The 12th Asian Aerosol Conference (AAC) 2022

GHG Emissions from Seagoing Vessels during Turnaround Time at

Malaysian Ports from 2011 to 2020
Wan Nurdiyana WAN MANSOR1,2,*, Samsuri ABDULLAH1, Mohammad Nor Khasbi JARKONI1, Sheikh Alif ALI1,
Anuar ABU BAKAR1,2, , Che Wan Mohd Noor CHE WAN OTHMAN1,2, How-Ran CHAO3, Sheng-Lun LIN4
1
Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus,
Terengganu, Malaysia
2
Fuels and Engine Research Interest Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
3
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology,
Pingtung, Taiwan
4
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

*Corresponding author: nurdiyana@umt.edu.my

Keywords: GHG emission, marine emissions, IMO

Introduction (2.8%), as shown in Figure 1.

The maritime sector is the foundation of the global
economy and plays an important role in global trade.
When compared to road or rail, it is the most cost-effective
method of delivering large products across long distances.
Transporting goods by water, on the other hand, requires
the use of massive amounts of heavy oil, which lead to
millions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per
year. They contribute to respiratory problems due to smog
and air pollution, and they affect climate change by
trapping heat.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions trend at Malaysian
ports from seagoing vessels during turnaround time over
10 years. The top-down technique is used in this study to
estimate fuel usage and GHGs emissions. At the port, it is
assumed that the main engine is turned off and only
auxiliaries engines are in charge of all onboard power.
These auxiliaries mainly run on marine diesel oil (MDO)
(US EPA, 2009).
The GHG emissions emitted during turnaround time
are estimated using Equation 1, where N is the annual total
ship call per ship type, FC is the fuel consumption, t is the
annual time spent in port in % and EF is the emission
factor (IMO, 2015).
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠) = 𝑁 × 𝐹𝐶 × 𝑡 × 𝐸𝐹
Equation 1
The N statistics were obtained from the Ministry of
Transport's (MOT) annual report on Transport Statistics
Malaysia (MOT, 2022). The FC and EF data were
obtained from the Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014.
The t data is taken from the United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2019). The EF used
in this study is presented in Table 1.
Total port emissions in 2011 were approximately
1.84 million tonnes CO2 and 1.87 million tonnes CO2e
for GHGs comprising CO2, CH4, and N2O with a total
number of port calls of 32, 378. This quantity was largely
contributed by seagoing containers (59.8%), followed by
liquid tankers (19.4%), dry bulk (18%) and general cargo
Table 1 Emissions factors considered for top-down
analysis
Emission EF for MDO fuel type (kg/tonne
fuel)
CO2 3,206
CH4 0.05
N2O 0.18 (year 2015-2020)
Figure 1 CO2e emissions from the year 2011-2020
Between 2011 and 2020, the annual total fuel
consumption by auxiliaries fluctuated between 0.437
million and 0.590 million tonnes used by all ships in this
research, representing the top-down technique.
Proportional to the fuel usage, CO2e emissions from
shipping are estimated to vary between 1.38 million and
1.87 million tonnes per year.
Many assumptions were made to estimate the GHG
emissions, such as 1) the minimum size carrier is used per
ship type, 2) only four fleet types are considered, 3) only
auxiliaries engines are used to model the emission
inventory, 4) MDO is used by all ships and 5) top-down
analysis is less accurate than bottom-up analysis, so this
study serves as the minimum GHG emissions emitted
from oceangoing vessels at Malaysian ports during
turnaround time.
This inventory would serve as an excellent starting
point for additional in-port environment evaluation
 The 12th Asian Aerosol Conference (AAC) 2022
investigations.

Abstract Review
The abstracts will be reviewed by the Technical
Program Committee of AAC 2022. Abstracts which do not
fulfill the standards will not be accepted. Please do not
submit abstracts containing only future results.
Title and author(s) of the accepted abstract will be
listed in the conference program book.

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Faculty of Ocean
Engineering Technology and Informatics, University
Malaysia Terengganu (Research grant Vot No.
RACER/1/2019/WAB09/UMT//2 and UMT Vot: 59554)

References
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2009)
Current Methodologies in Preparing Mobile Source
Port-Related Emission Inventories, Available online
at:https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-
06/documents/2009-port-inventory-guidance.pdf

International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2015) Third

IMO GHG Study 2014, Available online at:
https://greenvoyage2050.imo.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/01/third-imo-ghg-study-
2014-executive-summary-and-final-report.pdf

Ministry of Transport Malaysia. (2022) Yearly Statistic of

Transport, Available online at:
https://www.mot.gov.my/en/media/annual-
report/yearly-statistic

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD) (2020) Review of Maritime Transport
2019, Available online at:
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-
document/rmt2019_en.pdf