keV
Exposure (mA-min)

10 160keV
Punca : Iridium-192
140keV Ketumpatan : 2.0
1 Filem : Agfa Gavert Industrex M
120keV
Skrin : Hadapan - 0.1mm
100keV Belakang - 0.15mm
Bahan : Keluli
Pembangun : G121/G135
X-ray Machine : Andrex 252
Penapis : Tiada
Material : Steel/Fe
0.1 Film D7
Sfd : 70cm
Film : D7 0 50 100 150 200
Filter : Nil Ketebalan dalam mm
Lead screen : Front / back
0.125mm
Density : 2.0
Developer : Agfa-Gaevert

7/31/2018
1
MADANI 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Training & Consultancy Thickness (mm) - Fe
 THANKS

7/31/2018
MADANI
Training & Consultancy