Question Paper for DPC exam for E1 on 16-07-2006 held at Nagpur

Section 1
I. Part – A. Answer to any five questions 5 X 9 = 45 Marks
1. Write the purpose of Earth wire over the transmission line. Draw the out line diagram of a
Double circuit tower and mark the clearances.
2. Explain the Principle of Power transformer. Draw the outline diagram of a Power Transformer
and indicate various parts.
3. Write the features of SF6 Circuit Breaker. Why Closing resistor is used in a circuit breaker?
4. a. What do you understand by transposition ? Why Transposition is done in transmission
lines? 4
b. Expand FACTS and write briefly about FACTS. 5
5. State the reasons for formation of gas in oil filled transformer and its relations to faults.
6. Write the Pre-commissioning tests conducted on Circuit Breakers.
7. What is National Grid ? What are its advantages ?
II. Part – B. Answer all the questions 15 X 1 = 15 Marks
1. Secondary rated voltage of CVT in 400 kV System (110 / 3 V)
2. Tower footing Resistance of a transmission tower : (< 10Ω)
3. Ratio error in CT using (Ip, Is, Kn) ( )
4. Inter Regional Transfer Capacity of POWERGRID (9500 MW)
5. POWERGRID’s Profit for the Year 2004 – 05 (Rs. 786 Cr.)
6. Power Transmission capacity of a Transmission line depends on (d)
a. Stability angle, b. Thermal Stability, c. Voltage Rating, d. All of the above
7. Why is Over Voltage calculation study is required in a Power system ?
8. SF6 gas is
a. Colourless, b. odorless, c. both a & b, d. None of the above. (c)
9. Colour of Silicagel in moisture condition is
a. Blue, b. Pink, c. Yellow, d. Green. (b)
10. Ferranti Effect is due to : (b)
a. Inductance of the line
b. Capacitance of the line
c. Both inductance & capacitance of the line.
d.
11. Transformer winding offers ___________ impedance to traveling waves. ( a )
a. very high, b. very low, c.
12. When inductive factor increases, loading of the line will vary in which way ?
13. A question regarding Thumb Rule (Left hand / Right hand)
14.
15.
Section – 2
I. Part – A. Answer any THREE of the following. 3 X 10 = 30 Marks
1. State & Explain various Group Insurance Schemes in available in POWERGRID.
2. What is Open Access system and availability based tariff ? What are POWERGRID
advantages on these ?
3. What calls to “Navaratna” status to POWERGRID ?
4. Write about POWERGRID’s diversification into Telecom business ?
5. Write about PNBC & RBC. How do they constitute & what are their functions ?
II. Part – B.
A. Write any five from the following. All are Multiple choice questions. 5 X 1 = 5 Marks
1. What is our National Flower (Lotus)
2. Gowthama Buddha’s First sermon was delivered at : (Saranath)
 3. Which Muslim Ruler had introduced Rupee in India (SherShah Suri )
4. Philately is hobby collecting __________ (Stamps)
5. Availability percentage of POWERGRID : (> 99 %)
6. POWERGRID is operational from
a. 23-10-1989, b. 19-11-1991, c. 19-12-1991, d.
7.
8.
9.
10.
B. Expand CTU, CERC, IP – II, ULDC, HVDC. 5 X 1 = 5 Marks

QUESTION PAPER ON 24.11.2003

QUESTION PAPER FOR E1 – 2005

Answer any two -15 Marks x2= 30 Marks

1)Write about DISASTER MANAGEMENT

2)Quality and POWERGRID Mission
3)Describe about ULDC
4)Pollution control in big cities
5) LTC rules
6) Relation between neighboring country to INDIA.
Attempt 9 question each 5 Marks
1) Advantages and disadvantages of one and half breaker over DMTS
2) Expand a) LMU b)AAAC c)PLF d) XLPE e) GIS
3) What is transposition of transposition of transmission line
4) Describe NGR function
5) Why CT secondary should be shorted when not in use.
6) DGA analysis
7) Why bundle conductor are used
8) Battery system of sub-station
9) Series capacitor function
10) What is difference between VT and Shunt reactor ]
11) Describe the LA
12) Effect of surge impendence loading
13) Right to Information Act.

Question Paper – 2 :
Answer any one from Q. No. 1 to 2 & two from 3 to 6.
1. a. Why Resistor is used in CB ?
b. Single Line diagram of CVT ?
2. a Why NGR is used in & where it is connected ?
b. Write Different Transformer Protections ?
3. a. Why DC is used in Sub-station.
b. What are the level of DC used in Substation ? How it is connected ?
4. a. Why PLCC is used in protection.? What is the range of PLCC ?
b. What is DGA & Why it is done ?
5. a. What is GIS ?
b. Advantages of GIS ?
Non-Technical : Essay Type
1. Disinvestment of PSU ?
2. Open Access – Whether good for PGCIL ?
3. Effective Grid Management –
4. POWERGRID Achievements

Objective Type :
5. POWERGRID Turn over
6. No. of Employees ?
7. Golden peacock award to POWERGRID – 2004
8. Deepest ocean – Pacific
9. Vandemataram – Bankinchandra
10. Quit India – 1942
11. When Indian Electricity Act – June 2003
12. No. of Increments for E1 for small family Norms ?

1. Advantages of Numerical Relays.

2. IMS
3. Tariff Structure
4. Scada
5. HVDC
6.
Question Paper :

1. Why transposition ?
2. Purpose of PIR
3. Single line diagram : CT, CVT, LA, Isolator & CB in 1½ Breaker
4. Purpose of Shunt Reactor
5. Advantages of HVDC & Longest HVDC Bi-pole in Asia.
6. Describe : EL, DR, SEM
7. Purpose of Tertiary winding
8. Operating Time of CB :
9. Transformer Losses : Eddy Current Losses & Hysterisis loss
10. Receiving end & sending end voltages – maximum load - SIL
11. MVAR Generated for 100 km line of 400 kV : 55 MVAR
12. Series capacitors – Impedance increases / Decreases ?
13. Why Zone – 1 is 80%
14. Type of Relay used in distance protection : Impedance / Resistance / reactance.
15. Define knee point voltage
16. Expand RVM : Recovery Voltage Measurement / Reactive Velocity Measurement ?
17. DCRM is used for
18. Healthiness of LA : 3rd Harmonic Resistive Current
19. Polarisation Index PI & DAR – IR values of

Part B
1. Describe ABT
2. Describe the Indian Electricity Act – 2003
3. Describe ULDC
4. Privatisation of PSU’s / Disinvestment Merits & Demerits.
 5. POWERGRID Social Security Policies and benefits of the schemes
6. Biggest Planet in solar system
7. Last Moghal Emperor Bahadur Shah – True / False
8. ED of WRLDC
9. National Flower – Lotus
10. POWERGRD profit / employee in 2005-06
11. No. of Executives in POWERGRID
12. Period of promotion from DGM to AGM
13. Cumulative HPL / EL
14. Total TL ckt – km in POWERGRID
15. Prime Minister Shrama Bhushan Awardee gets _____ No. increments

I. Write the answers any two questions in the following.

1. What are the advances are available in Powergrid?
2. Pollution control in cities?
3. L.T.C. Rules for POWERGRID Employees?
4. Write the Benefits of POWERGRID Pension Scheme?
5. What are the benefits to Employees under “Small family Norms”?

II. Write the answers any nine questions in the following.

1. Describe the NGR, ULDC.CORONA and Bundle Conductor?
2. Analyse and write three points for the given Disturbance Recorder?
3. Describe the Buchloz Relay of Auto Transformer?
4. Write the EHV Transformer tests and faults?
5. Describe the SIL?
6. Write the Advantages of any three of PLCC?
7. Write the difference between Breaker and Isolator?
8. Define the Wind Span and Weight Span?
9. Describe AAAC and ACSR using T/L?
10. HVDC 500KV bi pole/back to back pole advantages?
11. Describe Ferrenti Effect of EHV Transmission Lines?

1. The following person is not Powergrid Directors. ©

a.V.K. Garg b. A.K.Kutty c. R.V.Shahi d.
2. Which is the National Animal of India. ( A)
a. Tiger b. Elephant c. Fox d. Lion.
3. Which date was to celebrate the Safety Day. (a)
a. 4th March b. 4th December c. 5th August. d. 4th june
4. Which is the first women got Gold Medal in Olympic Games in India.(b)
a. PT USHA b. K. Mallishwari c Sunith Rani d
5. Who’s date of birth is celebrated Teacher’s day on 5th Sep,. ©
a.Dr. Jakir Hussain b. Rajendra Prasad C. S.Radha Krishnan d. VVGiri
6. Who is the Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir. B
a. Farooq Abdullah b. Mufti Mohammad Sahi c.
7. Which line was Inaugurated 12th Nov.02 by Prime Minister of India.
. a) N-E HVDC B/B b) E-S B/B HVDC c) W-E HVDC 500Kv B/B
b. d) W-S HVDC B/B 500 KV
. 8. Which is the Solar Energy? C
d. a) Jupiter b) Mars c) Venus
. 9. How many employees presently available in Powergrid? A
 . a) 6950 b) 8000 c) 7000 d) 8500
g. 10. What is the % of transmission by the Powergrid in India?
h. a) 40% b) 60% c) 80%
. 11. Which extinguisher is used for electrical fires? A
. a) CO2 b) Powder type c) Halon

07. Which of the following protection is used in transformers

a) Differential b) Stub protection
c) Main-1 d) None of these (a)

08. How many analog channels are used in disturbance recorders

in power grid
a) 8 b) 4 c) 6 d) 12 (a)

09. Over flux relay is used in the protection of ______

a) Trans. Lines b) Reactors c) Transformers D) C.Ts (c)

10. The Differential relay inputs are_________

a) Current only b) Current & Voltage only
c) Voltage only d) Non of these (a)

11. The purpose of shunt reactor is

a) To control frequency b) To increase line Voltage
c) To protect the trans. Line d) Non of these (d)

12. Which of the following is used to indicate circuit breaker in protection drawings
a) 52 b) 55 c) 97 d) 58 (a)

13. Which of the following is used to indicate isolators in protection drawings

a) 96 b) 81 c) 83 d) 89 (d)

14. Event logger is used to record

a) Event only b) Events & Currents only
c) Events & Voltage only d) Current & Voltage only (a)

15. Expand `EHIPS'

Electrically High conductivity International Pipe Standard

16. Expand CRGO

Cold rolled grain oriented

17. Which of the following is used to determine distance of fault in transmission line
a) Distance relay (b) Disturbance recorder
c) Event recorder (d) Fault locator (d)

18 What is the purpose of wave trap in transmission lines

a) To limit current (b) to back 50hz signals
c) To block high frequency signals (d) none of these (c)

19 Due to moisture silica gel color changes to

 a) Yellow (b) Red (c) pink (d) blue (c)

20 What is the healthy color of silica gel

a) Yellow (b) Red (c) pink (d) blue (d)

21 Shunt reactor is normally provided in all 400kV lines

a) true (b) false (b)

22 * On load tap changer is provided on which side of the transformer

a) HV side (b) LV side (c) IV side (a)

23 Name which one is not the daily check of C&R panels

a) Annunciation check (b) Lamp test
c) Syncronising ckt. check (d) Healthiness of DR & EL (c)

24 Which is the very first yard equipment for a feeder

a) CB (b) CT (c) WT (d) CVT (d)

25 What is the supply voltage of PLCC system

a) 230V AC (b) 400kV (c) 50V DC (d) 220V DC (c)

26 How many sources of supply is provided for protection

a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (b)

27 How many 400kV sub stations are there in SR

a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 18 (c)

28 The first equipment of sub station to which 400kV lines are terminated
a) CVT b)L.A c) Wave Trap d)Isolator (b)

29. 400kV CVT is used as

a) Potential Trans. for metering and Protect.
b) A filter for PLCC signal
c) A coupling device to plcc terminal equipments
d) Both a & c (d)

30.* If PF is low the capacitance should be connected at

a) Sending end b) Receiving end c) Generator
d) non of these (b)

31. A 400 kV CVT comes in three segments of total capacitance

of 6600PF. What is the capacity of individual segments.
a) 2200pf b) 19800 pf c) 6600pf d) 4400pf (b)

32.* Surge arresters are used in substation primarily to absorb /divert

a) Direct lighting stroke b) Traveling surges
c) PLCC Signals d) 3rd and 5th harmonic (b)

33. Normal leakage current through a surge arrestor is

a) More than 50mA b) Less than 2 mA
 c) Less than 5 mA d) Between 1-2amp (b)

34. Sub stations are basically used for

a) Storage of energy for a short period
b) Switching and transformation of voltage
c) Frequency conversion d) Stepping up/down of power (b)

35. Isolators in substations are basically used for

a) Separating various sections of substations form live areas for maintenance
b) Switching on/off power flow
c) Isolating different voltage levels d) Non of these (a)

36. Type of circuit breaker generally used for 400 kv voltages levels
a) SF6 gas type b) Air blast type
c) Minimum oil type d) bulk oil type e) both a & b (e)

37. Opening time of 400 kv circuit breaker contacts is in the range of

a) 1-3sec b) 15-25m sec c) 100-150m sec d) 250-350 m sec (b)

38. Closing time of 400kV CB is

a) 80-120m sec b)1-2 sec c) 250-350 msec d) 250- 350u sec (a)

39. The 400 kv circuit breaker are generally

a) Single break b) Double break c) 4 breaker d) non of these (b)

40. Pre-insertion resister is used for

a) 400kV line CB b) 400kV Transformer CB
c) 400kV bus coupler breaker d) non of these (a)

41. Grading capacitor is used in circuit breaker for

a) Current grading b) metering c) voltage grading d) protection (c)

42. Grading capacitors are used in

a) Single breaker CB b) Multi Break CB
c) Both a & b d) Non of these (b)

43. Shunt reactor are generally used in

a) Short 400 kv line b)Medium 400kV line
c) Long 400 kv Line d) Both a & b (c)

44. Shunt reactors

a) Increase surge impedance loading of line
b) Decrease surge impedance loading of line
c) Has no effect on sil of line
d) Increased sil for short lines and decreases sil for long lines (b)

45. Surge impedance loading of a 400 kV line

a) Increase in proportion to the length of line
b) Decreases proportion to the length of line
c) Remains constant irrespective of line length d) Depends on power flow (c)
46. 400/220kV Transformer used in sub-station are
a) A/T b)2 winding trans. c) Both a & b d) none (a)

47. * Efficiency of 315 MVA Trans.is of the range

a) 98% and above b) 90% and above
c) 85 % and above d) 80% and above (a)

48.* Oil is filled in trans.

a) Improve insulation b) Reduce vibration
c) Reduce dielectric loss d) Improve cooling (d)

49. Which of the following is most effective cooling system per unit volume of a Trans.
a) OFAF b) ONAN c) ONAF e) OFAN (a)

50. Rated current at full load drawn by 400 kv winding 315MVA 400/220 KV Trans. at 0.85 PF is
a) 505 A b) 485 A c) 455 A d) 535 A (d)

51. Write the name of the system used for fire Fighting of 400 kv Trans/Reactor.
HVWS (Emulsifier System)

52. The Availability of Transmission system of southern region is more then ( 99% )

53. Thermo vision scanning is a part of

a) Preventive maintenance b) Condition monitoring
c) corrective maintenance (b)

54. Condition monitoring required shutdown on the equip. ( no )

55. The spares for protective relays are kept at (regional lab)

56. Hotline maintenance works are generally carried to

a) Change of broken insulators b) Repair of damaged Conductor
c) Tighten of jumper connections (a)

57. An M15 grade concrete is corresponds to the mix

a) 1:3:6 b) 1:1 1/2:3 c) 1:2:4 d) 1:4:8 (c)

58. Concrete used in casting foundation of TL towers are

a) Design mix b) Ordinary concrete (b)

59. POWERGRID is claiming

a) Transmission charges b) Assets charges c)energy charges (a)

60. For billing purpose only

a) Export meter reading are considered
b) Import meter readings are considered
c) Net of Export and import readings d) Line availability (d)

61. In Transmission Tariff O&M charges considered as

 a) 2% b) 3% c) 1% d) none of the above (c)

62. Transmission tariff is

a) Fixed b) variable (a)

63. For the billing purpose

a) Transmission loss is not is considered
b) Transmission loss is considered
c) Only transformation loss is considered
d) None of the above (b)

64. Total amount of Transmission charges is apportioned among the SEBs

a) In proportion to the energy drawls by the respective SEBs
b) As per predetermined fixed percentage
c) In equip proportion d) None of the above (a)

65. Transmission charges becomes payable from

a) The date of starting of construction work of the line and sub-station
b) As soon as the line is charged
c) From the moment the line charged
d) From the date of commercial operation separately notified by POWERGRID (d)

66. The amount total transmission charges (for Ex NTPC ExNLC

and ramagundam chandrapur DC lines) for SR is
a) Less than 10 Crores b) More than 10 Crores but less than 12 crores
c)More than 15 Crores but less than 16 crores d) more than 16 Crores

67. Special Energy meters have been installed in

a) All of the places covered in regional accounting (a)

68. The Hydro/ thermal mix of WR is better than SR

True/False (F)

69. The majority of the proven coal reserves are located in which region (ER)

70. The major untapped Hydro potential is located in NER and Himachal pradesh (True/False )( T)

71. The interconnecting of State grids increases the changes of cascade tripping when there is a
generation throw off True / False (F)

72. The percentage of energy consumed for agriculture is approx.

of 30% of the total energy. True/false (T)

73. POWERGRID is divided into how many regions and name them
Six regions. SR1,SR2, WR1, WR2,NR-1, NR-2, ER1, ER2,NER,

74. In HVDC bi-pole line What is the nature of power transmission AC or DC (DC)

75. Where is SRLDC located (Bangalore)

76. In which states are the following hydro electric stations located
a)Koyna b)Sharavati (a) Maharastra (b) Karnataka

78. NLC Power projects are based on which fuel (LIGNITE)

79. What is the line MVAR generated per KM of 400kV line (.55)

80. What are the types of earthings used for TL (PIPE & COUNTER POISE)

81.* Increase in shielding angle increases the probability of a direct lightning strokes
on the line (T/F) (F)

82. The height of the bottom cross arm from the ground is
a) same for both tension and suspension towers
b) More in tension towers than in sus towers
c) Less in tension towers than in sus towers (c)

83. Rigid spacers are used in the jumpers (T/F) (T)

84. * Why are transmission towers galvanised.

a) To give a shiny look b) To prevent corrosion
c) To be visible from a long distance (B)

85. How many transposition towers are provided in a line. (THREE)

86. Antifog insulators are used in

a) river crossing locations b) areas with high wind speed
c)areas with high salinity (C)

87. Vibration dampers are provided in

a) on both conductors and earth wire b) on conductor only
c) on earth wire only (A)

88. Earthing is done in all the four legs of a tower (T/F) (F)

89.* Galvanising of towers is done with

a) Tin b)Aluminium c) Zinc (c)

90. Which of the following is not a cause of delays in project management

a) lack of proper planning b) lack of proper co-ordination
c) force-majeure conditions d) none of the above (D)

91 Which of the following is not an advantage of bar chart

a) It is easy to draw
b) The actual progress can be indicated along the schedule in the chart.
c) The sequencing can be easily understood in the chart.
d) None of the above (C)
92 From which date POWERGRID come in to existence
a) 23rd oct 1989 (b) 23rd oct 1990
c) 16th aug 1991 (d) None othe above (A)

93 Which region has the maximum length of transmission lines

a) NR-I&II (b) ER (c) WR (d) SR (A)

94 Which is the first line which is being tried for optical fiber based communication
a) Ramgundam-Hyderabad line (b) Jepore-Gajuwaka line
c) Kaiga -Sirisi line (d) Kayamkulam-pallam line (A)

95 Which of the following is not the stated objective of Powergrid

a) Efficient operation & Maintenance of transmission system
b) Strengthen the regional power grids and establish inter
regional links leading to formation of National Powergrid
c) Establish/augment regional load dispatch centers & communication facilities.
d) Keeping abreast of the latest innovations in technology (D)

96 As a future perspective,Powergrid will provide information on available capacity and energy

to members for their needs and a price range, aforum for co-ordinating generation
maintenance schedules,monitor the line flows.This is called
a) Formation of Powergrid (b) Moderator for IPP'S
c) Power pooling (d) None of the above (C)

97 The central oil testing laboratory catering to the needs of the condition monitoring of the oils
of the transformer/Shunt reactors for the entire powergrid is located in
a) SR (b) NR-I (c) NR-II (d) Corporate center (A)

98 What is the investment plan of powergrid in the 8th five year plan
a) 500 crores (b) 6000 crores (c) 700 crores (d) 1300 crores (B)

99 Which of the following regions having maximum number of employees

a) NER (b) NR-I (c) NR-II (d) SR (A)

100 Which of the region has the maximum no. of sub-stations

a) NR-I (b) NR-II (c) SR (d) NER (C)
101 Expand NIT (Notice inviting tender)

102 Expand OBD (Open bid document)

103 Expand EMD ( Earnest Money deposit)

104 Expand LOA ( Letter of Award)

105 Expand CPG ( Contract performance guarantee)

106 Expand LD ( Liquidated damage)

MICC ( Material Inspection Clearance Certificate)

107 Expand PV ( Price Variation)

108 Expand LTE ( Limited Tender Enquiry)

109 Expand BOQ ( Bill of Quantities)

110 Expand EOQ ( Economical ordering Quantity)

111 For selective control of materials ABC analysis is based on EOQ value

112 In materials management, ved analysis is largely used for spare parts management.

113 The bid guarantee shall be valid till 30 days after the validity of the offer.

114. Minimum number of parties to whom limited tender enquiries are sent should not be
less than 4 .

115 Where the enlistment of qualified bidders has already been done, sending the tender enquiries
to all such parties shall be treated as open tender.

116. Limited tender enquiry shall be invited in all such cases whose estimated cost is less than
Rs.50 lakhs.

117. POWERGRID has been registered under the companies act, 1956 true/false (true)

118. In turnkey projects the supply and erection contracts can not be awarded to same party
true /false (true)

119. Materials and maintenance cost is part of O&M budget. true/false (true)

120. The contractors bills have to be certified by engineer in charge before forwarding to finance
department. True /false (true)

121. Financial concurrence of an expenditure proposal amounts to approval of expenditure

true/false (true)
122 Working capital is
a) current assets-current liabilities b) capital used for day to day working
c) Capital that works d) none (a)

123 An employee can encash earned leave

a) Twice in a year b) Once in a year c) Three times in a year (b)

124 What is the current block year for availing ltc in the corporation
a) 1996-97 b)1996-96 c)1994-95 (a)

125 How many applications can be forwarded for outside employment per year
a) five b)Two c) One d)four (b)

126. What is the notice period for supervisors for tendering resignations
a) 3Months b) 2 Months c) 1 Month d)immediately (c)

127 How much is the cash award for original noting/drafting in Hindi for official use
a) Rs.1000/- b)Rs.2500/- c)Rs.5000/- d)Rs.500/- (d)

128 What is the criteria for taking post retirement medical facilities
a) Minimum 10 years continuous service in govt/psu
b) After completing one year service c) At the age of 50 years. (a)

129. An employee shall retire on superannuation in the afternoon of the last day of the month in
which he/she completes the age of 60 years True/false (true)

130. The objective of the suggestion scheme is

a) Employees to suggest for improving performance
b) Keeping the employees occupied c) Employees can meet one another (a)

131. What is the eligibility of membership for provident fund

a) Three months b) Two months c)one month (a)

132. This type of vigilance is more profitable

a) Punitive vigilance b) Regulatory vigilance
c) Preventive vigilance d) Non of the above (c)

133. Vigilance is a
a) Managerial function b) Administrative function
c) Technical function c) Procedural function (a)

134. Vigilance confines to

a) Corruption involving exchange of money b) Undue favours
c) Everything which will undermine the efficiency d) All the above (d)

135. The Immovable property returns in our corporation should submitted

a) Once in five years b) Once in three years
c) Once in ten years d) once in two years (d)

136. CDA rules in our corporation are applicable to

 a) Executive b) Supervisors c) Workmen d) for all (d)

137. POWERGRID has been certified for following quality system

a) ISO 9002 B)ISO 9003 C)ISO 9001 D)ISO 9000 (C)

138. Expand CDA (Conduct and Disciplinary action.)

139. The amount of inspection for EHV transformers is

a) 100% inspection b) one sample out of lot
c) as per sampling plan d) None of the above (a)

140. Advantage of sample inspection are

a) Lower wastage and smaller inspection staff
b) Less time and less risk of handling damage
c) Risk of taking wrong decision about the lot d) both a & b (d)

141. 1.MICC will be issued by the inspector after satisfying for all CIP points mentioned in
quality plan
2.Once MICC is given the inspector then manufacturer can dispatch the material to the
specified destinations.
a) only statement -I is correct b) only statement-II is correct
c) Both statements are correct d) Both statements are incorrect (c)

142. Who approves the quality plans in powergrid.

a) QA & I dept. of Powergrid at Delhi
b) Inspection offices located at different places
c) Engineering dept. of powergrid.
d) Site of located near to the particular manufacturer (a)

143. The range of operation frequency of PLCC in India

a) 0-500khz b)0-4 kHz c)30-500khz d)30-500hz (c)

144. The wave trap or line trap is used in PLCC to

a) Trap 50hzs and allow HF frequency
b) To allow 50hz and trap HF frequency from entering station bus etc.
c) To trap both 50hz and HF frequency d) None of the above (b)

145. The main or primary component of a wave trap is a

a) Tuning capacitor b) LA
c)Low inductance of (.5-2)mh d) None of the above (c)

146. The coupling capacitor offer low impedence to

a) Power frequency (50hz) and High impedence to HF
b) HF Frequency and High impedence power frequency
c) To both power and HF frequencies d) none of the above (b)

147. CVT is used as coupling capacitor it helps in

a) Dividing the voltage b) Allowing voltage as it is
c) Stepping up the voltage d) None of the above (a)
148. The reason for not using frequencies below 30hz is because the coupling capacitors
a) Are not available b) cost is more besides its huge size and complexity equipment
c) Are normal in size & construction but not available easily.
d) none of the above (b)

149. Modern PLCC systems use almost exclusively single side band
a) Frequency modulation b) Phase modulation
c) Amplitude modulation d) None of the above (c)

150. A CVT Besides being used for coupling the power line to transmitting & receiving equipment
is used for
a) Measurement of line voltage b) Attenuating HF Frequency
c) Impedence matching d) None of the above (A)

151. The Line Matching unit(1mu) besides the line matching transformer consists of the 3 element
protective devices namely the drainage coil, the coarse voltage arrestor with air gap
which sparks at about 2 kv to protect the matching transformer and lastly:
a) The grounding switch for closing if any maintenance work is to be done
b) The grounding switch for permanently grounding the line voltage.
c) To serve the ground the power frequency charging current.
d) None of the above (A)

152 Phase to phase coupling in PLCC is

a) Less efficient than 2 phase coupling
b) Less efficient than phase to ground coupling
c) More efficient than 2 phase and phase to ground coupling
d) None of the above (C)

153 The minimum separation between the transmit and receive frequency in PLCC is
a) 8 KHz (b)4 KHz (c) 12 KHz (d) None of the above (B)

154 The minimum diference/seperation between the transmit and receive frequencies of any two
consecutive hopes should be
a) 6Khz (b) 12khz (c) 18khz (d) 8khz (b)

155 The bandwidth available on a PLCC channel is

a) 2 kHz (b) 4khz (c) 6 kHz (d) 8khz (B)

156 In PLCC the dial channel used for speech is

a) Simplex (b) Semi-duplex (c) Duplex (d) None (C)

157 The range of frequencies used for PLCC is restricted by the Govt's concerned as some other
utilities such as long wave radio stations and navigation beacons etc have to share
the available frequency band (True/False) (True)

158 The use of radio frequency carriers enable several channels of communication to be handled
over a single physical circuit True /false (True)
159 Amplitude modulation is rarely used for speech transmission because of its considerable band
width requirements True/false (false)

160 Since telephone communication systems work at a low voltage they can be directly connected
to high voltage lines. false

161 Coupling capacitors used in modern plcc systems have a capacity between 2 and 8NF
(True/ false) (True)

162 Phase to ground coupling is used where carrier protection is not to be employed.
(True /false ) (True)

163 At line voltages higher than 220kv bundles of conductors are generally used to minimise
corona losses and the resulting radio interference true/false (true)

164. A wave trap must carry the power frequency current safely during normal operation as well
as during short circuit fault conditions True/false (True)

165. The earth switch provided in the LMu is always kept closed True/false (F)

166. MMF is analogous to

a) Voltage(EMF) b) Current c) Power d) NONE (a)

167. Ohms Law states that R=

a) VI b) V/I c) W/I d) none (b)

168. Expand MICC ( Material Inspection Clearance Certificate)

169. Corona is the effect of (b)

a) power in the periphery of the conductor b) voltage in the periphery of the conductor
c) power in the inner surface of the conductor d) voltage in the inner surface of the conductor

170. Energy consumption =

a) VIT b) VT C IT d) PT (d)

171. In multi break type construction, voltage grading capacitor is connected across each
interrupter for equalising the voltage shared by the interrupter during the interruption
process.

172 Pre closing resistor are also connected in parallel wherever necessary. The pre insertion
resistor are necessary to limit over voltages occurring during closing unloaded
transmission lines.

173. Surge arrester is device designed to protect electrical equipment from high voltage surges
and to limit the duration and amplitude of the flow current.

174. Non liner resistor. The part of the arrester which offers a low resistance to the flow of
discharge currents. Thus limiting the voltage across the arrester terminals and high
resistance to power frequency voltage, thus limiting the magnitude of flow current.
175. Rated voltage of the arrester: Maximum permissible RMS voltage between the line terminal
and earth terminal of the arrester designed by the manufacturer (for the other equipment is
the rated voltage is generally line to line voltage)

176. Surge counter: It is connected in series with the earth terminal and the earthing riser.
It is a part of the surge arrester pole.

177. Normal discharge current: Surge current which flows through the LA after the spark over
expressed in Crest value for a specified wave.

178. Residual voltage: The voltage that appears between the line terminals of an arrester during
the passage of discharge current.

179. Rated current: Maximum impulse current at which the peak discharge residual voltage
determined.

180 Bus Bar : Various incoming and outgoing circuits are connected to the bus bars. Bus bars
receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to the out going circuits.

181. Surge arrester: Surge arrester discharge the over voltage surges to earth and protect the
equipment insulation from the switching surges and lightning discharges.

181. Isolator: To provide isolation from live parts for the purpose of maintenance.

182. Earth switch: Discharge the voltage on the circuit to earth for safety.

183. Current Transformer : Stepping down current for measurement protection and control.

184. Voltage transformer: Stepping down voltage for measurement protection and control.

185. Circuit Breaker: Switching during normal and abnormal operating conditions to interrupt
short circuit current operation closing opening and auto reclosing.

186. Dead time: It is time between opening and closing of a circuit breaker during
recloser. The setting between 0.5 to 1.5 seconds.

187. Reclaim time: It is the time gap between two successive single pole reclosers. Its settings is
25 seconds.

188. Power transformers: To step up or step down AC voltages and transfer electrical power from
one voltage to another. Tap changers are used for voltage control.

189. Shunt reactor : it is used for long EHV transmission lines to control voltage during low load
voltage to compensate shunt capacitance of transmission lines during low load periods.

190. Shunt capacitors: It is used for compensating reactive power of lagging power factor to
improve power factor for voltage control during heavy lagging power factor loads.

191. Series capacitors: Used for some Long EHV AC lines to improve the power transferability
and stability.
192. Carrier equipment: Line trap unit and electronic equipment used for protection and
communication signaling voice communication protection signaling telex channel and
control and monitoring signals

193. Marshalling kiosks: To mount monitoring instruments, control equipments to provide access
of various transducers controls and protection cables are laid between marshalling kiosks
located in switchyard and corresponding indoor control panels.

194. C&R panels: To house various measuring instruments control instruments and protection
relays

195. Medium voltage AC Switch gear: To provide AC power to Auxiliaries station lighting,
system etc at respective Voltage levels.

196. Station Earthing: To provide a low resistance earthing for discharging currents from surge
arresters over load shielding, earth switches. For equipment body earthing for safe touch
potential and step potential.

197. Lightning protection: To protect substation equipment from direct lightning stroke by erecting
lightning mass at a height of 50 mts (45+5). with a shield angle of 30µoµ.

198. Creapage distance: The shortest distance between two conducting parts along the surface of
the insulating material.

199 Clearance : The shortest distance between two conducting parts along the stretched string.

200. Ground clearance: The distance between the ground and highest earth point on the equipment.

201. Sectional Clearence: The minimum distance between live conductor and the limits of the
work section (Minimum clearance 6.5mts)

201. Basic impulse level: (BIL) refers to peek value of lightning impulse voltage withstand of
equipment. (1050 KVP Kilo volts peek)

202. Over Voltage: It is the time dependent voltage between phase to earth of value exceeding
root 2/root 3 x um (um=highest Rms voltage)

203. Fault level of bus: Fault level MVA of bus generally 10 to 25 times of normal MVA.

204. LMU: It is used for matching line impedence and the impedence of PLCC equipment.

205. BT (balancing Trans.): It prevents unbalancing of the line impedence when ever one line gets
opened or earthed.

206. DC(drainage coil): It offers minimum impedence to power frequency and high impedence
to carrier frequencies. It also prevents leakage power frequency current to PLCC equipment.

207. Earth Switch: It will be used whenever work is to be carried on out door equipment of PLCC
208. LA: It will be used for protecting PLCC outdoor and indoor equipment against surge
voltages.

209. Protections: A permissive under reach distance protection system in which the over reach
zone measurement is carried out only after a time or the receipt of the signal at remote end.

210. Inter Tripping or Transfer Tripping: The tripping of a CB`s by signals initiated from
protection at a remote location independent of the state of protection at the local location

211. Arcing horn and corona ring: In order to prevent the voltage stress at the initial point
to equalize voltage gradient along the string.

212. NGR: It limits the fault currents and neutralises the charging currents under faults. and
balances in under balancing conditions.

213. Bushing: Bushing are necessary to take out tissue conductor through earthed tanks and
walls. It is necessary for transformers reactors . The central conductor is in the
form of copper or standard conductor passing through bross tube or aluminum tube
supporting the bushing core.

214. Humidity: Moisture contains in the air so as to many granis/lb.

215. RH : Ratio of actual amount of moisture contained to the maximum amount required for
saturation.

216 Latent heat: To melt a solid liquid like (ice to water) or vaporise a liquid to gas (water to
stream) a considerable amount of heat has to be supplied. This latent heat which merely
changes its states whether solid liquid or gas with out causing any change in temperature.

217. Laws of Thermodynamic: 1. The sum of total energy in the universe is constant. It can
neither be created nor be destroyed. But only be converted from one form to another.
This is laws of conservation.

2. The direction heats flows is from higher temp. to lower one. It is impossible to transfer
the heat from lower temp. to higher temp. unless work is done by an external agency.

218 BTU: The quantity of heat required for raising the temp. of one pound of water to one
degree of Fahrenheit.

219 Ton: The unit for a capacity of plant is tons of refrigerant. This word refers to the latent heat
required to melt a ton of ice at 32 degrees fahrn heat in 24 hours.

220 Temperature conversion: Temp. in degrees C = 5/9 of(F-32)

Temp. in degrees F = 9/5 ofC+32

221 A thumb impression for capacity of plant is one capacity is required for every 100SFT or
1200 cub.ft.

222 Compressor: IT extracts freon gasfrom the cooling coils past as it is found and maintains a
 low pressure of 32lbs/sq inch in the above liquid. It compress and delivers the gas to the
condenser at a pressure of 136lb/sq inch. Because of rapid compression gases becomes hot.

223 Condenser: IT is intended for cooling the hot gas and liquefying the it under pressure.It may
be air cooled or water cooled.

224 Expansion Valve: Its function is to control and regulate the flow of liquid freon under high
pressure and allow it in to the evaporator under low pressure.

225 Freon: Its chemical name is Dichloro diflouro methane or F-12 for short. IT is safe,
non-toxic ,non-inflammable and non-corrosive, leaks to be easily detected.
(R-22 = Monochloro dichloro methane)
* A good thum rule to remember is to allow 1 to 1.25hp per a ton of refrigeration.

226 HP Cut out: It is essentially a safety device against build up of excessive delivery pressure
and protects the compressor from damage. It is a pressure operated electrical switch
which stops the pressure exceeds a preset value some 25% above normal pressure in
between 200-250PSIG. It was connected to compressor head.

227 LP Cut out : This is also a pressure operated electrical switch similar to HP cut out but it
shut down the compressor if the suction pressure drops to 5 or 10 lbs. It protects system
against unduly low evaporator temperature under normal suction should be between 28
to38 psig corresponding to suction temperature of 30-40 degrees F.

228 CB can be operated on

a)load b)off load c)a or b d) none

229 Isolator can be operated on

a) load b)off load c)both d)none

230 Fire fighting system works on the principle (differential)

231 Opening time of an isolator is

a) 15 sec b) 8 sec c) 3 sec d) 20 sec (b)

232 * Capacity of batteries is measured in

(a)hour efficiency (b)second efficiency
(c)ampere-hour efficiency (d)ampere-second efficiency (c)

233 * Device used to measure specific gravity is

a) barometer b) hygrometer
c) thermometer d)hydrometer (d)

234 Electrolyte used in lead-acid battery is

a)HCL B)H2SO4 C)KOH D)Distilled water (b)

235 CPU -Central processing unit

236 RAM -Random access memory
237 ROM -Read only memory
238 EEPROM -Electrically erasable programmable ROM
239 One KB of memory =1024 bytes
240 One byte = 8 bits
241 MODEM = Modulator Demodulator

242 Buchholz relay protects A T/F or Reactor from

a)External faults b)Through faults
c)Internal faults d)ground faults (c)

243 Reactance relay is used as

a)Over current relay b)Earth fault relay
c)Phase fault relay d)None of the above (b)

244 Capacitance and Tan-delta are measured with

a)Wein bridge b)Anderson bridge
c)Schering bridge d)Maxwell bridge (c)

245 Impedance relay is used in

a)Distance protn. b)Over voltage
c)Over current d)None (a)

246 First pole to clear factor is 1.3

247 Breaker arcing contacts are made of (Tungsten-copper)
248 Breaker operating rod is made of :fiber glass
249 AIDS = Acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome
250 AITUC = All India trade union council
251 INTUC = Indian national trade union congress
252 CITU = Center for Indian trade union
253 BMS = Baratiya mazdoor sung
254 SCOPE = Standing conference on public sector enterprises
254 INSAT = Indian satellite
255 IDBI = Industrial development bank of India ltd.
256 BSNL = Bharat sanchar nigam ltd.
257 MTNL = Mahanagar telephone negam ltd
258 NJPC = Natapa jakri power corporation
259 NEEPCO = North east electric power corporation
260 WWW = World wide web
261 PTC = Power trading corporation
262 PFC = Power finance corporation
263 PTW = PERMIT TO WORK
264 SFT = Sanction for test
265 ULDC = Unified load dispatch and communication
266 EMS = Energy management system
267 SCADA = Supervisory control and data acquisition
268 PLCC = Power line carrier communication
269 CVT = Capacitor voltage transformer
270 CT = Current transformer
271 ICT = Interconnecting transformer
272 LA = Lightening arrester
273 MRT = Meter and relay testing depot
 274 CEA = Central electrical authority
275 NLC = Neyveli lignite corporation
276 CPCC = Central project coordination committee
277 IREDA = Indian renewable energy development agency
278 LD = LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
279 CPG = CONTRACT PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE
280 CERC = Central Electricity Regulatary Commettee
281. SERC = Southern Electricity Regulatary Commettee.
282. CTU = Central Transmission Utility ( Powergrid)
283. IPTC = Independent Power Transmission Companies .
284. PTCC = power telecommunication coordinating committee.
285 SD = System design
286. SRV = Store Receipt voucher
287. SIV = Store issue voucher
288. STV = Store Transfer voucher
289. MRN = Store Return note
290. IEGC = Indian Electricity Grid Code
291. CHPC = Chukha Hydro Power Corporation.
292. IMD = Indian Meteorological Department.
293. SDLF = Similar Day Load Forecast.
294. ISTS = Inter State Transmission system
295. MMI =Man Mechine Interface
296. PIN Postal Index Number (or) permanent index number
297. NCERT National Council for Education Research and training
298. VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal

As white as snow
As light as feather
As cunning as fox
As proud as peacock
As soft as butter
As busy as bee
As clear as crystal
As sharp as razor
As block as coal or vam
As cool as cucumber

SUBSTATION

1. What is the bay width of 400kv S/Stn ?

Ans: 27 Mtrs.
2. What is the battery voltage used for PLCC ?
Ans: 48V.
3. What type of earthing used for CVT ?
Ans: Spike type.
4. What is the phase to phase clearance for 400kv S/Stn?
Ans: 7 Mtrs.
05. What is the type of welding used for the aluminum bus bars?
Ans: (High frequency welding.) to be checked
06. Secondary terminals of CT remains open True/False
07. For the circulation of oil transformer main tank oil and OLTC
oil can be mixed? True/False
08. The Buchholz relay provided in between conservator&main tank.
Ans: TRUE
09. What is the purpose of lightning mast in 400KV S/Stn?
Ans: To discharge the lightning surge voltages to earth  and  for
yard lighting.
10. How many insulators used for 400KV substation?
Ans: 24 Nos.
11. Generally in India M.S type of earthing is done.
12. BDV of 400KV transformer oil is 60KV.
13. CVT secondary core used for
Ans: Core I for Main I protection, Core II for Main II protection
Core III for metering purpose.
14. Disturbance recorder installed for
Ans: To record the disturbances occurred in the system.
15. What is the purpose of battery supply in S/Stn?
Ans: 1.For protection2.For emergency lighting 3.For indication
lamps.
16. What is the purpose of battery charger?
Ans: D.C supply to PLCC, protection & charging of batteries.

17. C.B closing time - 100ms

C.B opening time - 25 ms
18. What is meant by pole discrepancy?
Ans: Time delay in closing of each pole.
19. Function of shunt reactor?
Ans: To compensate the reactive power.
20. What is called one and half breaker system and its use?
Ans: Two feeders connected through three breakers is called one and
half breaker system. To ensure the reliability of the feeder
in case of failure of any one breaker and feeder outage for
maintenance of breaker.
21. Function of relays and types of relays?
Ans: For Protection, Main I, Main II, Over voltage, Differential,
Over current, Over load, Fuse failure, Local breaker backup.
22. SF6 gas function in breaker is to quench arc.
23. Function of protection relays?
Ans: 0-80% - Zone I 0.5 sec, 80-120% - Zone II 1.5 sec, 120-160% -
Zone III - 1.5 sec.
24. The third winding provided in transformer is tertiary winding.
25. What is the switching system in your substation?
Ans: One and half breaker system.
26. What is the height of your bus bar? A. 8.0 Meters.
27. How REF will protect the shunt reactor?
Ans:
28. What is the level of REF?
Ans: 15 milliamps.
29. On circuit breaker there are some insulators? What are they?
Ans: 1.Grading capacitors 2.Pre insertion resistors.
30. What is the use of both?
Ans: 1.To achieve equal voltage distribution across each interrupter
2.PIR provided to reduce the switching surge voltages and also
reduces the transient voltages to a safe value.

31. During closing the breaker which closes the first?

Ans: First PIR closes the first and then main contact CB closes.
32. What is the closing time of PIR ?
Ans: 8-10 milliseconds.
33. In some breakers there are Single break, Double break and four
break, Why in your breaker double break system adopted?
Ans: For reliable operation
34. What is the media used for your breakers?
Ans: Sulpher Hexafloride (SF6) gas.
35. What is the operating pressure?
Ans: 8.0 bar at 20øc
36. What is the alarm pressure?
Ans: 7.0 bar
37. What are the types of reactors used in your substation?
Ans: 1. Switch on type (Bus reactor)
2. On line reactor(Line reactor)
38. What is the function of shunt reactor?
Ans: Reactors  are  used  in high voltage  systems  to  compensate
capacitive generation from long lightly loaded overhead lines
and also for control of dynamic over voltages.
39. Why vibrations are produced in shunt reactors and what is the
level of vibration?
Ans: Vibrations are occur in shunt reactors due to Magneto static-
tion. The vibration level is 200 microns.
40. What is the insulation level for Electrical equipment like
reactor?
Ans: 1458 KVp
41. Insulation level for electrical equipment will be between
1100 to 1500 KVp.
42. System tolerable frequency range?
Ans: 48-52Hz
43. Line terminates in a substation at Wave Trap.

44. 400KV voltage range to be maintained at

Ans:
45. Height of the equipment in the 400KV S/Stn?
Ans:
46. Earth mat is provided in 400Kv switch yard
a) To reduce Step potential
b) To reduce touch potential
c) a&b
d) as the salt and coke get displaced due to rains.
47. Corona is the effect of
a) Power in the periphery of the conductor
b) Voltage in the periphery of the conductor
c) Power in the inner surface of the conductor
d) Voltage in the inner surface of the conductor
48. The unit of inductance is
a) Amps b) Henry c) Volts
49. The fault current is cleared in
a) 1 Cycle b) 2 Cycle c) 5 Cycles d) 50 cycles
50. The ratings of shunt reactors commonly used in 400KV system
a) 80,50,63MVAR b) 25,10,16MVAR
51. OLTC is provided in power transformers on
a) HV side b) LV side
52. Which is the common fault occurring in 400KV lines?
a) ph-ph b) ph-E c) 3ph d) line-line
53. Shielding angle for Lightning mast is 30’ Degree
54. Gantry height of 400KV substation is 15 meters.
55. Bus Bar size is 100mm dia4"IPS.
56. Bushing capacitance is 450pf.
57. Bushing Tan Delta- 0.007 (Max. Allowable)
58. I R Value-10,000 M ohm (Max allowable)with 2.5KV or 5KVMegger
59. 400KV Flashover clearence is 1.8 Meters.
60. At the time of Earth Fault the power factor will drop to
Ans: 0.15C/S.
61. Earth mat rod dia = 40mm for Stage I
= 36mm for Stage II
Earth mat laying depth = 0.6Meters.
62. 400KV S/Stn. Live to earth clearance = 3.05 Meters
Phase to phase clearance = 7.00 Meters
63. In 400Kv Substation Suspension & Tension Discs=25 Nos
64. In 400Kv S/Stn Lightning Mast Height (peak)=51 Meters
Covering area (peak)=30øradius
65. SOREL disturbance recorder 8 analog&12 digital channels
Horizontal line 100ms apart printed
 Voltage: 2cm=480KV peak to peak
Current: 2cm=10,000 amp peak to peak
66. 20db will be transmission line loss
67. BPL Exchange: 24 lines (subscriber) 8 lines(Trunk)
68. Stability angle of Cuddapah line is 40.

GENERAL TECH DATA:

AUTO TRANSFORMER:
It is a static electrical device which transfers power from
one voltage to another voltage with corresponding increase or
decrease of current without changing the frequency(400KV to 220KV in
our case).

REACTOR:
For voltage control of the system by absorbing Reactive
power(Bus Reactor). To reduce the line end voltages for long lines
at the time of switching (Line
Reactor).

CIRCUIT BREAKER:
To isolate/connect the one circuit to another circuit under
load condition.

ISOLATOR:
Isolator is a disconnecting switch under no load conditions.
Isolators are provided with Earth switches.
Earth switch is a safety device which can be used during maintenance
works to discharge induction voltages.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER(CVT):

For measuring of high voltages for use in protection,
communication and metering.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER(CT):
For measurement of high currents for use in protection and
metering.

LIGHTNING ARRESTER(LA):
To discharge to earth any lightning strokes/voltages
entering into the substation and thus avoiding damage to the
equipment.

WAVE TRAP:
 It provides high impedance path for high frequency
signals for communication and low impedance path for power
frequency signals for substation.

PREPARATION OF TRIP REPORT

DATE AND TIME OF OCCURRENCE :

PARTICULARS OF TRIPPING (WHETHER LINE/ICT) :

STATUS OF THE LINE / ICT :

RELAY/FACIA INCLUDING OTHER END :

SYSTEM CONDITION VEFORE OCCURRENCE :

(VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY, POWER FLOWS)

TRIPPING SEQUENCE :

EQUIPMENT DAMAGE :

SUCCESSFUL NORMALISATION :

REASON FOR UNSUCCESSFUL AUTO RECLOSE :

PLCC COUNTER READINGS :

CAUSE OF OCCURRENCE :

SUGGETIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT :

ENCLOSE D/R & E/L PRINTOUTS AND VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY CHARTS.

AFTER TRIPPING OF LINE/ICT STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED

01. FIRST ACCEPT ALARM

02. NOTE DOWN THE FACIA.
03. CONFIRM THE TRIPPING OF LINE FROM OTHER END IN CASE OF LINE
TRIPPING.
04. INFORM TO STATION IN-CHARGE, CPCC,MRT ENGINEER, MAINTENANCE
ENGINEER.
05. NOTE DOWN FACIA AND RELAY INDICATIONS INCLUDING OTHER END.
06. NOTE DOWN PLCC COUNTER READINGS.
07. TAKEOUT THE EVENT LOGGER,D/R PRINTOUTS, VOLTAGE,FREQUENCY
CHARTS.
08. NOTE DOWN THE FAULT LOCATOR READING INCASE OF LINE TRIPPING.
09. WITH THE ABOVE DETAILS ANALYSE THE TYPE OF FAULT.
10. RESET ALL THE RELAYS AND FACIA.
11. INFORM OTHER END TO BE READY FOR CHARGING IN CONSULTATION WITH
STATION IN-CHARGE.
12. OBTAIN CONCURRENCE FROM CPCC.
13. CHARGE THE LINE PREFERABLY FROM LOW VOLTAGE SIDE AND
SYNCHRONISE AT OTHER END.
14. INFORM LINE IN-CHARGE FOR PATROLLING BY APPRISING TYPE OF
FAULT ALONG WITH FAULT LOCATOR READING.
15. IN CASE OF O/V TRIPPING LINE TO BE RESTORED IN CONSULTATION
WITH CPCC.
16. IN CASE OF ICT TRIPPING ON BUCHHOLTZ OPERATION ARRANGE FOR GAS
EXTRACTION FOR ANALYSIS.
17. IN CASE OF ICT TRIPPING ON OPERATION OF PRD OBSERVE FOR ANY
OIL SPILLOVER ON THE TANK AND CONFIRM THE OPERATION.
18. IN CASE OF ICT TRIPPING ON DOC/DEF CONTACT SEB TO KNOW THE
OTHER END DISTRUBANCE TO NORMALISE THE ICT.
Introduction.

Communication is a vital area in Power System operation. For better operation of the grid.
Communication between two adjacent Sub-stations and with the Load Despatch centre is a must.
Similarly for acquiring real time data from different generating and major substations, communication
link is a must for a load despatch centre. Normally Generating stations and sub-stations are located at
remote locations where Communication facilities will not be available or the efficiency of such
facilities if available will be poor. The operation cost of such communication equipment are very
high.

This concept has resulted in the development of Power Line Carrier Communication where
High Voltage and Extra High Voltage Transmission lines themselves act as a medium for sending
Communication Signals apart from Electric Power.

Advantages of Power Line Carrier Communication.

Its transmission reliability is high as that of power lines themselves, whereas telephone lines are much
weaker mechanically and will always fail under difficult conditions long before the overhead lines.
As the channels are solely used by Power utilities only and not by general public, there will not be
any traffic problem in communication.
Carrier current transmission is not subjected to any variation from atmospheric or ionospheric
conditions such as always the case with VHF and microwave systems.
In general the capital cost of carrier current equipment is considerably less than the cost of installing
VHF or Microwave equipment, while maintenance is very less.

Disadvantages of PLCC.

As the medium used for communication is High Voltage Line, the cost of Insulation of
communication equipment and Transmission Lines is very High Noise level will be high because of
interference of Corona.
High speed data transfer is not possible because of band width limitations.

Applications of PLCC.

PLC Communication will be widely used for the following applications.

Voice Communication.
Fascimile Transmission.
Tele Protection.
Tele Metering..
Following coupling equipment are used for coupling voice, fax, teleprotection and telemetering
signals to the transmitting media i.e Transmitting line.
1. Wave trap or Line trap. 2. Coupling filter or CVT.
3. Line Matching Unit (LMU). 4. Balancing Transformer (BT).
5. Drainage Coil. 6. Lightning Arrester.
7. Earth Switch.

Wave Trap: Wave trap is an inductive device, which offers high impedance to high frequency signals
(all communication signals after modulation will be at radio frequencies). Hence it will not allow
communication towards substation equipment. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to Power
frequencies hence Power flow will be unaffected. Because of Wave trap, Even if the Line is earthed
with line earth switch (located behind Wave trap) communication will not be affected. (fig.1)

CVT: Capacitor Voltage Transformer in a sub-station will be used for protection as well as a coupling
device in PLCC. CVT offers high impedance to Power Frequencies. Hence EHV power cannot enter
communication equipment. As CVT offers low impedance to High frequencies, communication
signals will pass through CVT to Transmission line. (Refer Fig.No.2)

LMU: Transmission line will have a Characteristic impedance which depends upon Line
configuration. For a 400KV line this will be 320 Ohms. Per phase. Multiplexed equipment will be
generally available in control room.(i.e. indoor). These equipment will be connected to outdoor
equipment via a Co-axial cable which will have 75 Ohms impedance. According to Maximum Power
transfer theorem source and load impedance should be same for maximum power transfer. Hence a
Line Matching unit will be used to couple co-axial cable to Transmitting medium.

BT: Balancing Transformer will be used to prevent unbalancing of the line impedance whenever one
line gets opened or earthed.

DRAINAGE COIL: It is one of the three element protective device (earth switch & L.A. being other
two), this coil will be connected to the point that connects CVT and LMU on one side, the other side
being earthed. Dangerous High voltages of the Power not blocked by CVT will be earthed. Through
this drainage coil which offers negligible impedance to the Power frequency.

L.A: The Lightning arrestor will be connected across LMU. This will be used to protect PLCC
outdoor and indoor equipments against any surge voltages.

EARTH SWITCH: Earth switch will be used whenever work is to be carried on outdoor equipments

TYPES OF COUPLINGS:

There are different types of coupling systems, they are

1. Phase to Ground Coupling (refer fig.3) 2. Phase to Phase Coupling (fig.4)
3. Inter Line Coupling (refer fig.5) 4. Intra bundle coupling.
5. Insulated earth wire coupling.

In POWERGRID, Southern Region Phase to Phase coupling used in all

PLCC Links.

SWITCHYARD METAL SPREADING

Earth mat, a thin layer of In the design of 100mm thickness of stones of high resistivity (3000 Ohm-
meter) is considered for safe touch and step potential the current through the body is lowered
considerably with the addition of the stone surface because of greater contact resistance between the
earth and feet.

These stones reduce the shock current. As per IEEE 80 a layer of 100-150mm thick crushed rock
reduces the danger factor (ratio of body to short circuit current) by a ratio of 10:1 as compared to
natural moist ground.

OTHER ADVANTAGES:
  It helps in retention of moisture in underlying soil and thus helps in maintaining the
resistivity of sub-soil at lower value.
 It reduces the growth of weeds.
 It discourages running of persons in the switchyard and saves them from the risk of being
subjected to high step potential.
 It prevents the formation of pool of oil in the event of leakage of oil insulated and oil
cooled electrical equipments.
 It serves as impediment to the movement of reptiles and thereby helps in minimizing the
hazards that can be caused by them.

STEP POTENTIAL:

The step potential is defined as the potential differe3nce between the two steps of a person standing
on the sub-station floor during the flow of earth fault current.

TOUCH POTENTIAL:

The touch potential is defined as the potential difference between a step and tip of the raised hand
touching a sub-station structure during the flow of earth fault current through the latter.

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

IT IS A COMBINATION OF

1. FIRE ALARAM SYSTEM – FIRE DETECTORS

FIXED TEMPARATURE HEAT DETECTORS

IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTORS

BREAK GLASS PUSH BUTTON DETECTORS

IN CASE OF FIRE THE INDICATION IS OBTAINED ON CORRESPONDING ALARAM

ZONE IN THE FIRE ALARAM CONTROL PANEL AND ALSO A BUZZER IS SOUNDED IN
THE PANEL.

AND

2. TRANSFORMER WATER SPRAY SYSTEM

EMULSIFIRE PROTECTION – HVW (HIGH VELOCITY WATER) SPRAY SYSTEM

THE SYSTEM COMPRISES OF HIGH VELOCITY WATER SPRAYS AND WORKS ON THE
PRINCIPLE OF EMULSIFICATION OF OIL-WATER MIXTURE.

IT REDUCES THE VAPORIZATION BY COOLING AND DILUTION OF OXYGEN SUPPLY

BY SPRAYING WATER ON THE BODY OF THE TRANSFORMER.

 DELUGE VALVE
 FIRE DETECTORS
 SPRINKLERS
 PUMPS AND PUMP HOUSE
 OVER HEAD TANK
 HP TANK

SCADA

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition: With the continuous growth of demand of electric
power. The power transmission/Distribution networks are under going rapid expansion and becoming
more and more complex for making study of power system. Security, reliability and load management
without implementing sophisticated automation of data logging as well as control and automation.

With SCADA system is paying a vital role for the integrated grid operation by the following methods.

1. Diversity of peak loads.

2. Reduced spinning reserve requirements.
3. Increased reliability.
4. Improved voltage profile.
5. Reduced transmission loss.
6. Better Hydro Thermal Mix.
7. Merit order operation. i.e Putting OFF old plants.
8. AGC (Automatic Generation Control) and load for casting system
by means of (EMS) Energy Management System.
9. Fast restoration of the system during the power system Block-
outs / Grid disturbances.
10. Net work calculation and fault analysis by using the computerised
system at faster rate
ULDC

Unified Load Dispatch Centres:-

RSCC (Regional System Co-ordination Committee)
SLDC
Sub LDC
Sub- Stations.

The various s/s data, such as Mw,Mvar, Voltages,/Frequency(Analog data) and digital inputs such as
status of the equipments like CB,close/open, Isolator close/open and OLTC position will be given to
local station RTV through transducers and which intern connected to ‘Sub LDC ‘ by means of
different types of media of communication such as PLCC, Microwave, Fibre optic systems, the real
time data and voice will be monitored between the Sub-LDC to RSCC depends upon the system
requirements, necessary instruments shall be passed to the various stations by means of SCADA i.e.
Telemeter, teleportation signals will be transmitted to required stations to have control on the
operation of Circuit Breakers and changing the TAP position of the station transformers for
controlling the Voltages.

The main Advantages of ULDC are

* Diversity of peak loads, increased reliability improved voltage profile, reduced transmission loss
and merit order operation of power plants.
* The hierarchy of operation is that, all Sub-LDC’s will repeat to state LDC’s and store LDC’s will
inturn report to Regional LDC’s and all RLDCs will report to NLDCs to forum total National Grid
operation and control.