Ch. No.

2: Representation of Data

REPRESENTATION OF DATA

Representation of Data:
The raw data, which have been collected, are usually very large in quantity. Therefore we have to
organize & summarize the collected data in a form that is easy to understand. This is called presentation of statistical data.
Following are the methods, which are used, in presentation of statistical data:
1) Classification
2) Tabulation
3) Diagrams
4) Graphs
1) Classification:
Classification is the process of arranging the data into relatively homogenous groups according to their
being alike or not. For example, in post office, the letters are classified according to their cities & further arranged
according to sectors/streets. A man is classified according to literate or illiterate.
i) One Way Classification:
If the data is classified according to one criterion only, it is called one-way classification or
simple classification. e.g. population of any location may be classified as rich, average income, and poor
according to the income level.
ii) Two Way Classification:
If the data is classified according to two criterions, it is called two-way classification. e.g.
we may classified the peoples on the basis of education and income group.
2) Tabulation:
Tabulation of data is an orderly arrangement of data in columns and rows.
Distribution:
Arrangement of data according to the values of a variable characteristic is called a distribution.
Frequency:
The number of observations falling in a particular class is referred to the class frequency or frequency. It is
denoted by ‘f’.
Frequency Distribution:
The organization of a set of data in listing of classes and frequencies is called frequency distribution.
Grouped Data:
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution is called grouped data.
Ungrouped Data:
The data in the original form are referred to as ungrouped data.
Class Limits:
The values or numbers specifying a class are called class limits. The smallest value specifying a class is called
lower class limit while the largest value for specifying a class is called upper class limit.
For example, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25 etc.
Class Boundaries:
The class boundaries are the precise number which separate one class from an other. e.g.10.5-15.5, 15.5-20.5,
20.5-25.5.
Class Mark (Midpoint):
A class mark is the average value of the lower and upper class limits or class boundaries.
Midpoint = (lower class limit + upper class limit)/2
Or
Midpoint = (lower class boundary + upper class boundary)/2
Class Interval (Width):
The difference between the upper and lower class boundaries is called class interval. It is denoted by h. e.g. the
class interval of the class boundaries 20.5-25.5 is 5.
Relative frequency:
The frequency of a class divided by the total frequency of all the classes is called the relative frequency.i.e
Relative frequency = f / ∑f
3) Diagram:
A diagram is a visual representation of data in one, two, three or more dimensional forms.
There are five types of diagrams
i) Simple bar diagram
ii) Multiple bar diagram
iii) Subdivided bar diagram (Component bar diagram)
iv) Pie-diagram
4) Graph:
A graph is a representation of data by continuous curves that is shown on a graph paper.
There are two types of graphs Histogram and Frequency polygon
AAMIR RAZA
LECTURER STATISTICS
GC MALAKWAL

Page 1 of 1