General Sheet#2 for Data transmission and Computer Network Course 2021/2022

1. An analogue signal covers the frequency range from 4kHz to 16kHz. A- What is the bandwidth of the
signal? B- What is the minimum sampling rate required for a signal? C- An analogue-to-digital
converter has an input voltage range of ±5.5 V. If the resolution of the converter is 5 bits, what is the
quantization interval?
A:
Bandwidth= 16-4 = 12 kHz
Maximum sampling rate=2x16=32kb/s
Quantization intervalle=2x5.5/32= .343 v quantization noise=.172 v

2. Suppose that we have an analogue signal covers the frequency range from 1 kHz to 4.5 kHz.
What is the bandwidth of the signal? B- What is the minimum sampling rate required for a signal?
Sampling rate = 2 fmax = 2 x 4500 = 9000 b/s = 9 Kbps
C- An analogue-to-digital converter has an input voltage range of ±3.5 V. If the resolution of the
converter is 5 bits, what is the quantization interval?
Quantization interval = 7 / 25 = 7 / 32 = 0.22 volts
D- What is the peak level of quantization noise produced by the converter defined in (C)?
Peak quantization noise = 0.22 / 2 = 0.11

3. Suppose that we have an analogue signal covers the frequency range from 3 kHz to 11.5 kHz.
What is the bandwidth of the signal?
Bandwidth = 11.5 – 3 = 8.5 KHz = 8500 Hz
B- What is the minimum sampling rate required for a signal?
Sampling rate = 2 x Bandwidth = 2 x 8500 = 17000 Hz = 17 KHz
C- An analogue-to-digital converter has an input voltage range of ±5.5 V. If the resolution of the
converter is 5 bits, what is the quantization interval?
Quantization interval = 11 / 25 = 11 / 32 = 0.34 volts
D- What is the peak level of quantization noise produced by the converter defined in (C)?
Peak quantization noise = 0.34 / 2 = 0.17

4. Explain Shannon channel capacity formulation? Suppose a signal with 4000 kHz bandwidth, the signal
to noise ratio is 4000, calculate the channel capacity?
A:
Shannon formulation deals with the bit rate in noisy channel where:
C= B log2 (1+S/N)
C= 2000 log2 (1+3400) = 2000 x log2 4096= 2000 x 12= 240000 = 24 kb/s

5. Compare between the maximum round trip delay for an Ethernet frame operating at 10Mbit/s and
100Mb/s?
A:
Maximum round trip delay for an Ethernet frame operating at 10Mbit/s= Delay = number of bits sent
/ bit rate = 512 / 10 × 106 seconds = 1.2 μs
Maximum round trip delay for an Ethernet frame operating at 100Mbit/s= Delay = number of bits sent
/ bit rate = 512 / 100 × 106 seconds = .12 μs

6. Given a propagation velocity of 1.77×108 m/s and a delay of 3.5 μs introduced by each repeater, what
is the round-trip delay for two computers at either end of a 2500 m link that includes three repeaters?
A:
We will do the calculation by finding the one-way time and then doubling it for the round trip. The
signal travels 5x180=900 m. Using the formula t = d / v
t = 900 / (1.77×108) s = 5.084μs
The four repeaters add a further 4×3.5μs delay, which is 14μs. So, the total one-way time is 14+5.084=
19.084μs- The round-trip delay is twice this value: 38.146μs
1
7. Given a propagation velocity of 1.77×108 m/s and a delay of 3.5 µs introduced by each repeater, what
is the round-trip delay for two computers (A-D) at either end of a 2000 m link that includes three
repeaters?
A:

Using the formula t = d / v

t = 2000 / (1.77×108 ) s = 0.0000112 s = 11.2 µs
The three repeaters add a further 3 × 3.5 µs delay, which is 10.5 µs. So the total one-way time is 11.2
+ 10.5 µs = 21.7 µs
The round-trip delay is twice this value: 43.4 µs

8. Consider a message in form of ( 𝑋 7 + 𝑋 4 + 𝑋 3 + 𝑋 ) want to be transmitted to a station With a

Generator polynomial 𝑋 4 + 𝑋 3 + 𝑋. find the CRC bits should inbound into the message.
A:

Suppose D(X) is the message to be transmitted

Q(X) is the CRC generator polynomial
Then D(X)/Q(X) = M(X) + R(X)/Q(X)
R(X) is the remainder of calculation
Transmitter transmits D(X) + R(X)
10011010000/1101 = 11111001 + 101/1101
So, CRC = 0101
What is transmitted is 10011010000 0101

9. A communication system is using an even parity between the transmitter and receiver. If the code
received at the receiver is 0110100. What is the actual message being transmitted? (Explain). Assume
no error or exactly one error has occurred. (Use Hamming code).
2
 A:
There are three ones; therefore error has occurred because it used even parity.
Assume one error has occurred; I will use hamming code to find the error:
D C B R4 A R2 R1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Data= 0110=6
B C D R4= 1 1 0 0=0
A C D R2= 0 1 0 0=1
A B D R1=0 1 0 0=1
SO 0110(6) is the actual message.
R4 R2 R1 = 011=3, so bit 3 (A) has been changed by the errors
Actual A=1
So data 0111=7\

10. The receiver receives 1001111 binary numbers then by using hamming code (odd –parity): Show the
correct binary number that transmitted by the sender?
1 0 0 1 1 1 1
D C B R4 A R2 R1
BCDR4= 0011 (1)
ACDR2= 1011 (0)
ABDR1= 1011 (0)
SO BIT 100 (4) changed R4 from 1 to 0
Show the correct 4-bits number in denary?
DCBA= 1001=9

11. What numbers are being transmitted when the following 7-bit Hoffman code patterns were received?
Assume that no errors or exactly 1 error has occurred and assume even parity is used. (Hint, the bits
are grouped as BCDR4, ACDR2, and ABDR1)
1111111
1111110
CASE 1:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
D C B R4 A R2 R1
BCDR4= 1111 (0)
ACDR2= 1111 (0)
ABDR1= 1111 (0)
CORRECT AND DATA= DCBA= 1111=15
CASE 2:
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
D C B R4 A R2 R1
BCDR4= 1111 (0)
ACDR2= 1111 (0)
ABDR1= 1110 (1)
SO BIT 001 (1) changed R4 from 0 to1
Show the correct 4-bits number in denary?
CORRECT AND DATA= DCBA= 1111=15

12. What numbers were being transmitted when the following two 7-bit patterns were received? (Either
no error or exactly one error has occurred.)
1001100
1001111
A:
To find out which numbers were transmitted you have to carry out three parity checks:
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 For the signal 1001100:
BCDR4 (i.e. 0011) is even
ACDR2 (i.e. 1010) is even
ABDR1 (i.e. 1010) is even
Thus, there are no errors and the number transmitted was 1001 ( the number 9 )
(b) For the signal 1001111
BCDR4 (i.e. 0011) is even
ACDR2 (i.e. 1011) is odd
ABDR1 (i.e. 1011) is odd
Thus, the results of the checks show there is an error in bit A. The correct signal is therefore 0001111,
and the Number transmitted is 0001 ( the number 1).
The method described above shows the basics of a Hamming code. It is, of course, possible to arrange
differently the three groups of four digits for parity checking. In fact, Hamming ’s original code used
different groupings of digits from the example here)

14. A block of addresses is granted to a small organization. We know that one of the addresses is
205.16.37.39/28. What is the first and last address in the block?
A:
32-28=4, it means we have 16 hosts / subnet
The binary representation of the given address is 11001101 00010000 00100101
00100111
If we set 32−28=4 rightmost bits to 0, we get 1st address
11001101 00010000 00100101 0010000 or 205.16.37.32.
If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111 or 205.16.37.47

15. Suppose an ISP owns the block of addresses of the form 101.101.128.0/17. Suppose it wants
to create four subnets from this block, with each block having the same number of IP
addresses. What are the prefixes (of form a.b.c.d/x) for the four subnets? Mention 1st subnet
the net, broadcast, and hosts IP address:
A:
Subnet 1: 101.101.128.0/19
Net address: 101.101.128.0/19
Broadcast address: 101.101.159.0/19
Hosts IP address: Subnet 1: 101.101.128.1/19 to Subnet 1: 101.101.158.255/19
Subnet 2 >> 101.101.160.0/19
Subnet 3 >> 101.101.192.0/19
Subnet 4 >> 101.101.244.0/19

16. Given the following network with IP address 200.10.10.0/27, develop a subnetting
scheme using VLSM.
A:
Net B: 200.10.10.0/27 host address range 1 to 30 ( 28 Hosts )
Net E: 200.10.10.32/27 host address range 32 to 62 ( 28 Hosts )
Net A: 200.10.10.64/28 host address range 54 to 78 ( 14 Hosts )
Net D: 200.10.10.80/28 host address range 81 to 94 ( 7 Hosts )

17. Assume that you have been assigned the 132.45.0.0/16 network block. You need toestablish 8-
subnets. Define theses 8 subnets.
A:
Subnet 1 => 132.45.0.0/19
Subnet 2 => 132.45.32.0/19
Subnet 3 => 132.45.64.0/19
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 Subnet 4 => 132.45.96.0/19
Subnet 5 => 132.45.128.0/19
Subnet 6 => 132.45.160.0/19
Subnet 7 => 132.45.192.0/19
Subnet 8 => 132.45.224.0/19

18. Assume that you have been assigned the 200.35.1.0/24 network block. Define network prefix
that allows the creation of 20 hosts on each subnet.
A:
Subnet 1 => 200.35.1.0./27
Subnet 2 => 200.35.1.32./27
Subnet 3 => 200.35.1.64./27
Subnet 4 => 200.35.1.96./27
Subnet 5 => 200.35.1.128./27
Subnet 6 => 200.35.1.160./27
Subnet 7 => 200.35.1.192./27
Subnet 8 => 200.35.1.224./27

19. Show how to Subnetting 4 subnets in IP 192.168.5.0/26

A:
There are 4 subnets, each with 63 Hosts
Broadcasting address is where all host IP are 1’s.
1st subnet 192.168.5.0/26 can be broadcasted by putting 32-26=6 1’s. this result in
192.168.5.63
2nd subnet 192.168.5.64/26 can be broadcasted by putting 32-26=6 1’s. this result in
192.168.5.127
3rd subnet 192.168.5.128/26 can be broadcasted by putting 32-26=6 1’s. this result in
192.168.5.191
4th subnet 192.168.5.192/26 can be broadcasted by putting 32-26=6 1’s. this result in
192.168.5.255

20. In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of one host is 25.34.12.56/16. What are the
first address (network address) and the last address broadcast?
A:
Net address: 25.34.0.1/16
Broadcast: 25.34.255.254/16

21. An organization is granted the block 211.17.180.0/24. The administrator wants to create 32
subnets. Find the subnet mask, number of addresses in each subnet, first and last addresses in
subnet 1. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 32.
A:
If we want 32 subnet so we need to borrow 5 bit from host
So 211.17.180.00000000 /29
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.248
Number of addresses=2^3-2=6
5
 The first in subnet1: 211.17.180.0
The last one: 130.56.0.7
The first in subnet32: 211.17.180.248
The last one: 211.17.180.255

22. Design a network addressing scheme that will supply the minimum number of subnets, and
allow enough extra subnets and hosts for 100% growth in both areas.

A:
Address class: B
Custom subnet mask:255.255.224.0
Minimum number of subnets needed:4
Extra subnets required for 100% growth:+4
Total number of subnets needed:8
Number of host addresses in the largest subnet group: 60
Number of addresses needed for 100% growth in the largest subnet: +60
Total number of address needed for the largest subnet: 120
IP address range for Research: 172.16.0.0 TO 172.16.31.255
IP address range for Marketing: 172.16.32.0 TO 172.16.63.255
IP address range for Management: 172.16.64.0 TO 172.16.95.255
IP address range for Router A to Router B serial connection: 172.16.96.0 TO 172.16.127.255

23. design a network addressing scheme that will supply the minimum number of hosts per
subnet, and allow enough extra subnets and hosts for 30% growth in all areas. IP ADDRESS
135.126.0.0

A:
Address class: B
Custom subnet mask: 255.255.255.224
Minimum number of subnets needed:5

6
 Extra subnets required for 30% growth: +2
Total number of subnets needed=7
Number of host addresses in the largest subnet group: 20
Number of addresses needed for 30% growth in the largest subnet: 6
Total number of address needed for the largest subnet: =26
IP address range for Tech Ed: 135.126.0.0 to 135.126.0.31
IP address range for English: 135.126.0.32 to 135.126.0.63
IP address range for Science: 135.126.0.64 to 135.126.0.95
IP address range for Router A to Router B serial connection: 135.126.0.96 to 135.126.0.127
IP address range for Router A to Router B serial connection: 135.126.0.128 to 135.126.0.159

24. Given the following network with IP address 200.10.10.0/29, develop a subnetting scheme using
VLSM.

A:
Determine what mask will allow the required number of hosts.
netA: requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 14 hosts
netB: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts
netC: requires a /30 (255.255.255.252) mask to support 2 hosts
netD*: requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 7 hosts
netE: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224 mask to support 28 hosts
 a /29 (255.255.255.248) would only allow 6 usable host addresses therefore netD requires a
/28 mask. The easiest way to assign the subnets is to start assigning the largest first. Thus, you
can assign in the following manner.
netB: 200.10.10.0/27 host address range 1 to 30
netE: 204.15.5.32/27 host address range 33 to 62
netA: 204.15.5.64/28 host address range 65 to 78
netD: 204.15.5.80/28 host address range 81 to 94
netC: 204.15.5.96/30 host address range 97 to 98

25. Using the network subnetting scheme above, which allows for eight subnets, the network might
appear as shown below.
204.15.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30
204.15.5.32 255.255.255.224 host address range 33 to 62
204.15.5.64 255.255.255.224 host address range 65 to 94
204.15.5.96 255.255.255.224 host address range 96 to 126
204.15.5.128 255.255.255.224 host address range 129 to 158
204.15.5.160 255.255.255.224 host address range 161 to 190
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 204.15.5.192 255.255.255.224 host address range 193 to 222
204.15.5.224 255.255.255.224 host address range 225 to 254
the mask of 255.255.255.224 can also be denoted as /27, there are 27 bits set in the mask.

26. An Electronics manufacturing company has 5 basic departments (H.O with 6 HOSTS, R&D with 14
HOSTS, Sales with 100 HOSTS, manufacturing with 58 HOSTS, and purchasing with 30 HOSTS,
add 2 IP between R1 AND R2, 2 IP between R2 AND R3) as shown

The IP address dedicated to the company is 192.168.11.0/24. Design the IP start and end for the
departments and the Routers.
A:
Hosts for Sales department: 128 host IP dedicated
Sales IP: 128 hosts , IP: 192.168.11.0:192.168.11.127,
Net Address 192.168.11.0/25, Broadcasting Address 192.168.11.127
Manufacturing department: 64 host IP dedicated
Manufacturing IP: 192.168.11.128: 192.168.11.191,
Net Address 192.168.11.128/26, Broadcasting Address 192.168.11.191
Purchasing department: 32 host IP dedicated
Purchasing IP: 192.168.11.192: 192.168.11.223,
Net Address 192.168.11.192/27, Broadcasting Address 192.168.11.223
R&D department: 16 host IP dedicated, R&D IP: 192.168.11.224: 192.168.11.239,
Net Address 192.168.11.224/28, Broadcasting Address 192.168.11.239
HR department: 8 host IP dedicated HR IP: 192.168.11.240 - 192.168.11.247,
Net Address 192.168.11.240/29, Broadcasting Address 192.168.11.247
R1 to R2: 2 IP are reserved: 192.168.11.248 and 192.168.11.249
R1 to R2: 2 IP are reserved: 192.168.11.250 and 192.168.11.251

27. A switch has 24 10/100MB/S ports and 4 gigabits (1000MB/S) Ethernet ports.
What aggregate switch matrix capacity does it need for full duplex no blocking capacity?
Calculate the throughput of the switch for Ethernet frames of 64bytes and 128bytes? To give 80 percent
of no blocking capacity?.
A:
matrix capacity (half duplex)= 24 x 1000 + 4 x 1000 =28 GBPS.
matrix capacity (Full duplex) = 28 x 2 = 56 GBPS.
switch throughput in (Byte) = 56/8 = 7 GByte/s = 7 x 103 = 7000 Mbytes/s
64bytes Throughput = 7000/64 = 109.375 frame/s.
128bytes Throughput = 7000/128 = 54.6875 frame/s.
80% of no blocking capacity : 56 x 0.8 = 44.8 GByte/s.

28. A switch has 8 gigabits (1000MB/S) Ethernet ports.

What aggregate switch matrix capacity does it need for full duplex no blocking capacity?
Calculate the throughput of the switch for Ethernet frames of 64bytes and 128bytes? To give 90 percent
of no blocking capacity?
8
 A:
matrix capacity (half duplex) = 8 x 1000 = 8 Gbit/s
matrix capacity (Full duplex) = 16 Gbit/s.
switch throughput in (Byte) = 16/8 = 2 GByte/s = 2 x 103 = 2000 Mbytes/s
64bytes Throughput = 2000/64 = 31.25 frame/s.
128bytes Throughput = 2000/128 = 15.625 frame/s.
90% of no blocking capacity: 16 x 0.9= 14.4 GByte/s.

29. A switch has 24 10/100/1000MB/S ports and 2 gigabits (1000MB/S) Ethernet ports.
What aggregate switch matrix capacity does it need for full duplex no blocking capacity?
Calculate the throughput of the switch for Ethernet frames of 64bytes and 128bytes? To give 80 percent
of no blocking capacity?.
A:
matrix capacity (half duplex) = 24 x 1000 + 2 x 1000 =26 GBPS.
matrix capacity (Full duplex) = 26 x 2 = 52 GBPS.
switch throughput in (Byte) = 52/8 = 6.5 GByte/s = 6.5 x 10 3 = 6500 Mbyte/s
64bytes Throughput = 6500/64 = 101.5625 frame/s.
128bytes Throughput = 6500/128 = 50.78125 frame/s.
80% of no blocking capacity: 52 x 0.8= 41.6 Gb/s.

30. A switch has 24 10/100/1000MB/S ports and 4 gigabits (1000MB/S) Ethernet ports.
What aggregate switch matrix capacity does it need for full duplex no blocking capacity?
Calculate the throughput of the switch for Ethernet frames of 64bytes and 128bytes?
A:
matrix capacity (half duplex)= 24 x 1000 + 4 x 1000 =28 GBPS.
matrix capacity (Full duplex) = 28 x 2 = 56 GBPS.
switch throughput in (Byte) = 56/8 = 7 GByte/s = 7 x 103 = 7000 Mbyte/s
64bytes Throughput = 7000/64 = 109.375 frame/s.
128bytes Throughput = 7000/128 = 54.6875 frame/s.

31. A switch has 28 10/100/1000MB/S ports and 8 gigabits (1000MB/S) Ethernet ports.
What aggregate switch matrix capacity does it need for full duplex no blocking capacity?
Calculate the throughput of the switch for Ethernet frames of 64bytes and 128bytes?
A
matrix capacity (half duplex) = 28 x 1000 + 8 x 1000 =36 GBPS.
matrix capacity (Full duplex) = 36 x 2 = 72 GBPS.
switch throughput in (Byte) = 72/8 = 9 GByte/s = 9 x 103 = 9000 Mbyte/s
64bytes Throughput = 9000/64 = 140.625 frame/s.
128bytes Throughput = 9000/128 = 70.3125 frame/s.

GOOD LUCK