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Effective Data Presentation Methods

This document discusses different methods of presenting data: 1. Textual or narrative presentation provides detailed information, while tabular presentation displays numerical values in tables. Graphical presentation like pie charts and line graphs make trends easier to see. 2. Frequency distribution tables and histograms are specifically used to depict the distribution of data. Steps for constructing a frequency distribution table include identifying the range of data, determining classes, and tallying frequencies into classes. 3. A histogram is a graphical display of the frequency distribution table, with class frequencies on the vertical axis and class boundaries on the horizontal axis. It allows trends in the data to be more easily visualized.

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Alondra Siocon
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259 views13 pages

Effective Data Presentation Methods

This document discusses different methods of presenting data: 1. Textual or narrative presentation provides detailed information, while tabular presentation displays numerical values in tables. Graphical presentation like pie charts and line graphs make trends easier to see. 2. Frequency distribution tables and histograms are specifically used to depict the distribution of data. Steps for constructing a frequency distribution table include identifying the range of data, determining classes, and tallying frequencies into classes. 3. A histogram is a graphical display of the frequency distribution table, with class frequencies on the vertical axis and class boundaries on the horizontal axis. It allows trends in the data to be more easily visualized.

Uploaded by

Alondra Siocon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction
  • Learning Outcome
  • Data Presentation Methods
  • Frequency Distribution Table and Histogram
  • Steps in Constructing a Grouped FDT
  • Histogram
  • Key Points

DATA PRESENTATION

November 21, 2019


LEARNING OUTCOME(S):

At the end of the lesson, the


learner is able to identify and
use the appropriate method of
presenting information from a
data set effectively.
DATA PRESENTATION
Textual or Narrative Presentation:
• Detailed information are given in textual presentation
• Narrative report is a way to present data.
Tabular Presentation:
• Numerical values are presented using tables.
• Information are lost in tabular presentation of data.
• Frequency distribution table is also applicable for qualitative
variables
Graphical Presentation:
• Trends are easily seen in graphs compared to tables.
• It is good to present data using pictures or figures like the
pictograph.
• Pie charts are used to present data as part of one whole.
• Line graphs are for time-series data.
• It is better to present data using graphs than tables as they are
much better to look at.
The Frequency Distribution Table and
Histogram
A special type of tabular and
graphical presentation is the
frequency distribution table
(FDT) and its corresponding
histogram. Specifically, these
are used to depict the
distribution of the data.
Steps in the construction of a
grouped FDT
1. Identify the largest data value or the
maximum (MAX) and smallest data
value or the minimum (MIN) from the
data set and compute the range, R.
The range is the difference between
the largest and smallest value,

R = MAX – MIN.
2.
  
Determine the number of classes, k
using k = , where N is the total number
of observations in the data set. Round-
off k to the nearest whole number.
It should be noted that the computed k
might not be equal to the actual
number of classes constructed in an
FDT.
3. Calculate the class size, c,
using c = R/k. Round off c to
the nearest value with precision
the same as that with the raw
data.
4. Construct the classes or the class intervals. A class
interval is defined by a lower limit (LL) and an upper limit
(UL). The LL of the lowest class is usually the MIN of the
data set.

The LL’s of the succeeding classes are then obtained by


adding c to the LL of the preceding classes. The UL of the
lowest class is obtained by subtracting one unit of measure
, where x is the maximum number of decimal places
observed from the raw data from the LL of the next class.

The UL’s of the succeeding classes are then obtained by


adding c to the UL of the preceding classes. The lowest
class should contain the MIN, while the highest class
should contain the MAX.
5. Tally the data into the
classes constructed in Step 4 to
obtain the frequency of each
class. Each observation must
fall in one and only one class.
6. Add (if needed) the following distributional
characteristics:
a. Class Mark (CM). The CM is the midpoint of a class
and is obtained by taking the average of the lower
and upper TCB’s, i.e. CM = (LTCB + UTCB)/2.
b. Relative Frequency (RF). The RF refers to the
frequency of the class as a fraction of the total
frequency, i.e. RF = frequency/N. RF can be computed
for both qualitative and quantitative data. RF can also
be expressed in percent.
c. Cumulative Frequency (CF). The CF refers to the total
number of observations greater than or equal to the LL
of the class (>CF) or the total number of observations
less than or equal to the UL of the class (<CF).
HISTOGRAM
The histogram is a graphical
presentation of the frequency
distribution table in the form of a
vertical bar graph. There are several
forms of the histogram and the most
common form has the frequency on its
vertical axis while the class boundaries
in the horizontal axis.
As an example, the FDT and its corresponding
histogram of the 2012 estimated poverty
incidences of 144 municipalities and cities of
Region VIII are shown below.
KEY POINTS:;

• Three methods of data presentation: textual,


tabular and graphical
• Two or all the methods could be combined to
fully describe the data at hand.
• Distribution of data is presented using
frequency distribution table and histogram.

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