Fluid Mechanics

FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE AND

MOUTHPIECE
 ORIFICE
• An orifice is an OPENING having a closed
perimeter made in walls or the bottom of a
tank or vessel containing fluid through the
fluid may be discharged
 Classification of Orifice
• Based on
– Size
– Shape
– Shape of upstream edge
– Discharge condition
 BASED
ON SIZE

Small size Large size

orifice orifice
Large orifice
H>d
 BASED ON
Shape

Circular Rectangular
Square Triangular
orifice orifice
 BASED ON Shape of
upstream edges

Bell mouthed orifice

Sharp edged orifice
(Cc = 1)
(Standard orifice)
 BASED ON
Discharge
condition

Discharging Drowned or
free Submerged

Fully Partially
Submerged submerged
 Hydraulics Coefficient of Orifice
• Coefficient of Contraction (Cc)
• Coefficient of velocity (Cv )
• Coefficient of Discharge (Cd)
• Coefficient of resistance (Cr)
The maximum contraction
takes place at a section
slightly on the
downstream side of the
orifice, where the jet is
more or less horizontal.
Such a section is known
as Vena-Contracta where
jet have minimun c/s area
Coefficient of Contraction (Cc)
Coefficient of velocity (Cv )
Coefficient of Discharge (Cd)
Coefficient of resistance (Cr)
Sharpe edged orifice
 Experimental Determination of Cv
• Jet distance method
• Velocity measurement method
• Momentum method
 Experimental Determination of Cc
• Micrometer contraction gauge
• Screws touching the jet periphery
Large rectangle ofifice
Submerged Orifice
Partially submerged
 Mouthpiece

A mouthpiece is a short tube of length not more than

two to three times its diameter, which is fitted to a
tank for measuring discharge of the flow from the
tank. By fitting the mouthpiece, the discharge
through an orifice of the tank can be increased.

Mouthpieces are classified on the basis of their

shape, position and discharge conditions
 Classification of mouthpiece
Based on Shape
1. Cylindrical
2. Convergent
3. Divergent
4. Convergent – Divergent
Based on position
• Internal ( Re entrant) Or BORDA’s
mouthpiece
• External mouthpiece
Discharge condition
 Running free
 Running full
• External cylindrical mouthpiece

Cd = 0.855
Convergent-divergent mouthpiece

Cd = 0.975 to 1
 Internal mouthpiece;
• (a) running full (b) running free

Cd = 0.707 Cd = 0.5
• In the case, if the internal mouthpiece runs
free, the length of the mouthpiece is small
enough to ensure full expansion of the jet. As
a result, a vena-contracta is formed.