MAKALAH

CORRUPTION AND THE NEGATIVE IMPACT

Structured to fulfill tasks
Course: ENGLISH FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRASI
Lecturer: Dian Hanifah, M.Pd

Group 1
Compiled By:
1. Agus Setia Budi ( 41121003)
2. Febrianty Simatupang ( 41121015 )
3. Jamilatul ()
4. M. Irwan

ADMINISTRASI NEGARA (A2)

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS SERANG RAYA

2022
 FOREWORD
Praise be to God Almighty for granting His Mercy and Blessings so that we can
complete the Paper Assignment on corruption and its negative impact in a
timely manner.
The purpose of this paper is to fulfill the duties of lecturers in the ENGLISH
FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION course In addition, this paper aims to add
insight into Corruption and its negative impact on readers and also authors.
We would like to thank Mrs. Dian Hanifah, as a lecturer who teaches English
for public administration who has given this task so that it can add insight and
knowledge in accordance with the field of study we are engaged in.
 Table of contents

CHAPTER 1.........................................................................................................4
BACKGROUND...............................................................................................4
Problem formulation..........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2.........................................................................................................5
2.1 Definition of Corruption............................................................................5
2.2 Causes of Corruption...................................................................................5
2.3 Characteristics, Types and Forms of Corruption.........................................8
2.4 Impact of Corruption...................................................................................9
2.5 Efforts to Overcome Corruption :..............................................................10
CHAPTER 3.......................................................................................................12
3.1 Conclusion.................................................................................................12
3.2 Advice........................................................................................................12
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 BACKGROUND
The progress of a country is largely determined by its capabilities and successes in
carrying out development. Development as a process of planned change covers all
aspects of people's lives. The effectiveness and success of development is mainly
determined by two factors, namely human resources, namely (the people involved
from planning to implementation) and financing. Among these two factors, the
most dominant is the human factor. Indonesia is one of the richest countries in
Asia judging from the diversity of its natural resource wealth. But ironically, this
beloved country compared to other countries in the Asian region is not a rich
country but even a poor country. One of the causes is the low quality of its human
resources. These qualities are not only in terms of his knowledge or intellectual
but also concern his moral qualities and personality. The fragility of morale and
the low level of honesty of the state organizing apparatus led to corruption.
Corruption in Indonesia today is already a very dangerous social pathology (social
disease) that threatens all aspects of social, national and state life. Corruption has
resulted in huge material financial losses to the state. But what is even more
concerning is the occurrence of deprivation and drainage of state finances carried
out collectively by legislators under the pretext of comparative studies, THR,
severance pay and so on beyond the limits of reasonableness. Such forms of
deprivation and drainage of state finances occur almost throughout the territory of
the motherland. It is a reflection of low morality and shame, so what stands out is
the attitude of gluttony and aji mumpung.

1.2 Problem formulation

 how to deal with corruption?

 CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Corruption
Corruption or rasuah (Latin: corruptio from the verb corrumpere meaning
rotten, corrupt, shake, turn around, bribe) is the act of public officials, both politicians
and civil servants, as well as other parties involved in the act that unnaturally and
unlawfully abuse the public trust authorized to them for unilateral gain. From a legal
point of view, the criminal act of corruption broadly meets the following elements:
 unlawful acts,
 abuse of authority, opportunity, or means,
 enriching oneself, others, or corporations, and harming the country's
finances or the country's economy.
The types of corruption crimes among them, but not all of them, are:
 giving or receiving gifts or promises (bribery),
 embezzlement in office,
 extortion in office,
 participate in procurement (for civil servants/state organizers), and receive
gratuities (for civil servants/state organizers).

In a broad sense, corruption or political corruption is the abuse of official office

for personal gain. All forms of government government are vulnerable to
corruption in practice. The severity of corruption varies, from the lightest in the
form of the use of influence and support to give and receive help, to the severe
corruption that is inaugurated, and so on. The end point of corruption is
kleptocracy, which literally means government by thieves, where even
pretending to act honestly does not exist at all.
in the opinion of experts :
-Haryatmoko: The notion of corruption is an attempt to use the ability to
intervene because of its position to misuse information, decisions, influence,
money or wealth in the interests of its own benefit
-Robert Klitgaard: The definition of corruption is a behavior that deviates from
the official duties of its position in the state, where to obtain status or money
gains that concern oneself or an individual, immediate family, one's own group,
or by violating the rules of implementation concerning personal behavior.
2.2 Causes of Corruption
Some of the conditions that support the emergence of corruption are:
 The concentration of power in decision-makers who are not directly
accountable to the people, as is often seen in regimes that are not
democratic.
 Lack of transparency in government decision-making
 Political campaigns are expensive, with spending greater than normal
political funding.
 Projects involving large sums of people's money.
 Self-serving enclosed environment and network of "old friends"
 Weak legal order.
 Weak legal profession.
 Lack of free speech or freedom of the mass media.
 Very small salaries of government employees.
regarding the lack of salaries or income of civil servants compared to the
increasing needs of life was peeled off by B Soedarsono who stated among
other things, "in general, people relate to the flourishing of corruption
because the easiest thing to relate is the lack of salaries of officials....."
however, B Soedarsono is also aware that this is not absolute because of the
many factors that work and influence each other. The lack of salary is not
the most decisive factor, many well-off people commit corruption.
However, the lack of salaries and incomes of civil servants is indeed the
most prominent factor in the sense of equitable and widespread corruption
in Indonesia, this was stated by Guy J Parker in his article entitled
"Indonesia 1979: The Record of three decades (Asia Survey Vol. XX No. 2,
1980: 123). Similarly, J.W Schoorl said that " in Indonesia in the first part
of the 1960s the situation was so deteriorating that for most of the class of
employees, a month's salary was just enough to eat for two weeks. It is
understood that in such a situation it forces the employees to look for extras
and many of them earn by asking for extra money for the services
provided".
Acts of corruption are not stand-alone things. Corrupt behavior concerns
a variety of matters of a complex nature. The causative factors can be from
the internal perpetrators of corruption, but can also come from a situation
that is conducive to someone to commit corruption. The following are the
aspects of the causes of a person committing corruption according to:
1. Dr. Sarlito W. Sarwo, there is no exact answer, but there are two
things that are clear, namely:
Impulses from within oneself (desires, desires, wills, and so on)
External stimuli (encouragement from friends, the presence of
opportunities, lack of control and so on).
2. Dr. Andi Hamzah in his company inventoried several causes of
coruopsi, namely:
The salary of civil servants is not proportional to the increasingly
high needs
 Indonesian cultural background or culture that is the source or
cause of widespread corruption
Poor management and ineffective and efficient control, which
provides a deterrent to corruption
Modernization of the breeding of corruption.
A more detailed analysis of the causes of corruption was expressed
by the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP) in
its book entitled "Strategies for Eradicating Corruption," among
others: Individual Aspects of Perpetrators
1. Human Covetousness
The possibility of people committing corruption is not because the
people are poor or the income is not enough. It is likely that the
person is already quite rich, but still has a great desire to enrich
himself. The element of the cause of corruption in such perpetrators
comes from within oneself, that is, covetousness and gluttony.
2. Less Strong Morals
A person whose morals are not strong tends to be easily tempted to
commit corruption. The temptation can come from a superior, a
friend of the same level, his subordinates, or the other party who
gives the opportunity for it.
3. The level of wages and salaries of workers in the public sector
An employee's income from a job should meet the needs of a
reasonable life. If that doesn't happen then someone will try to fulfill
it in various ways. But if every effort is made turns out to be difficult
to come by, it is this kind of situation that will give a great
opportunity to commit acts of corruption, be it the corruption of time,
energy, thought in the sense that all the outpouring of opportunities
is for purposes outside of the job that it should be.
4. Urgent Necessities of Life
In the span of life there is a possibility of a person experiencing a
situation of urgency in economic terms. The urgency opens up space
for someone to cut corners, including by committing corruption.
5. Consumptive Lifestyle
Life in big cities often encourages a lifestyle as consumptive as
possible. This kind of consumptive behavior if not balanced with
adequate income will open up opportunities for a person to take
various actions to fulfill his or her expectations. One possible act is
with corruption.
6. Lazy or Unwilling to Work
Some people want to get the results of a job without sweating or
being lazy to work. This kind of nature will potentially carry out any
action in easy and fast ways, including committing corruption.
7. Not Applying Religious teachings
 Indonesia is known as a religious nation that will certainly prohibit
corruption in any form. The reality on the ground shows that
corruption is still fertile in society. This paradoxical situation
indicates that religious teachings are poorly applied in life.

2.3 Characteristics, Types and Forms of Corruption

According to Syed Hussein Alatas, the characteristics of corruption are as follows.
1. Corruption always involves more than one person
2. Corruption generally involves discrimination
3. Corruption involves elements of mutual obligations and profits.
4. Those who practice corrupt methods usually seek to cloak their deeds by
taking refuge behind the justification of the law.
5. Those involved in corruption are those who want firm decisions and those who
are able to influence those decisions.
6. Any act of corruption contains fraud, usually on public bodies or the general
public.
7. Any form of corruption is a betrayal of trust

Pay attention to Law number 31 of 1999 Law Number 20

in 2001, the corruption crime can be seen from two aspects, namely corruption
Active and Passive Corruption.
1. Active Corruption
 Unlawfully enrich oneself or another person or corporation that may
harm the state's finances or the State's economy
 For the purpose of benefiting oneself or others or corporations that
abuse authority, opportunity or may harm the finances of the State,
or the economy of the State
 Rewarding a Civil Servant keeping in mind the power or authority
attached to his office or position, or by the giver of a gift or promise
is deemed to be attached to that position or position
2. Passive corruption
 A civil servant or state administrator who receives a gift or promise
for doing or not doing something in his office that is contrary to his
obligations
 A judge or advocate who receives a grant or promise to influence
the verdict of a case submitted to him for trial or to influence the
advice or opinion given in connection with a case submitted to the
court for trial
 Persons who accept the surrender of materials or the civil service of
the Indonesian national army, or the police of the republic of
Indonesia who allow fraudulent acts
 Corruption includes abuse by government officials such as embezzlement
and nepotism, as well as abuses linking the private and government sectors
such as bribery, extortion, mixed hands, and fraud.
1. Bribery: dent and bribe recipient
Corruption requires two corrupt parties: the bribe-giver (dent) and the
bribe-taker. In some countries, the culture of highlighting encompasses
all aspects of daily life, negating the possibility of commerce without
engaging in bribery. The countries that most often give bribes are
generally not the same as the countries that most often receive bribes.
The twelve countries with the least corruption, according to a perception
survey (presumption of corruption by the people) by Transparency
International in 2001 were Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
Iceland, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland and Israel. According to a survey of
perceptions of corruption, the thirteen most corrupt countries are
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Cameroon, Indonesia, Iraq, Kenya,
Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ukraine. However, the
value of the survey is debatable because it is carried out based on the
subjective perceptions of the survey participants, not from the direct
calculation of corruption that occurs (because such surveys also do not
exist).

2. Campaign donations and "illicit money"

In the political arena, it is very difficult to prove corruption, but it is
even more difficult to prove its non-existence. Therefore, there is often a
lot of gossip regarding politicians. Politicians are stuck in a weak
position because of their need to solicit financial donations for their
campaigns. Often they are seen to act only for the benefit of those who
have donated money, which eventually led to the emergence of
accusations of political corruption.

2.4 Impact of Corruption

1. Democracy
Corruption poses a serious challenge to development. In politics,
corruption complicates democracy and good governance by
destroying formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the
legislature reduces accountability and representation in the formation
of wisdom; corruption in the court system ceases to legal order; and
corruption in public government results in imbalances in public
service. In general, corruption erodes the institutional capabilities of
the government, due to the neglect of procedures, the suction of
resources, and officials being appointed or promoted to office not
 because of merit. At the same time, corruption complicates the
legitimacy of government and democratic values such as trust and
tolerance.

2. Economics
Corruption also complicates economic development by creating high
distortions and inefficiencies. In the private sector, corruption
increases commercial costs due to losses from illegal payments,
management costs in negotiations with corrupt officials, and the risk
of cancellation of agreements or due to investigations. Although
some state that corruption reduces (commercial) costs by simplifying
bureaucracy, konsensus yang baru muncul berkesimpulan bahwa
ketersediaan sogokan menyebabkan pejabat untuk membuat aturan-
aturan baru dan hambatan baru. Dimana korupsi menyebabkan
inflasi ongkos niaga, korupsi juga mengacaukan "lapangan
perniagaan". 

3. Kesejahteraan Umum Negara

Korupsi politis ada di banyak negara, dan memberikan ancaman
besar bagi warga negaranya. Korupsi politis berarti kebijaksanaan
pemerintah sering menguntungkan pemberi sogok, bukannya rakyat
luas. Satu contoh lagi adalah bagaimana politikus membuat
peraturan yang melindungi perusahaan besar, namun merugikan
perusahaan-perusahaan kecil (SME). Politikus-politikus "pro-bisnis"
ini hanya mengembalikan pertolongan kepada perusahaan besar
yang memberikan sumbangan besar kepada kampanye pemilu
mereka.

4. Impact on Human Health and Safety .

The risk of damage can occur to human health and safety various
due to poor environmental quality, anti-environmental investment or
inability to meet health and environmental standardization.
Corruption will cause poor development quality, which can have an
impact on the vulnerability of buildings, thus raising the risk of
casualties.
2.5 Efforts to Overcome Corruption :
There are several efforts that can be taken in eradicating corruption in
Indonesia, including the following:
1. Preventive efforts.
Instilling a positive national spirit by prioritizing service to
the nation and state through formal, informal and religious
education.
 Conducting the admission of employees based on the
principle of technical skills.
Officials are urged to adhere to a simple lifestyle and have
high responsibilities.
Employees are always sought for adequate welfare and there
is a guarantee of old age.
Creating an honest government apparatus and high labor
discipline. The financial system is managed by officials who
have high ethical responsibility and accompanied by an
efficient control system.
Re-recorded the wealth of conspicuous officials.
Trying to reorganize and rationalize the organization of
government through simplifying the number of departments
and the offices below.

2. Enforcement efforts (curative).

Attempts at enforcement, that is, are made to those who are
found to be in violation by giving warnings, are subject to
dishonorable dismissal and criminal penalties. Some examples
of enforcement carried out by the KPK:
 Allegations of corruption in the procurement of
Russian Ple Rostov Brand MI-2 helicopters belonging
to the NAD Local Government (2004).
 Detained the Consul General of the Republic of
Indonesia in Johor Baru, Malaysia, EM. He allegedly
liberated in the management of immigration
documents.
 Allegations of corruption in the Busway Procurement
Program Project at the DKI Jakarta Regional
Government (2004).
 Allegations of abuse of office in the purchase of land
that cost the state more than Idr 10 billion (2004).

3. Community/student education efforts.

A. Have the responsibility to carry out political participation
and social control related to the public interest.
B. Not being apathetic and indifferent.
C. Exercise social control on every policy from village
government to the central / national level.
D. Open the widest possible insight into the implementation
of state government and its legal aspects.
 CHAPTER 3
Finale
3.1 Conclusion
Corruption is a first act of self-enrichment that directly harms the country or
the country's economy. So, the elements in corruption acts include two aspects. An
aspect that enriches itself by using its position and the aspect of using State money for
its benefit. The causes include the absence and weakness of leaders, weaknesses in
teaching and ethics, colonialism, colonization of low education, poverty, absence of
harsh punishments, scarcity of a fertile environment for corrupt behavior, low human
resources, as well as economic structure. Corruption can be classified into three types,
namely form, nature, and purpose. The impact of corruption can occur in various
fields including democracy, economy, and state welfare.
3.2 Advice
The attitude to avoid corruption in the younger generation should be taught
from an early age so that the younger generation will not commit corruption.
 Bibliography
Anonim,2014,Korupsi, http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi diakses tanggal 07
April 2018
emhasejarawan,Korupsi,http://emhasejarawan.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/makalah-
tentang-korupsi.html di akses tanggal 07 April 2018